Very good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to the Turkish Airlines Q4 2022 conference call and webcast. Well, thank you very much for standing by. Please note there will be a Q&A session following the presentation by the speakers, which will consist of written questions only. If you'd like to participate in the written Q&A, you just type your question into the Ask a Question text area, and then click the Submit button. With that, I'll now hand you over to our speakers. First of all, Associate Professor Murat Şeker. He's the Member of the Board and the Executive Committee , as well as being the Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Mehmet Fatih Korkmaz, he is the Head of Investor Relations. Speakers, the floor is yours.
Thank you very much. Good afternoon, everyone. Welcome to the Turkish Airlines fourth quarter and full year 2022 earnings conference call. As you know, on February 6th, we experienced one of the most tragic disasters in our history. In these difficult days, we deeply share the grief of Türkiye. As a national flag carrier airline, we dedicate ourselves to heal the wounds. With this responsibility, continue to conduct our operations uninterruptedly. In the aftermath of the earthquake, we immediately activated our crisis center and utilized all available resources to support rescue efforts in the affected regions. Until now, we carried over 400,000 rescue and relief teams to the earthquake area and evacuated 430,000 people with over 2,400 flights. We delivered almost 16,000 tons of aid materials, supplies, medicines, and equipment to the region.
Many staff from Turkish Airlines family voluntarily participated in the aid and rescue operations in the region. The devotion and awareness of our coworkers in these difficult days have alleviated our pain to some extent. Allow me to continue with the presentation of our year-end results. The results we announced yesterday underpinned our industry-leading position with $2.7 billion of full-year net profit with 15% profit margin. Fourth quarter also marked our sixth profitable consecutive quarter. Our staff worked hard to serve our customers flawlessly in a time when the industry struggled to keep up with the sudden surge in demand. With their efforts, Turkish Airlines was among the few global carriers that exceeded the 2019 capacity level last year.
We showed our appreciation with a profit-sharing payout, and I would like to take a moment to thank all our staff again for such a remarkable performance. In the coming months, our Chairman will share our 2033 strategy for Turkish Airlines on AnadoluJet and Turkish Cargo. We expect to enhance our competitive advantages, increase our efficiency, and improve our product quality in this new strategy. 2022 posed several challenges in an evolving basis. When we started the year, global travel restrictions related to Omicron were still on top of the headlines. Later on, increased geopolitical conflicts and escalated fuel prices replaced fading impact of COVID-19. This period was followed by industry-wide operational difficulties. While staff shortages effectively kept our peers' capacity, we carried out our operations in Istanbul smoothly.
As we differentiated ourselves from the industry with operational reliability and high-quality service, our passengers showed appreciation through the leading airline rating programs. In 2022, Turkish Airlines was named as the best airline in Europe by Skytrax and received a world-class rating, along with the Five-Star Global Airline Award from APEX. Additionally, last year, we became the world's biggest network carrier in terms of available seat capacity on international flights. Our full-year capacity realized more than 7% above 2019, which resulted in Turkish Airlines becoming one of the busiest network carrier in European airspace. 2022 was as successful for the whole Turkish aviation sector as well. The industry completed its recovery by exceeding the pre-pandemic passenger numbers in December, well ahead of its global peers. Istanbul Airport was the busiest airport in Europe, welcoming more than 64 million passengers during the year.
Antalya Airport was also among the top airports in Europe, ranking 10th in terms of passenger numbers in 2022. Our cost base remains to be the lower than many network carriers in the region as we expand our operations efficiently. During the pandemic, we continued to invest in fleet and workforce. With this effort, we were able to capitalize on growing passenger demand and capture market share. A substantial increase in passenger traffic alongside relatively resilient cargo demand materially improved our financial performance compared to the pre-pandemic level. The highest annual revenue of $18.4 billion was recorded in 2022, surpassing the 2019 level by around 40%. With the increase in the revenues along with the strict cost discipline, we were able to alleviate the negative impact of the escalated fuel prices.
As a result, we realized around $2.8 billion of profit from main operations and $5.4 billion of EBITDA with a 29% EBITDA margin. $6 billion of operating cash flow generation during 2022 created a significant resource for financing future growth. Turkish Cargo maintained its status as the fifth biggest air cargo carrier in 2022 and recorded around $3.7 billion of revenue. Increased utilization of belly capacity strongly contributed to cargo's profitability. To sustain our growth in cargo business, we will create a logistic ecosystem, introduce new products on niche segments, and deepen our network with dedicated freighter routes. Our new cargo terminal, SMARTIST, in Istanbul Airport, will facilitate these initiatives and act as a lever to increase efficiency. We expect the industry's supply-demand imbalance to continue in 2023.
If there are no adverse demand shocks, the lack of sufficient aircraft and workforce availability in the sector will constrain growth in a robust demand environment. Currently, the trajectory of our passenger revenue growth continues to be positive. In 2023, we expect to increase passenger capacity between 15%-20% compared to last year. We will continue to monitor our booking curve, global travel appetite, macroeconomic environment, and adjust our projections if necessary. In closing, I would like to extend my heartfelt condolences to those who lost their lives and wish a speedy recovery to those affected by the earthquake. I will pass the word to Fatih Bey to continue with the presentation.
Thank you, Murat Bey, and good afternoon, everyone. I also would like to express my deepest condolences for our citizens and wish a quick recovery to everyone affected by this devastating earthquakes. Back to our results. I want to start with last year's capacity development to provide further details. In the fourth quarter, we continued to increase our passenger capacity parallel to the robust demand environment. Capacity and load factors surpassed the same period of 2019 by 8% and 1.2 percentage points respectively, mainly attributable to our international operations. As a proportion of the pre-pandemic levels, our international passenger capacity remains substantially above European and global averages. Extended summer season, the World Cup, and removal of flight restrictions in Asia drove greater demand towards Turkish Airlines. The growing popularity of Türkiye as a global touristic destination was also a catalyst for our local traffic.
The number of direct international passengers to Türkiye carried by Turkish Airlines was more than 20% above the pre-pandemic level. Our international passengers increased by 9% in the fourth quarter compared to the same period in 2019. From a regional perspective, in the fourth quarter, Americas continued to be top performer in terms of increased capacity, passenger numbers, and business class load factor. The World Cup and recommence of pilgrimage travel to Saudi Arabia supported traffic into the Middle East from all over the world, lifting our load factors by 4.2 percentage points-4.8 percentage points . In Africa, our unit revenues climbed by more than 25% due to increased demand from West African routes. Lifted restrictions resulted in gaining market shares throughout the Far East, especially in Japan, as we launched our second Tokyo route to Narita Airport.
The end of China's Zero-COVID policy and start of our collaboration with IndiGo provide further potential to our growth in 2023. Since the beginning of this year, our passenger sales have remained strong, which is still significantly higher than in 2019. Following to the two devastating earthquakes occurred in the southern part of Türkiye, we haven't seen a significant impact that affects into our forward bookings. Similar to the previous quarters, structural shifts in the booking curve remains in place with fewer peaks for weekends and holidays. This allows better revenue management and more efficient use of our capacity, leading to higher yields and profitability. Turkish Cargo operates flights in 102 routes in addition to our passenger network of 342 destinations.
With the support of increasing cargo operations, last year, we carried 1.7 million tons of cargo, which is around 9% higher than that of 2019. According to the data published by IATA, Turkish Cargo quadrupled its market share in the last 10 years and ranks 5th among the top air cargo carriers. Our cargo unit revenues in 2022 doubled compared to 2019, resulting in more than 120% increase in cargo revenues, which reached $3.7 billion. As we expanded our passenger operations, the percentage contribution of cargo revenues to our total revenue base normalized from the peak level attained during the pandemic. Yet our profitability was not adversely affected due to the strong passenger demands. We observed that the global cargo demand continues to be under pressure.
Tighter financial conditions and softening demand, along with easing supply chain bottlenecks, resulted in declines in global cargo prices. Increased availability of vessels, coupled with limited inventory stocking, are also freeing up additional sea freight capacity. In the last two quarters, these developments affected air cargo unit revenues to a lesser extent than maritime cargo due to its relative pricing power. In the upcoming quarters, we might see further declining yields across the cargo industry due to increased availability of belly capacity in Asia and growing container ship deliveries in 2023. However, the current profitability and depth of our passenger operations will mitigate the relative weakness in cargo yields. Let us now head to the financial highlights. As you can see, our cash position increased by around $2 billion in 2022 to almost $4.7 billion.
Strong operational cash inflow helped reduce net debt to $8.7 billion in 2022 from its peak level at the end of 2020. Our net debt to EBITDA multiple decreased to its lowest level of 1.8x by the end of last year. Increasing passenger yields and volume led to 42% higher passenger revenues in the fourth quarter compared to the same period in 2019. Together with the contribution of resilient cargo operations in this quarter, total revenues exceeded the 2019 level by about 45%. Year-end net income was realized around $2.7 billion and marked a record high. Strong operational performance translated into $5.4 billion of EBITDA, up more than 70% versus 2019.
Our fuel expenses increased by around half a billion dollars in the fourth quarter compared to 2019 due to higher prices and consumption. Our increased pass-through ability continues as demand remained to be robust. In the fourth quarter, we were able to reflect almost 60% of our fuel expenses surcharges. In 2022, approximately $180 million of hedge gain allowed us to mitigate a portion of negative impact of elevated fuel price levels. Our hedge ratio for 2023 is around 8% with a break-even price of $76. As you recall, we paused hedging in the beginning of last year due to relatively high Brent levels. Since January, we started to add new hedging positions by carefully monitoring the fuel prices and market dynamics.
Looking at the unit expense breakdown, compared to 2019, we recorded around 23% increase during the fourth quarter, mainly due to higher fuel expense. On the other hand, we were able to manage the ex-fuel CASK effectively, which was up slightly. Annual personnel unit cost was lower than the pre-pandemic level, even after bonus payouts, owing to increased productivity and depreciation of Turkish lira against the hard currencies. In the fourth quarter, ground handling and catering unit costs increased mainly due to personnel bonus payments to the respective subsidiaries. Despite higher capacity compared to 2019, decrease in the number of landings contributed to the decrease in the airport expenses. We continue investing in AnadoluJet to lower its cost base and attain higher utilization. With 17 new- generation aircraft additions, number of aircraft increased to 64 last year.
Parallel to our aim of building an international low-cost carrier, percentage of international capacity jumped to 64% in 2022 from 52% in the previous year. Following this, international capacity and number of passengers increased by 60% and 70% year-over-year, respectively. In the coming quarters, AnadoluJet will continue to grow its network in Europe, Middle East, and Central Asia with the addition of 15 new- generation aircraft. Additionally, we will launch new products to expand our customer base and increase ancillary revenues. Now, let me briefly talk about our 2023 expectations. Thanks to our flexible operating structure, we adjusted capacity efficiently and profitably throughout the last year. February traffic results and current forward bookings reveal some confidence about the demand strength for the near term.
Remembering the low base due to the snowstorms last year, we aim to increase our passenger capacity in the first quarter by 20%-30% year-over-year. For the entire year, our capacity is expected to be between 10%-20% higher than the last year if we can get our aircrafts on time. Currently, we don't see any significant change on the demand pattern for the upcoming summer season. On the cost side, our ex-fuel unit cost target is slightly higher than 2022, with a low single digits. Gross CapEx this year is expected to be between around $5 billion-$5.5 billion, including aircraft and other fixed investments. We see sustainability as one of the main pillars of our growth strategy.
Our modern fleet and carefully designed sustainability initiatives are the keys to decrease our environmental impact. Recently, we joined UN Global Compact, the world's largest corporate sustainability initiative, to concentrate our efforts further. Working with a zero- waste policy in sustainability, we have committed to a number of projects such as biofuel usage and carbon offset programs to combat climate change. To that end, last year we started to use sustainable aviation fuels on our 11 routes in Europe and signed Global SAF Declaration, which aims to completely decarbonize sustainable aviation fuels. Our colleagues from different countries and cultures are the base of our success. We implement policies to give them equal opportunity across our organization. Towards that goal, last year, we participated IATA's 25by2025 initiative.
With this initiative, we aim to increase the representation of women in executive roles and technical fields by 25% until 2025. As a result of our efforts, we were recognized as the most sustainable flag carrier airline in 2022 by World Finance. Moreover, we recently ranked first among the global airlines in terms of our 2022 sustainability performance evaluated by Refinitiv, and improved our CDP climate change score to be higher than the sector average. With this, we conclude our presentation, and we can now continue with the Q&A session.
Great. Thank you, speakers. Okay, ladies and gentlemen, just a reminder. There are no audio questions, written questions only. You can do that right now. Just type your question into the Ask a question text area and then click the Submit button. We are waiting for your questions now. I believe there are a couple coming through. Speakers, over to you.
Thank you, Rob. Murat, our analysts are wondering about the effects of the devastating earthquakes that we experienced as a country. Could you provide any color on the size of the cost?
Sure. Well, considering the overall size of our operation, both international and domestic, the specific operation and capacity we spared to the earthquake region was considerably small. It was less than 1% of our overall capacity. Considering the international Revenue from international operations make more than 90% of our total revenue, the opportunity cost of this operation was also small. Furthermore, February is usually the lowest capacity offered month of the year, which corresponds to around the overall capacity we provide in February makes about 6% of our whole annual ASK level. Overall, the total impact on the revenue side was small.
On top of this, we donated, around $100 million to AFAD, and $75 million, roughly speaking, $1 million is planned to be spent on 1,000 house residence project. About, again, another roughly $70 million-$75 million, we have incurred costs for evacuation and cargo flights operation.
Another question regarding increasing competition. Do you feel pressure? Also, our aircraft delays take some pressure off as a limiting factor for capacity deployment?
Well, I mean, we definitely are seeing the industry is coming back. But global capacity in 2022 was roughly at 25% below 2019 levels. The gradual increase is seen as we are seeing more of the countries opening, especially last, big China opening its borders and removing the COVID restrictions, provided a surplus in demand. We don't see the high pressure as kind of we are seeing in a more advantageous position as Turkish Airlines. For number one, as we also expressed in the presentation, our competitive cost structure and the vast network is our two key pillars that are going to allow us to benefit from this higher and stronger demand environment. There is also the aircraft delays.
Currently for this year, we are not expecting to have a major change in the aircraft deliveries. There were some incidences both on the Airbus and Boeing side, but on the Airbus side, they were mostly balanced. Some of the deliveries that we were supposed to get by the end of last year are going to be received by the early this year, and some of those that we were planning to get towards the end of this year are going to be deferred to next year. It's not going to have a significant impact.
The most recent news regarding to the 787s is still, there is not too much clarity on it yet, but we are in close coordination with Boeing to see how much it would have an impact on us. As we always have a balanced fleet between Boeing and Airbus, we were planning to get five A350s this year and seven 787s. We have ways to maneuver these potential delays in aircraft deliveries. Overall, we don't expect a significant change in our ASK planning of this year.
Murat, which factors led to better than expected financial results last year?
The most important piece was of course the stronger passenger demand than we were anticipating. Even though the first quarter of the year was weak because of the two earthquakes and then the Russian, Ukrainian crisis, what we saw is, through the summer months, as more and more countries removed the COVID restrictions, the appetite to travel abroad for leisure travelers was quite strong. There was an extraordinary demand to Türkiye, from Europe, Middle East and Central Asia. We saw the big benefit of it, strong passenger demand, which then, due to capacity limitations all around Europe, we were also able to see higher yields. Cargo kept growing yields and provided a significant contribution to the bottom line.
The yields, like for example, to be a little bit more concrete, the yields on the passenger side were about 20% higher than 2019 levels. Cargo unit revenues were almost double the levels of 2019. Ex-fuel unit cost was around 2% below 2019 levels. Our cost consciousness also was quite intact throughout 2022.
Murat, do you have any one-off items in the fourth quarter and 2022, and should we expect any additional items?
The for the last quarter, the biggest one-off item was the bonus that we decided to pay at the end of the year, which was around $150 million. It was as we also saw today and yesterday with the financial results, we had a record profit and our hardworking coworkers had a significant contribution in this success. We decided, as the Board decided to compensate them with this success, and that was the biggest one-off payment for the fourth quarter. With that bonus payment, overall, we paid about $250 million bonus for 2022. For this year, earthquake-related expenses, as I mentioned in the earlier question, were the biggest one-off item, which we expect them overall to be around $200 million-$250 million.
Personal bonuses, we will continue to pay bonuses if our budgets are going to be able to meet. There will be some amount that we will be receiving from Boeing as a result of the agreement we reached due to delays in 787 deliveries.
Murat, could you also comment on the current operating environment and forward bookings?
Sure. The strong demand environment that we saw towards the end of last year actually kept continuing towards the first two months of this year, especially in Americas. We were able to see some normalization after the opening up of China in the Far East region, which materially supported the forward bookings. We have not yet seen any significant negative impact caused by the earthquakes. In contrast to historical trends, we did not experience a sharp decline in the revenue yields as we were moving from Christmas season to New Year in January. Cargo yields are in decline as we are seeing global trade is slowing down a little bit.
However, we keep our capacity, we are going to keep the similar amount of capacity, and we don't expect a huge deterioration in our cargo performance.
What are your capacity and yield expectations for 2023?
This year, in 2023, we expect to increase ASK by somewhere between 10%-20% on the top of last year, with the additional roughly 33 aircraft that will be delivered this year, and higher utilization as well. Far East and Middle East regions will be the main drivers of this capacity increase. For example, for the first quarter, the capacity we are putting is going to be about 20% higher than the first quarter of 2022. While we keep increasing the capacity, we are expecting only a mild decline in the yields, roughly around 1%, as the amount of capacity that will be addressed this year is so huge, so we expect some decline in the yields. Yeah.
Overall, this 10%-20% ASK is going to be mostly concentrated on Middle East and then Far East regions and then domestic as well.
Murat, how this, these expectations will translate into the top line and the profitability?
We expect a high single-digit increase in revenue year-over-year. Our EBITDA margin in 2022 was quite high. It was probably the record EBITDA margin level. We expect that to normalize and come down to somewhere between 22%-24% levels.
We are heading into cost questions. What ex-fuel CASK should we expect? How are you coping with the inflationary pressures on your costs?
Well, ex-fuel CASK, this year is going to be higher than 2022, but it's not going to be a significant jump. We expect that to be about like a low single-digit increase in ex-fuel CASK. We are not seeing a huge inflationary pressure building up on our ex-fuel cost base because of the increasing economics of scale, the capacity, as I said, between 10%-20% increase. Yes, we are definitely very carefully controlling our OpEx and CapEx plans in order to sustain our competitive cost base. As I have stated previously, the nominal cost increase we experienced in maintenance, catering, handling expenses were mainly due to the bonuses that we paid in 2022.
Regarding hedging and fuel expense, we have two questions. First, expected fuel unit costs for 2023 and assumptions, and the second is fuel hedging ratio and breaking price.
I'll start with the quicker one. The Our hedging ratio for last year was about 36%. For this year, we expect to with our current position is around 8% for 2023. The break-even price is about $76. To the first question, this year, we expect to have about a 10%-15% decline in fuel CASK. As you remember, that last year, Brent level went above, significantly above $100. Pushed jet price to around $400 levels. This year, our expectation projections for the Brent is around, somewhere around $84-$86. It's going to bring down fuel CASK significantly. On our current hedge ratio, which is a result of a specific strategy we are pursuing.
As you might recall, we paused hedging in February of last year because of the high volatility and difficulty having price formations. We didn't execute any trades in the remaining part of 2022. However, after seeing the prices coming to a more stable region and the volatility reducing, we started to add new positions again by the beginning of this year.
Murat, on the first part of our presentation, we mentioned our record high operational cash flow. What was the main reasons for this cash accumulation, and what is your expectations for 2023?
Well, last year, the ramping up of our capacity quickly allowed us to benefit significantly from the passenger demand. The resilience we saw in our cargo operation was another contributor. These two factors led to about $6 billion of operational cash that we attained, and around $2 billion increase in our total cash level. For this year, we expect to accumulate some more cash considering our current trajectory for the demand. The year-end expectation of our cash level is going to be around, just like this year, slightly above this year of $4.7 billion, is what we expect by the end of 2023.
How will you utilize this excess cash, and what is the targeted minimum cash levels?
In short term, in our portfolio management strategy, our liquidity threshold is 7% of the total revenue, which currently it is around like a 25% levels. In the medium term, we are planning to invest our surplus into new businesses, like for our aircraft deliveries that we are planning to place in the coming months. Invest in the growth of AnadoluJet and Turkish Cargo brands, enhance our technological infrastructure to increase operational efficiency, and invest in initiatives to support the third-party sales of our subsidiaries. We'll definitely manage our liquidity carefully considering the demand environment, our current leverage targets, and our CapEx needs.
On leverage targets, what is our targeted capital structure?
The current capital structure, which excluding the pandemic years, which then it was definitely deteriorated and we were heavily indebted, it was around as we have been since like 2013 and 2014, growing our fleet significantly. The debt to capital so was around, yeah, 60% debt and 40% equity. Last year, it was around like a 55%-57%. We expect that to continue in the near term as we are going to be adding a large number of aircrafts, purchase order in compliance with our 10-year growth strategy. Together with that, we will keep investing in our new MRO facilities and AnadoluJet fleet capacity.
We expect our debt to capitalization ratio to be around 55% levels in the coming midterms.
Are you planning to pay dividends in the following periods?
We always want to pay dividends. We are definitely very much looking into the year that we can pay dividend. However, as I have shared in the previous calls, we are currently unable to pay dividends because of the accumulated losses in our statutory accounts according to Turkish Commercial Code. These losses, according to Turkish tax system, which are mainly resulting from the FX translation differences. We are targeting to reserve the losses on local books in the following years and be able to pay dividends.
One question is about our recent decision to launch a buyback, share buyback program. What is the main reasoning behind this initiative?
As you know, our share price has been experiencing a significant volatility since the beginning of February. In particular, not just of course, Turkish Airlines stock, but the Borsa İstanbul in general, had an huge volatility following the earthquake. After two days of operation, it was shut down for some period. Seeing that unhealthy price formation, we used our share buyback program to reduce the volatility in our stock and help to create a basis for more fair price formation. As we are not targeting any price level, there is no specific execution timetable or preset date for our buybacks. We are just monitoring the market, and when we see Increase in volatility that is creating a huge disruption, and we can act on this again.
One thing, we have multiple questions about our CapEx plan and aircraft deliveries. What is our expectation for 2023?
For next year, Our gross CapEx, we expect that to be around $5 billion-$5.5 billion. As we are going to be getting a significant amount of deliveries in the coming year, more than half of this amount, more than half of the $5 billion is going to go for the new aircraft, and about $2 billion for heavy maintenance, spare engine, and other CapEx.
With this, what is the expected net debt level by the year-end?
This year, of course, in 2022, sorry, it declined to 1.8 x levels net debt to EBITDA ratio. Our net debt was around like $8.7 billion. We expect that to increase to around $10 billion-$11 billion in 2023. Then debt to EBITDA multiple, we expect that to be around 2x - 2.5 x.
You touched the subject on at the beginning of the call, but our analysts are investors and some media presentations is asking about the aircraft deliveries, given the OEMs facing some difficulties in their supply chain. Can you further elaborate on the subject?
Well, one trend, one issue that is gaining more attention, especially in 787s availability and some engine availabilities. While on one hand this puts pressure on passenger capacity, on the other hand, it could force capacity discipline to the market elevating revenue yields. Without any addition to our current fleet, we can increase our capacity by about 10% in 2023 compared to 2022. Our aircraft utilization in 2019 was about 12 and a half hours, which declined to almost 10.45 hours in 2022. We are expecting to bring it up this year with no concern about the pilot shortages as we are recruiting significant amount of pilots this year.
Higher which will facilitate higher utilization of our aircraft. If we get unexpected delays in aircraft deliveries, which currently other than this most recent 787 problem, we don't expect any significant disruption. Some changes we are being able to recover from operating lease agreements. In 2023, we will be getting about 10 operating leases because of the lack of new aircraft. Overall, for the capacity increase, the issues with the OEMs are not going to be a significant bottleneck for our planning of 2023.
Considering this, what will be our year-end figure and net additions to our fleet, in a normal scenario?
If all we have planned at the beginning of the year, continues without a big dip, change, deviation, we finished 2022 with 394 aircraft, we are planning to add about 36 deliveries in 2023, there will be about three exits. Overall the fleet is going to grow by about 33 aircrafts. 12 of these are wide-bodies, five A350 and seven 787s, the remaining are all new- generation, mostly new- generation narrow- bodies.
Can you provide an update on the fleet expansion plans, and are you considering a bulk aircraft order?
I saw another question here asking about when we are be announcing the strategy. As I said, I'll answer these two questions together. As I said at the beginning, with our Chairman in the short term, we finish our strategy preparation and writing down the document at the moment, and soon we will be announcing the our 2033 strategy for the next 10 years. It will be in two stages for the next five years and then the following five years. Based on that strategy, together with TK, Turkish Airlines and AnadoluJet brands, we will be placing a large order book.
Putting it aside, with our current fleet, development and with our current order book, On the top of the 33 deliveries this year for 2024 to 2028, for that five-year period, we currently have about 100 firm orders on the pipeline with both Boeing and Airbus.
We are heading into AnadoluJet and subsidiary questions. Are there any developments you may share with us regarding AnadoluJet? Also, one of our investors is asking about potential public offering of AnadoluJet and maybe Turkish Cargo.
Well, they are definitely both of the projects are undergoing. We have the teams set up internally to work on both projects. We are not in rush in either one, AnadoluJet might be a little earlier, depending of course on the fleet and the Sabiha Gökçen capacity increase. In any case, both of the projects are undergoing. We have taken the preliminary steps to prepare both of our operations to serve as a separate entity. AnadoluJet started its international operations almost more than two years ago. It's increasing its fleet. It reached a size of about 62 aircraft. This year it will reach to 80 aircraft. Of course, separating it as a full-blown low-cost carrier is not a straightforward task.
All it requires a new reservation system, which we have tendered recently, and its PSS is going to be ready by in about a year time. We are taking the necessary steps to prepare AnadoluJet to prepare it for carving out, but we don't have a specific date. It's going to take about more than a year it seems like that how when AnadoluJet can serve its customers under its own roof. Cargo is less complicated and yet with the cargo operation, we are still working on the right strategy to carve it out. There are pros and cons in either strategies.
It's a little early for me to share some more details about it, but as soon as we have, more clear path to carving out cargo, we'll definitely share with our investors.
With that, can you comment on our cargo operations and our expectations?
Cargo in last quarter of 2022, it was about, total cargo revenue was about a 25% lower compared to the year before, while total cargo capacity was just 7% lower. It shows that the yields are coming down, but we have been expecting this to happen for quite some time. In our all investor calls, earlier investor calls, we were expecting yield erosion in cargo business. If the pandemic increased the yields significantly, and we are seeing the normalization phase, but it is not a decline. We call it a normalization. As we will be keeping increasing our cargo capacity this year. We are planning to add about three to four freighters to fleet this year.
Some of them, about two of these could be wet leases, there continues to be a strong demand to our cargo operation utilizing the vast capacity of SMARTIST, our cargo terminal in Istanbul Airport, and the vast, our passenger network, which allows us to carry cargo to a very large range of destinations with the belly cargo capacities. If in 2023, we might be having a lower cargo revenue than the amount attained in 2022, we are not too pessimistic. The yields erosion is just a normalization. With the capacity increase we will introduce, we might even be able to sustain those 22 numbers.
Murat, we have one question regarding our recent announcement about TSI, TCI and Cornea, our subsidiaries. What was the main motive behind merging these companies?
These three sub-separate subsidiaries, we know that they are very valuable and contributive, but they have been managed on the sideline and not have been able to receive strong attention and we have not been able to get their full potential. There is a huge potential to work on all these together. On one side, the seat production and the interior galley production, then IFE production. These actually all three pieces can serve together and provide us an edge to have an efficient and good quality aircraft, and also provide us an opportunity with using the scales and working together using the engineering departments together, using the sales team together. They can have a more profitable growth strategy.
That's the reason why we wanted to combine all these three subsidiaries under one roof, and where they can provide some spillovers and create synergies, and provide better interior, cabin interior. We see it as actually a whole system acting together, and then we are planning to market all these three items together.
Murat.
Maybe I should also add, under this new company, Turkish Airlines, together with Turkish Technic, we own about 85% of the company. We are the majority shareholder, and we will have the flexibility to lead its growth.
Murat, we have additional questions from our part-participants. One about, to what extent will growth in the Indian market financially impact Turkish Airlines in 2023?
To what extent will growth in Indian market... I think this means Air India's order book, if I understand correctly.
I think regarding collaboration with IndiGo.
Our collaboration with IndiGo, we are quite prospective on it. At the moment, it's a small operation. We are providing one narrow- body and one wide- body aircraft operation. The operation started in February from Delhi and Mumbai, we expect it to grow more strongly, as with IndiGo, we have established a good relationship. Throughout last year, actually, after Indian market was opened towards the beginning of the first quarter, we started to generate a smart profit margin. Especially during the last quarter of 2022, we generated an amount of revenue well above our budget, due to the high yields in this market, the huge ethnic market in India.
In Indian market, our competitors restarted to increase frequencies, so we are expecting higher competition, but that comes with a higher demand environment, and we expect to benefit from that market environment.
Murat, one of our investors asked about our profits, net profit margin and its sustainability. If you allow me, let me answer that. Generally, we only guide for EBITDA or EBITDAR. We do not provide estimates or expectations about net income. As Murat mentioned right now our expectation regarding 2023 is for EBITDAR between 22%-24%. We have couple of regional questions with Osman Memisoglu. Are there any regions you can highlight that are performing better or worse than average, please?
Well, I mean, overall, actually, our recovery was led with the COVID restrictions removal. The sooner the restrictions were removed, we started operation as we kept our staff in the region, and we kept our aircraft ready to fly. Compared to fourth quarter of 2019, in the fourth quarter of 2022, in Americas, for example, the increase in.
Revenue.
The increase in revenue yield in Americas was about 30%. In Europe, Far East, Africa was again on the vicinity of 25%-30%. In Middle East, it was the lagging region with about 16%. There wasn't a specific particular region that was driving the whole profit. It was quite well distributed. Yet, being the long haul and being the most open, Americas was the biggest contributor. For example, its business class load factors were around 8%-80% in the summer seasons of 2022.
We have two questions regarding Turkish tourism that I can combine. First one is about our push for American tourists to Türkiye. The other one is that impact of the earthquakes on our tourism.
The first question, our Chairman and our sales team traveled to Miami region, to meet with the agencies, to meet with the travel agencies and to attract tourists from there. Turkish service sector, big components of Turkish service sector, like TV shows representatives were there, and there was a several big gatherings. In the coming months, they're planning to have several more visits to Los Angeles, probably in May or June, and then to Chicago. We had at the late 2022, we traveled to New York with our Chairman again, met with the agencies, met with the regional mayors there to attract tourists to Türkiye.
We are working together with the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, and there is a body of organization, Türkiye Tourism Promotion and Development Agency, TGA, and that provides marketing material for us and to attract more American tourists to Türkiye. That strategy is in continuing and it will be, we'll be investing on that throughout 2023. Regarding to the earthquake, Actually at all, we have not seen a deterioration in the forward bookings regarding to the before and after the earthquake. There was, of course, as expected, drops, significant drops in domestic travel. As the earthquakes happened through the month of February, it was not a big disruption and in our projections.
On the international to domestic or international to international air traffic, we did not see any significant change after the earthquake.
I think that would be all, Murat Bey. I would like to thank our participants, for their questions. We are hoping to see you in our upcoming announcements.
Right. Thank you, speakers. Thank you very much. Our speakers from Turkish Airlines. Ladies and gentlemen, I believe that is the end of the webcast, and we wanna thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect.