Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by. I'm Konstantinos, your chorus call operator. Welcome, and thank you for joining the Arçelik Conference Call and Live Webcast to present and discuss the first quarter 2025 financial results. At this time, I would like to turn the conference over to Mr. Barış Alparslan, Chief Financial Officer, Ms. Mine Sule Yazgan, Finance and Executive Director, Mr. Delal Alver, Capital Market Compliance Senior Lead, and Mr. Sezer Ercan, Investor Relations Senior Lead. Mr. Alparslan, you may now proceed.
Thank you very much. Good morning and good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to our first quarter 2025 financial results webcast. This presentation contains the company's financial information prepared according to TFRS by application of IAS 29 Inflation Accounting Provisions. Here are the highlights of the first quarter. We generated TRY 109.1 billion revenues with a gross margin of 28.7% in the first quarter, reflecting a 9.3% sales growth year-on-year in real terms, mostly due to Europe and MENA acquisitions. In Türkiye, we observed a slowdown in demand due to the high base effect of the same period last year, while international demand remained weak except in Africa, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. Our OPEX over sales ratio is 27.7% in the first quarter, which implies an increase of 1.3 percentage points year-on-year, predominantly caused by increasing personnel, marketing, and selling expenses after EMEA transactions.
We have recorded a weaker EBITDA compared to last year, with a margin of 5.3% for the period. Please note that our EBITDA adjustment excludes one of the transaction expenses regarding Europe and MENA transactions. Our net working capital over sales ratio is 20.2%, reflecting a further improvement compared to the year-end. Our leverage is five times as of the first quarter due to growing debt resulting from TL depreciation and weaker EBITDA year-on-year. Note that we have not equally utilized early collection tools as we used at year-end. We have provided the breakdown of net monetary position for the first quarter results in detail in our financial report. According to the breakdown of net monetary position, adjusting for the monetary gain on inventories, our adjusted EBITDA margin would have been 180 basis points higher in the first quarter.
With the adjustment for the monetary gain on inventories, leverage would have been 4.06 times. Note that we added net monetary position gains on inventories to adjusted EBITDA, taking account of the inventory turnover days. In Q1, our consolidated revenues grew by 9.3% year-on-year in real terms due to inorganic growth. Local sales slowed down due to high base effect, and international demand remained weak. Our gross profit margin for the first quarter was 28.7%. Despite slightly lower raw material costs, gross margin was roughly one point weaker due to lower capacity utilization after the transactions, pricing pressure, and intensified competition. Lower gross profitability and higher OPEX resulted in a lower adjusted EBITDA margin of 5.3% in Q1, which implies a significant improvement compared to the previous quarter. In the first quarter, domestic sales increased by 8.8% in euro terms, backed by a slight volume and price-product mix impact.
However, real figures in TL reflect an 11.6% decrease in domestic sales year-on-year. This is simply because the growth in CPI for the period was substantially greater than the change in the FX rate. In the same period, international sales revenue increased substantially by 53.7% in euro terms, with the key contribution of acquired EMEA operations. Inorganic growth contributed to consolidated sales around EUR 643 million in the first quarter. Organic sales volume decreased slightly as the challenging pricing environment in international markets remained unchanged. Figures in TL show 24.8% growth in international sales revenue in real terms. On the right-hand side, you can see our regional sales breakdown. Türkiye's share in total revenues declined to 34% in the first quarter, almost with a 10-point decrease. Europe constitutes 47% of consolidated revenues in the first quarter versus 34% in the same period last year.
Western Europe's share in total revenues jumped to 33% from 21%, whereas CIS and Eastern Europe markets slightly increased to 14%. Revenues generated in the APAC region dropped to 10% from 13% in the same period last year. Share of the Africa and Middle East region remained the same at around 8% of consolidated revenues. In Türkiye, MDA6 demand was weak in the first quarter. Our sales volume decreased by 14.5% in line with the market in the first two months of the year, after substantial growth figures for the same period last year. Pull forward demand before last year's municipality elections due to expectations of a sudden depreciation in TL is the main driver of the high base effect. Also, limitations for credit card installments were not in place yet back in the first quarter last year.
In the AC segment, retail data reflects a growth of over 10% in the market, while we underperformed with a flattish retail volume. However, our AC wholesales point out robust demand in the first quarter, with a 35% growth. Our retail TV sales volume decreased by 7.5% compared to last year, which implies a slight underperformance compared to the market figures in the same period. As a result of weaker MDA6 demand, strong AC wholesale volume, and declining TV sales, we generated TRY 37.5 billion revenues in Türkiye, reflecting an 11.6% decrease in sales revenue in real terms as per the inflation accounting. Overall, share of the domestic sales corresponds to 34% of consolidated revenues in the first quarter of 2025. Consumer demand recovery in Western Europe continued in the first quarter.
Sales volume growth in the market was 1.6% in the first two months of the year, while growth in euro terms was slightly lower in the same period. In key markets such as U.K., Italy, Spain, Belgium, Netherlands, and Austria, solid volume growth has been observed in the period. However, slowdown continued in France, while figures pointed out a decline in Germany as well. Having 33% share in total sales revenue in Western Europe, Beko preserved the market leadership despite the underperformance in the period. Meanwhile, in Eastern Europe, demand growth remained solid. Sales volume in the first two months grew by 3.4%, where Beko underperformed the market. Beko has managed to preserve its strong market leadership in Eastern Europe, which constitutes 14% of its consolidated revenues.
Overall, 47% of consolidated revenues has been generated in Europe, with an 84% increase in the first quarter year-on-year due to the acquired European operations. The revenues generated in Africa and Middle East region constitute 8% of consolidated sales in the first quarter. Sales revenue in the region grew by almost 20%, mainly due to solid growth in African markets. In Africa, default sales revenue growth exceeded 11.11% in EUR terms, whereas sales volume growth was almost 5% in the first quarter. Demand in South African Customs Union was robust, unlike sub-Saharan export markets compared to the same period last year. As another key market in the region, demand in Egypt was significantly weaker in the first quarter due to market instability and currency fluctuations.
Compared to the same quarter last year, sales figures for Beko Egypt reflect a significant decrease both in volume and USD terms, exceeding 26% and 60% respectively. On the other hand, with 10% stake in consolidated revenues, APAC region has pointed out a slight recovery with 4% sales growth in EUR terms, despite the remaining challenges in the home appliances landscape. Substantial growth in Pakistan, Taiwan, and Bangladesh contributed to the recovery, unlike China, where demand was substantially poor. Rapid growth and increasing market share in India have also significantly contributed to the performance. In Pakistan, dollar sales revenue pointed out a robust growth both in EUR terms and sales volume in the period, corresponding to roughly 15% and 10% growth respectively. In Bangladesh, single revenue growth was over 30% in EUR terms compared to last year, where growth in sales volume was slightly lower.
Due to weaker demand, slowdown in global growth, ample capacities, and lower energy costs, raw material prices are declining both on the metal and plastic side in the first quarter. Prices are lower both year-on-year and compared to the 2024 average. On the metal side, prices are expected to increase gradually in the upcoming quarters. However, we anticipate a slightly lower yearly average. Similarly, on the plastic side, we expect a slightly decreasing average through the rest of the year. With that, I pass on to Mine Yazgan.
Thank you, Barış . Here is the summary of our first quarter 2025 financial results as per inflation accounting, both in yearly and quarterly comparison. Our consolidated revenue was TRY 109.1 billion in the first quarter, reflecting 9% growth year-on-year, albeit 8% decline quarterly. Despite a one-point weaker margin on a yearly basis, gross profitability improved quarterly by 1.8 points. On a yearly basis, our operating profit was substantially weaker in the first quarter due to the lower gross margin and growth income tax. Operating margin declined by 3.4 points year-on-year; however, it has slightly improved compared to the previous quarter by almost a half point. Net financial expenses have significantly decreased by 8% year-on-year. There is a substantial improvement, with a 23% decrease compared to the previous quarter.
We have booked a net monetary position of TRY 4.3 billion in the first quarter, implying a 32% decrease year-on-year on the back of decreasing inflation rates. However, monetary gain has increased by 8% compared to the previous quarter due to higher inflation within the first quarter. Please note that monetary gain, profit before tax, and net income figures for the fourth quarter 2024 are re-stated due to recalculation of net monetary gains arising from the indexing of shares of foreign subsidiaries by the parent company. You may see the recalculated figures on the table for a comparable basis. Consequently, we posted approximately negative TRY 1 billion profit before tax and TRY 2 billion net loss before minority in the first quarter, corresponding to minus 1.8% net margin for the period.
Finally, with a margin of 5.3%, we recorded an adjusted EBITDA of TRY 5.8 billion in the first quarter of 2025. We have excluded transaction-related one-off expenses amounting to TRY 61 million due to adjustment. The corresponding amount for the same quarter last year was TRY 112 million. Our adjusted EBITDA figure shows a significant improvement of 0.8 percentage points compared to the previous quarter. As our first quarter ends with an increase of TRY 19.5 billion in net debt and weaker adjusted EBITDA, our leverage is roughly five times. Note that we have not utilized early collection tools in the same amount as we did at year-end. Corresponding amount at the year-end, which was a current test period, was roughly around EUR 510 million, including tax rates. In the first quarter, the real end figure is below EUR 350 million.
However, with the adjustment for the monetary gain on inventories, leverage would have been 4.06 times as of first quarter end. As mentioned in the previous calls, we anticipate interesting improvements on the leverage side as the better operational performance starts to support EBITDA throughout the year. You may find the details regarding our debt currency breakdown and effective interest rates of our loan and bond portfolio on the figure at the right-hand side, with a total borrowing amount of TRY 158.6 billion and an average duration of 1.75 years. Our average effective T L, euro, USD funding rates, including loans and bonds, are 40.9%, 5.2%, and 8.3% respectively. On the bottom part left-hand side, you may see our cash currency breakdown for the amount of EUR 1.1 billion as of end of March.
With well-diversified cash holdings among currencies, our cash and cash equivalents were TRY 43.9 billion, whereas 19% of our total cash is in EUR, 23% is in USD, and 26% in TL. EUR denominated borrowings constituted 44% of our total borrowings, while USD and TL denominated borrowings correspond to 19% and 23% respectively of our total borrowings. On the debt maturity profile, our long-term borrowings correspond to half of our total borrowings as of year-end. When we exclude our notional cash pool utilization, the share of long-term loans exceeds 55%. However, as we secured the ETA loan of EUR 125 million with a 10-year maturity and 5-year average duration in April, and we are getting prepared to have another EUR 100 million loan from our active, with a five-year maturity and two-year average duration, a further maturity extension can be expected in the next quarter.
On the upper left corner, you may find our adjusted EBITDA margin bridge. Narrowing gross margin and increasing OPEX were the main drivers of a significantly lower margin of 5.2% in the first quarter. The change in D&A had a positive impact over the yearly EBITDA margin, where round adjustments had a slightly negative impact on calculations since transaction-related one-off items were higher in the same period last year. On the upper right corner, you may see the improvement in our net working capital to sales ratio. As of the first quarter 2025, net working capital to sales ratio was 20.2% in comparison with the 2024 end figure at 20.9% on rolling titles. Quick wins from eighth quarter operations continue to support the net working capital management further.
On the lower left corner, you can see our OPEX to sales ratio of 3% as of first quarter, which implies approximately EUR 1.3 billion a year as a result of completed major investments and a tight policy on capital expenditures. Finally, at the lower right corner, you may see our free cash flow figures. Due to cash from operations, we have generated negative free cash flow of approximately TRY 12.9 billion in the period versus the positive amount of TRY 4.3 billion in the same quarter last year. As mentioned in previous calls, we are anticipating a positive cash by the end of this year. I'll leave the ground to Barış Bey to walk us through our guidance.
Here you may see our previously shared 2025 guidance based on our forecasts and expectations for the year. We're closely monitoring the recent macro environment both in Türkiye and globally. We have not updated our guidance at this point; however, a major policy change in Türkiye or further global uncertainties could cause a change in our base case assumptions in the next period. We are keeping our 2025 guidance of flat-ish domestic sales in real terms, 15% growth in international revenues in euro terms. Having 5.3% EBITDA margin in the first quarter in line with our budgeted figures, on top of market expectations for the rest of the year, easing raw material costs, positive impact of euro/dollar parity, diminishing diluted impact of inflation accounting on the EBITDA margin, and synergies to kick in, we keep our 6.5% EBITDA margin guidance at this point.
We also keep our guidance for our net working capital over sales ratio below 20% with further improvement potential and EUR 300 million of CAPEX for the year 2025. As we have disclosed in the previous quarters, we estimate savings of approximately EUR 140 million by eliminating roughly 2,000 office positions across our global operations within three years' time. Here you may see the recent updates and figures realized in the first quarter of 2025. So far, we have slightly exceeded half of the planned rolling eliminations. We can switch to the Q&A session. Thank you very much.
The first question comes from Bystrova Evgeniya of Barclays. Please go ahead.
Hello, good evening. Thank you very much for the presentation. I have several questions. My first question is regarding the competitive landscape in Europe. Could you please provide an update in terms of what you are seeing at the moment in the first quarter? What is your outlook for the rest of the year? Do you expect maybe a risk of increased competition from Asian players? Also, not only in Europe but also in other regions where you operate, for example, in MENA or APAC? My second question, I could not hear properly during the presentation. You mentioned something about adjustment to your net debt figures, something about early collections. I think you mentioned EUR 110 million of early collections in Q4. If you could just please repeat that, that would be very helpful. My final question is regarding your synergy savings.
Could you please provide an update in terms of how many savings you have already generated at this point from the total program? Thank you.
Sure. Let me start with the competitive landscape in Europe and in some of the regions. Our outlook for the European market since our last call remains the same throughout the year. ECB's actions have already started to stimulate consumer demand, especially in some regions. In 2025, having inflation slowed down and backed by the low base effect in Europe, we expect a growth in sales volume similar to 2024. Of course, pricing pressure and intense tight competition in the region will put continued pressure on growth in year terms as it has already been for the last quarters, especially on the back of the trade wars between the U.S. and China. Of course, the excess supply coming from China contains the danger to impact both Europe and APAC regions relatively more, especially for trade brands, the entry-level brands. This danger is much more imminent.
Having said that, this is not a new phenomenon. We have been preparing for this, especially on the back of our wide brand continuum. As we have communicated earlier, we are trying to, and we have been relatively successful in that manner, elevating Beko brands in terms of price uplift, as well as utilizing new brands such as Whirlpool and Bauknecht in some regions more and more. That is why the pricing pressure, the pressure on the gross margin in Europe continues, especially in some regions like northern Europe or France. In regions such as Eastern Europe and southern Europe, the growth momentum continues on the back of declining inflation and interest rates. This is for the first question. The second question was related to the adjustment to early collections.
The main reason of that reference was that as compared to the end of last year, we did not utilize as much as early collections and/or factoring to convert our receivables to cash. That had a relatively impact on the net debt EBITDA leverage metric and our nominal net debt figure. We tried to give you the numbers and the difference between EUR 500 million that was utilized around the last year versus EUR 350 million for that period. That capacity is going to continue to change. That was the main reason of our reference to the early collections. The last question was related to the synergy savings.
We've communicated earlier our expectation for this year, which is around EUR 100 million-EUR 150 million of synergies to kick in in the financials, both in gross margin and on the OPEX side, with the impact on the EBITDA overall. So far, the synergy that is, we're calculating this on a regular basis, that is in the financials, based on our calculation, is around EUR 25 million for the first quarter of 2025. Hope that answers your question.
Sorry, you said EUR 25 million in Q1?
million, yeah, EUR 25 million.
Out of the 100, 150,000?
Yes, yes.
Okay. Okay, thank you very much.
You're welcome.
The next question comes from the line of Kirner Marko with Valiant. Please go ahead.
Hi guys, I have two questions. The first question is just a housekeeping question. You mentioned on the last earnings calls that you had bank covenants set at 3.5 times leverage, which I think you did not breach last quarter, but this quarter you are above it. I was just wondering if you expect to, if you already had started discussions or if you expected to start discussions around that going forward.
First of all, the covenant level is 3.8 times, not 3.5 times. Our covenants are subject to semiannual testing. This quarter, we're not subject to testing. It will be tested in the half-year results and the year-end results. We have a six-month month-of-cure period. There are some additional details in the loan documentation, but as we predict throughout the year, both in line with the synergies to kick in and in line with the EBITDA ramp-up and in line with the starting of the collection period and high season, especially on the second and third quarter, we expect to remain in line with the covenants towards the year-end, especially the second half of the year. We are communicating the two sets of leverage metrics here, as you've noticed for the first time.
The reason of that is the definition of the covenant metric has been reported in the past in the sense that it was pre-inflation accounting period. That is why, just to educate the creditors and the investor community, we are producing and providing both leverage metrics, both as it relates to inflation adjustment figures and after eliminating the adjustments related to inventory gains, which are recorded under the monetary gain and loss position. That was the essence of the adjustment that we put on the presentation for this time.
Okay, understood. Thank you so much. The second question is you sort of burned on net debt in euro terms increased by about EUR 400 million, right? I am just wondering how much cash do you need to run the business? Do you have any, beyond the cash on balance sheet, do you have any unburned facilities or something like that?
Yeah, of course. Yeah, we have supply chain facilities, we have overdraft facilities, and I think the cash at hand right now, which is close to EUR 1 billion, is more than enough to run the liquidity. As I said, for Arçelik in particular, the impact of the accounting EBITDA, especially for the inflation accounting, is profound. That's why while trying to decipher the liquidity position of Arçelik, keep an eye on the cash level as well as look at the seasonality. It should be evaluated throughout the given year. On a quarterly basis, it might swing due to the early collections, factorings, the liquidity tools that we're using, as well as the EBITDA ramp-up that we're expecting on the back of a high turnaround situation here.
Okay, thank you so much. I'll jump back in the queue. Thank you. Have a great earnings call.
Thank you. Thanks a lot.
The next question comes from the line of Cemal Demirtaş with Ata Invest. Please go ahead.
Thank you for the presentation. My first question is related to domestic demand sides. As we follow from the markets, March was a little bit weak, but April, I would like to ask about April. How does the outlook look at the current market conditions, the recent developments? Do you see any downside risk to your domestic market estimates and the pricing environment? Could you maybe add some further elevate that?
Sure, sure.
That's my first question.
Okay. First of all, for Türkiye, the domestic demand this quarter should be read in conjunction with the same quarter of last year in the sense that, as you know, last year due to municipality elections, there was a put-forward demand. It was a very high base year. Right now, we do not foresee a significant change in the outlook that we're provided. As you know, the periods of sudden depreciation in TL sometimes have even a stimulation impact on the dealer side. People, on the back of expected price increases, are triggered in terms of their procurement decisions. We see that in the April figures that reflects the acceleration in demand. There are some balancing factors.
Having said that, on the back of high interest rates and diminishing expendable household income and limited monthly installment availability, which is still continuing, they remain to be the main headwinds. Considering the failing high base impact in the second quarter that I just mentioned, we honestly keep our positive view for the second half of the year, in particular for September, October, November, to be more precise. On the pricing side, as we've communicated earlier, we are evaluating market conditions on a monthly basis as part of our strategic pricing initiatives as usual. We expect price increases in the local market in line with the inflation figures.
Okay. Thank you. The other question is about the readjustments or, I do not know, I call it also, whether it is a correction or not, but I see that in last year's numbers, you made a change in the monetary gain figure. I see that in the presentation. I really could not understand the justification behind that because this company, the acquisitions impact was not there already. There is no change in all other items. There is only one change in the monetary gain. It changed all the picture. I do not know, I do not see it in the footnotes. Maybe I am missing it. I am trying to understand why only one item changed in last year's first quarter. I think your full year number also changed because for the fourth quarter, I see TRY 7.7 billion from the past.
When you put your number, adjustment number, fourth quarter net income is much lower. Could you further give more detail about this monetary gain thing change? Because all other items are same for the first quarter 2024, and there's only one. You justify with the acquisition, but at that point, the acquisition was not there. Maybe if you further elaborate, we can better understand the last year's figures because it would be helpful for us if it's possible to give full year restate the numbers so that we can base our estimates on those last year's figures. Otherwise, each quarter will be more difficult for us. Related to that, you have the minority interest figures. Again, I see a lower minority interest. Does it mean that you are making less loss in the European operations? You just included in your financials.
I see higher tax expenses in the, if I'm not mistaken, I see higher income tax expenses. What are the reasons behind those changes? Because when we look at the overall numbers, there's not much surprise. When we get into the bottom line, could get closer to the bottom line, we see deviation. These factors will be to clarify those figures will be helpful for us for the future expectations. Thank you.
For your first question, actually, in our 2024 full year webcast, we provided a detailed explanation. If you look at the 2024 audit report under audit note two, you will see the impact. We actually did a public disclosure in that regard as well. That was related to a bond of impact where we have changed or transferred the amount under the equity. With no change, actually, especially for the number that is pertaining to 2024. That was an annual impact. Right now, it is being distributed to the month. That is the reason for the change that you see in the restated numbers for 2024. For 2025, you're not going to see such a bond of impact. For your modeling or projection purposes, you do not have to worry for this. That's one thing. It was related to foreign subsidiaries.
The indexation was recorded under the CTA and/or under the P&L, et cetera. That is why if you check the disclosure note in 2024 under the equity movement table, you will see the explanation. Can I get your last question again, please?
There were two parts. The one was related to tax expenses in this quarter.
Okay. Okay.
We did tax expenses. The other one is related to minority interest, right?
Okay. On the tax expenses side, there are some subsidiaries we have which have recorded net profits, so paying taxes. For some subsidiaries that we have, and that includes local subsidiaries as well, we're not able to utilize our deferred tax asset given the net loss for the period. We are continuously evaluating that within the context of tax planning as well, how to utilize our incentives and not pay tax. For this quarter, we have not been able to utilize our deferred tax assets. That's the reason. The reason for minority interest is mainly coming from Beko Europe. As you know, it was not controlled by.
Yes. For this year, we see lower losses, minority interest in this quarter compared to maybe the previous ones. Maybe because of changes, it might not be comparable. In real terms, do we see any decline in the loss in the acquisition acquired Beko Europe or the merger side? Do you see, does it mean that this minority interest is lower loss? Does it mean that you made less loss in the European operations?
Are you comparing this to the first quarter of last year or the previous quarter?
I'm comparing with the fourth quarter, but maybe that fourth quarter needs also further adjustments, as I understand.
Yes. As far as I can see, it's mainly from Beko Europe. As you rightly pointed out, with the improvement in the financials, we report less loss on a quarterly basis. I mean, it's not fair to compare last quarter versus the first quarter of a given year. If you compare it with the first quarter of last year, probably it should be higher in terms of loss. Let us check that again. As far as I can see, it's related to the Beko Europe operations and improvement in net loss thereof.
Related to the, do you see in European markets, do you see additional competition? It was already asked at the beginning of the meeting, but I would like to ask it again, maybe related to tariffs. Do you expect any impact on you if the tariffs changes? Do you expect any positive impact on that? The recent appreciation of euro, do you see material positive impact in the second quarter?
Yes. I also checked the individual line items as it pertains to your last question. Actually, obviously, the restructuring costs were accumulated in the last quarter for Beko Europe. That was one of the reasons. The second reason is, again, improvement on a quarterly basis. Coming back to your I understand it's related to the parity right now. Is it correct? You're asking the impact of euro dollar parity?
Yes.
Okay. Yes. Of course. Of course, it has positive impact on our operations in terms of especially on the gross margin, given the raw material or cost of goods sold side. USD is much more predominant than the euro on the revenue side. We do have our rough calculations, especially on the impact of positive impact of the parity on our gross margin. We can take it offline to educate you more. Especially in March, it has just started to kick in. On an average basis, we do not see much impact. Starting from April, given the parity is much higher than we anticipated and budgeted at the outset of the year, there will be visible impact on the gross margin throughout the remainder of the year, assuming that it will remain flat around those levels.
Thank you.
You're welcome.
The next question comes from the line of Gustavo Campos with Jefferies. Please go ahead.
Hello. Can you hear me?
Yes. Very well.
Thank you very much. Thank you for the presentation. I have a few questions from my side. I'd like to start with working capital. If you wouldn't mind, I would like to understand better what dynamic happened with regards to receivables, particularly if you could elaborate who are the, if there's a particular trend on the debtors, on the customers that are owing this money to you. If you are planning to perhaps factor or monetize some of these receivables if needed, how do you see expectations? Do you see this reversing? Is this seasonal? That would be my first question. Thank you.
Sure. If we decompose the change in net working capital, which is the main culprit behind the increased leverage year to date within the first quarter. On the receivable side, as you know, to stimulate consumer demand, especially on the Türkiye side, we have extended terms. There are two reasons. One, on the Türkiye side, it is providing extra maturity for the dealers on the receivable side to be able to stimulate sales and enhance volume. On the Europe side, it is much more flexible in terms of early discount and factoring opportunities. The same, especially towards half year and/or year ends, we are able to find and utilize much higher capacity. Every quarter, also to align and adjust our liquidity position, we are utilizing these tools. As we mentioned, we also provided the numbers.
At the end of last year, the number was much higher in terms of generating liquidity position here. Most importantly, as you know, as part of the cross-sourcing initiatives, we are defining lots of new products in line with our new branding range to the system. The first quarter of the year is usually the preparation year and the period of the inventory buildup as we start the season, especially on the cooling season. The inventory buildup is much more visible. Throughout the rest of the month, especially on the Q2 and Q3, where it's especially the high season in Europe, we will be the change in net working capital will be much more positive and mostly eliminating the negativity within the first quarter, unless there's a huge showstopper, especially due to a macro slowdown in global demand, etc., etc.
In normal course of business and in line with our production plan, which are already set for the rest of the year and our supply chain initiatives, we see normalization in our net working capital level. When we look at the CapEx, for instance, we do not see any deviation. We are well below the budget year to date. The main culprit has been related to the net working capital, as you also rightly pointed out, receivables and inventories mostly.
Understood. Thank you very much. The expectation is for some normalization in both the inventories and receivables side.
Of course. Yes. You might see some swings on the receivable side due to the utilization of liquidity instruments, as I pointed out. Towards the year end, these things are usually normalized on the back of higher capacity and collection efforts.
Got it. Thank you. That's very helpful. My second question is around free cash flow. I believe during the call you mentioned you had expectations of positive free cash flow generation. I understand that this will be partly driven by the cost optimizations and the synergies you are planning to realize. Could you please just walk me through how you are planning to be free cash flow positive? If you could walk me through your cash flow expectations for the year. You already tackled the working capital, so just on the other line items.
Sure. Yeah. Sure. At the EBITDA level, as you rightly pointed out, it could be mainly on the back of the synergies to kick in, as well as the normalization of the inflation accounting impact on the EBITDA level. I'm trying to decompose the components of the free cash flow here. Networking capital, we discussed. On the CapEx side, as you know, the major expansion CapEx programs have been already completed. There are some leftovers here and there, but Egypt, Bangladesh, etc., etc., they are finalized. We do not have a major expansion CapEx that is left for the year. We are also extremely stringent and even stingy on all the CapEx items for the rest of the year. We're very much confident on the CapEx guidance that we have been providing.
Considering all of these, we believe that we will be able to generate enough free cash flow before debt service. With that, we're planning to, of course, pay the interest and redeem some portion and roll over some portion of our debt going forward. We think, and as you know, I'm sure you have been tracking actually for a very long time, it's usually cyclical in terms of free cash flow generation across quarters. If one year, due to high CapEx needs, etc., the free cash flow is low, for this year, we expect it to be positive due to the factors that I just mentioned.
Understood. Yes. Thanks very much. That's very clear. My last question is more around net leverage and covenants again. Sorry. Apologies for following up on that. I'm looking at your slide on net debt and leverage, and I see the 4.06 net leverage. That's the adjusted number. My question is that if this is the pre-IFRS net leverage, is this the net leverage that bank lenders are using and approaching when calculating your covenant breach?
Yeah. We're providing both, both pre and post-inflation accounting numbers. The covenant testing, as I said, is subject to a period and usually come up with a plan with the creditor. It is a dynamic process. It is not just aesthetic analysis per se. You also normalize one-off transactions and/or one-off swings in working capital as well as per the loan documentation. The covenant testing and the calculation thereof is in our hands. Please feel free to stick to our calculations. You can do your own calculations as well, and we're more than happy to help you out offline to show you or to explain how we navigate ourselves throughout the audit report and how we come up with the financials because it is a non-GAAP measure based on last 12 months of earnings, which is not readily available everywhere.
That's why it's more of a pro forma calculation, which is the essence of the covenant calculation per se.
Okay. Okay. Got it. Yeah. I was just wondering if this metric is in line with the covenant testing or not.
Okay.
Yeah. Yeah. Thank you very much. Just to confirm, the broad expectation is for some leveraging by next quarter so that you can meet your covenant testing, right?
Yes. Of course.
Okay. Thank you very much.
The next question is a follow-up question from the line of Bystrova Evgeniya with Barclays. Please go ahead. Ms. Bystrova, can you hear us?
Oh, sorry. Sorry. Can you hear me now?
Yes.
Yes, loud and clear. Yeah.
Cool. Yeah. Sorry about that. Thank you for the opportunity to follow up. I wanted to follow up on the adjusted EBITDA or net leverage 4.06 number. You're using EBITDA as per your management accounts, which are not adjusted to inflation, or you're just taking the, I presume, numbers from note 25 of your financial statements, which is the net monetary position gains, losses.
I think best.
And just.
Yeah. Just one second. I think best would be to take it offline because we have to run you through in how we calculate and come up with that number. I think that's the best approach. Yeah.
Sure. A quick question. It's based on the monetary gain position note, right? Adjustment.
Yeah. Yeah. This is an LTM number. You have your first quarter results right now. We have to tell you or at least run you through our approach so that you understand how we come up with such numbers.
Right. Gotcha. Thank you.
You're welcome.
The next question is from the line of Maxim Nekrasov with Citi. Please go ahead.
Yeah. Thank you. Thanks a lot for the presentation. I have a question on margin. Your adjusted EBITDA margin has improved quarter on quarter, 18 basis points. I was wondering if you can tell more about the drivers behind that and particularly to what extent it was driven by accounting effects and slowing inflation, and also why there was such a big discrepancy between EBITDA margin movement quarter on quarter and net margin. What would be the best metric to track underlying profitability change quarter on quarter? That's what we're trying to understand.
First of all, last quarter of a given year is where one of the expenses on the opening side are being recorded as compared to the first quarter, like bonus payments, etc., etc. There are some extra expenses that have been recorded at the last quarter of a given year. That's one impact. Secondly, it's not one-to-one comparable for the first quarter, the following quarter of a given year. Secondly, improvement in our EBITDA margin is mainly due to lower raw materials and cost savings and synergies as part of our ongoing restructuring efforts that we've been mentioning consequently. On the OPEX side, there has been a negative impact of minimum wage increase in the first quarter. We have not achieved any improvement in that respect.
The parity also impacts, although it was towards the end of the first quarter, euro started to appreciate in March. We expect the impact will be visible in Q2, considering the procurement, production, and inventory turnover data, etc., etc. That is the response to your first question. Of course, the slowing inflation will have an impact on the EBITDA post-inflation accounting, which is because it will be merely a transfer between monetary gain and loss, MGL, and to the operating income line. In a given quarter, considering the inventory turnover days or in a given year, that impact is neutralized and/or offset at the profit before tax level. When you look at the EBITDA per se, then you have to take into account the inventory-related adjustments related to the inflation as part of the MGL.
That was more or less the essence of our pro forma adjustment to the leverage metric, to the EBITDA, etc., just to provide some perspective. Just to sum up, the slowing inflation will have a positive impact on the EBITDA margin, but that is related to the Türkiye operations or Türkiye sources where inflation accounting is being applied. That is not valid for other regions like APAC and/or Hitachi, etc., etc.
Understood. If we basically exclude all those accounting effects, like the more interested in the underlying trends, right, in terms of profitability. I appreciate that in the fourth quarter, there are a lot of, as you said, one-offs, right, and extra costs. Do you see basically underlying progress in terms of margin improvement, or it should be rather skewed to the second half of the year based on your guidance?
As you know, Europe constitutes around half of our operations, Türkiye around 30%, and the rest mainly APAC and Hitachi. We have some other operations in South Asia, etc., or South Africa. More or less, the bulk comes from three regions. Hitachi JV is relatively stable in terms of bottom line. Türkiye, there will be like the demand is pretty strong, especially for this month of the year. The profitability is relatively better as compared to last year. The main improvement will come from European operations. As you know, we've started to consolidate Whirlpool as of April 1 of last year. There has been a calibration period, especially for the European operations, as we progressed throughout the year. In September, especially September, was relatively promising of last year.
This year, when we compare on a month-on-month basis, on a yearly basis, but the same month, we see significant improvement, especially on the OPEX side. There is pressure on the gross margin, but on the operating expenses side, in line with the closures of U.K., Yate factory, Polish operations, etc., which are mostly aligned with our budgets, we are seeing significant and visible improvements on our OPEX ratio. The improvement at the EBITDA margin level is visible. This is the synergies that we're talking about, both at the gross margin level due to relocation of plants, along with the headcount optimization plans that we've been announcing quite for some time. Therefore, we see operating income improvement and considerable improvement in our European operations. The underlying base, unadjusted EBITDA margin, is being improved.
That is the reason why we are keeping our EBITDA margin guidance intact for the full year results. The main pressure will remain in the gross profit and on the pricing side. On the cost side, in line with the synergies in procurement, supply chain, and production technologies, we will be able to compensate the erosion in the gross profit due to intensified pricing pressure. You can see that in the gross profit margin, I suppose. Hope that answers your question.
Yeah. Yeah. Thank you so much.
You're welcome.
The next question comes from the line of Patil Nikhil with JP Morgan. Please go ahead.
Good evening. Sorry, I just have one quick clarificatory question. In terms of your seasonality, given second quarter free cash flow is typically negative, should we expect your leverage to worsen in the second quarter of the year and then improve in the second half to get below your covenant levels by year-end? Is that how we should think about it?
We would not say worsen because the increase in net debt level, as I mentioned, was almost on a half basis due to on the receivables and inventory side. We do not expect such increase in the second quarter on the net debt just because of net working capital. The build-up in inventory has been stable, at least on a run rate basis so far. At the EBITDA level, as mentioned, starting from April, the second quarter, Whirlpool operation has been consolidated. Due to the enhancements on the operating margin on the euro side, we expect a higher EBITDA on the second quarter. We do not expect any worsening. The real improvement, as you rightly pointed out, in leverage metrics, margins, etc., etc., we expect starting from September and the following month, September, October, and to some extent in November.
It is a crossover between Q2 and Q3. Of course, August is a holiday period. On a like-for-like basis or on a yearly basis, it has the same impact in terms of seasonality. That is why we expect Q3 and some portion of Q4 to be the defining period for the operations.
Understood. Thanks for the clarification.
Sure.
The next question comes from the line of Kilickiran Hanzade with JPMorgan Chase & Co. Please go ahead.
Hello. Thank you very much for the presentation. This is very helpful. I would like to make a follow-up on the potential strength in euro impact on your margins. In order to make a proper calculation, is it possible to share the share of Europe in your EBITDA? I mean, in terms of revenue, it's 47%, but I guess on the EBITDA side, it's much lower. Or do you have any sensitivity for euro strength on your financials?
Yeah. We're not able to share the regional EBITDA numbers, which are subject to many assumptions in terms of allocation of operating expenses, this and that. We, of course, have our sensitivity analysis on the parity. These are, again, perspectives that we can share offline, but they are not cast in stone. Mostly pro forma analysis, subject to change and subject to change in macro backdrops, etc. We brought a stick to the mostly publicly available information and not come up with our own internal analysis. We're trying to keep that at a minimum, as you would rightly understand.
Okay. All right. Thank you. I mean, I can understand that the trend in euro may have helped your EBITDA margin in the second quarter and maybe in the rest of the year. In the meantime, we have been observing China also devaluing its currency. This may also put some pressure in pricing in Europe, I guess. Do you think that this could offset each other and you may, I mean, you may not see a big deviation from your EBITDA margin? Because probably you were not guiding this strength in euro in your guidance, right?
Yeah. To be honest, the devaluation of Chinese yuan has a positive impact in the sense that as we are sourcing our raw materials also from China, the labor costs are on a relative basis. Labor costs are right now being recorded relatively lower as we anticipated, given the depreciation in Chinese yuan, which has positive impact. By positive, I mean lower raw material prices and lower process prices. As you know, the labor costs are also being fed into the calculation of the raw material prices that are coming from China and some of the materials. On the procurement side, we expect a positive spillover effect from the depreciation of Chinese yuan. The main factor that will impact our gross margin will be euro dollar parity, which is quite favorable at that point in time. That has been the balancing factor of the tariff wars.
The slowdown in global demand has been quite conducive to declining raw material prices. There are some offsetting factors, as I just mentioned.
All right. Do you mean that, I mean, you may have some advantage on the procurement side, but in the meantime, you are going to be as competitive as Chinese players despite the depreciation of the Chinese currency, right?
I didn't say that we will be as competitive as Chinese players, but I think on the pricing levels, given the branding etc. we have, I think the main danger will be the inventories that were earmarked for the U.S. market and will be dispatched to Europe or APAC or South Asia and Central regions. Having said that, we've been through this period before. And as you know, the discussions with the distributors, negotiations, etc. in Europe are not being done every month or every week. You usually settle your listings at the first quarter of a given year. Therefore, yes, of course, the Chinese inventories, we expect to have some pricing pressure on the overall European operations. As we said, we have been prepared for this quite for some time. It's not news from our perspective, especially in that industry.
Okay. Thank you very much. That's very helpful.
The next question is a follow-up question from the line of Campos Gustavo with Jefferies. Please go ahead.
Hi. Yeah. Thank you very much. Just very quick and brief follow-up from me. I was looking at your capital structure, and there's a significant portion of TL debt and short-term borrowings. I'm wondering if you have any plans on changing your capital structure or, as far as you know, the mix of currencies or the short-term to long-term debt mix. Anything there would be helpful. Thank you.
Thank you. While we're optimizing our capital structure, we keep an eye on both the interest rates as well as the maturity. For a higher interest rate, we will not settle for a longer maturity, to be honest, because we have no problem in extending or rolling over our debt. Right now, we have ample room in our credit limits in Turkish banks in particular. For TL, as you know, the TL lending environment is not a long-term, and it's not a long-term debt environment. They are not used; TL debt is not used for CapEx or investment to fund CapEx or investment. Usually, it's used to fund net working capital needs. We have various tools for that. The silver lining here has been the EXIM facilities that we have recently, especially last year, where the window for EXIM facilities was not opened.
In the very past, Arçelik has been utilizing EXIM pretty heavily in terms of almost all of its TL funding. Right now, this market has been opened up again. There was some pause in between, but right now, we're able to fund ourselves at rates of around 25%-ish numbers. That is why in TL, we will not opt for longer-term tenures just to extend our maturities. The average maturity, when you exclude cash pool and other short-term facilities, the duration is close to two years, which is, I think, for a company with almost 30-35% of its operations in Turkey, this is a healthy level. As we've mentioned, we have long-term facilities just being earmarked, such as SACE ECA facility, which is 10 years, with upcoming facilities, which will be 5 years.
For this year, we do not have an imminent redemption for a long-term debt. We have already started to think and implement to fund our funding needs, including the upcoming euro bond, which is May 2026. We do not see any problem in liquidity and/or additional funding tapping into additional bank loan market.
Understood. Thank you very much. Because you are utilizing more of these EXIM Bank facilities, is your broad expectation for your broad interest costs on your debts to decrease this year?
Yeah. It may lead you to, I mean, declining inflation/interest rate environment, relatively speaking. I mean, there has been some pause, and the market, due to the recent events, there has been some extension of the high inflationary environment, at least on the expectation side. Eventually, year on year, on an average basis, we're expecting the marginal interest rate to be lower. Given the duration, the impact on the overall debt stock is going to take some time. We are budgeting this obviously into our projections for this year.
Understood. Thanks again.
You're welcome.
Ladies and gentlemen, there are no further audio questions at this time, and we will now move on to our webcast questions. The first webcast question comes from Serhat Kaya with YF Securities, and I quote, "Do you expect some demand-stimulating incentives in European markets, especially for energy-efficient appliances?" Thank you.
I mean, these initiatives have been on the cards for a long time, but these should be ready in conjunction with the offsetting impact of the high competition that is coming from Far East. Europe has not retaliated via additional tariffs in the tariff war, China, etc. With packaging and/or sustainability regulations, they are trying to put some hindrance to eliminate some of the negative impact of the competition. ECB, actually, on the back of lowering interest rates, is kind of demand-stimulating actions. I mean, from our perspective, this should be the modus operandi for the rest of the year.
Ladies and gentlemen, there are no further questions at this time. I will now turn the conference over to Mr. Alparslan for any closing comments. Thank you.
Thank you very much for the questions. We can take a bowl of wine with our investor relations team and hope to see you in our next call. Thank you.