Welcome to Turkish Airlines' third quarter 2024 earnings call. Now, there will be a question-and-answer session following the presentation. If you would like to submit your questions, you can send them anytime during the presentation by clicking the Q&A button at the bottom of your Zoom screen. Anytime. There will not be any audio questions, written questions only. So submit those written questions now, during the presentation, after, whenever you like.
And now, it is my pleasure to introduce today's hosts, Associate Professor Murat Şeker, Member of the Board and the Executive Committee, as well as the Chief Financial Officer at Turkish Airlines, and Mr. Mehmet Fatih Korkmaz, Head of Investor Relations at Turkish Airlines. Good afternoon, gentlemen. The floor is yours.
Thank you, Rob. Good afternoon, everyone, and thank you for joining us today. The results we announced yesterday reflect our agility in navigating through a challenging operating environment marked by geopolitical conflicts, macroeconomic uncertainties, delayed aircraft deliveries, and rising operational costs. As our global network grants us flexibility in capacity allocation, our staff gives us strength to adapt swiftly to the rapidly changing circumstances.
Our third-quarter results also underscore the positive impact of our strategic financial decision-making as a key tool in managing cost pressure. Before going into the details of our third-quarter results, I would like to take a moment to highlight some of our latest achievements. First, our finance team's efforts greatly contributed to our performance, as demonstrated by our recent achievements at the Airline Economics Aviation Awards in London.
At this event, we received the European Overall Deal of the Year Award for securing Chinese Yuan-denominated aircraft, marking the first time an airline outside of China secured such financing. Additionally, our recent financing of two Airbus A350 aircraft in Japanese Yen was recognized as the European-supported Finance Deal of the Year. These awards reflect the dedication and hard work of everyone at Turkish Airlines, showcasing our financing capabilities with a diverse geographical base.
This capacity enables us to maintain cost efficiency while minimizing currency risks. Moreover, last quarter, we secured our first-ever sustainability-linked loan for two Airbus A321neo aircraft. This loan supports our sustainability performance targets, including the reduction of carbon intensity, aligning with international aviation standards.
As an airline that has been recognized by World Finance for three consecutive years as the most sustainable flag carrier airline, we are dedicated to exploring innovative financing solutions that not only support fleet renewal but also contribute to our target of becoming carbon neutral by 2050. I am also happy to announce that our Miles&Smiles loyalty program has reached a significant milestone, surpassing 20 million members. Simultaneously, we expanded ou r New Distribution Capability platform, TK Connect, with new partners. The system went live on October 1st.
This structural improvement will enable us to decrease indirect distribution expenses per passenger in the coming years. Furthermore, we introduced our new business class, Crystal Suites, which was designed to offer an elevated level of comfort and luxury, in line with our goal of becoming the most prestigious airline in the world by 2033.
Moving on, recent additions to our network, such as Denver, Detroit, and Melbourne, are performing strongly and, at the same time, contributing to our global reach significantly. In the coming months, new routes to Sydney and Santiago will further strengthen our leadership in connectivity, followed by Lima in Peru and Phnom Penh in Cambodia next year. Now, I would like to turn your attention to our results for the third quarter. Our total passenger capacity this quarter increased by 5.4% year over year, mainly driven by international operations.
We carried 24.5 million passengers with a load factor of 85%. Particularly, Asia, North America, and Africa contributed to this growth. During the July-September period, total revenues rose by around 5% annually, reaching $6.6 billion, and was recorded as our highest quarterly revenue. This increase was supported by the strength of Turkish Cargo as its market share gains continued.
Our cargo revenues saw exceptional growth, increasing by almost 50%. In the third quarter, we recorded an EBITDA of $2.3 billion with a 35% margin. Even though this represents a 5 percentage points decline compared to the same quarter last year, it is still significantly higher than our historical averages and comfortably within our midterm targets. The decrease is mainly attributable to increasing personnel expenses due to the lagged impact of inflation and last year's high base.
On a positive side, our investment portfolio continued to make a significant contribution to net income, which recorded as $1.5 billion, marking our 13th consecutive profitable quarter. $2.2 billion of free cash flow in the first nine months increased our liquidity level to about $7.4 billion. Looking ahead, our bookings for the fourth quarter continue to exhibit strength, even amidst highly elevated geopolitical tensions in the Middle East.
We must also acknowledge the ongoing challenges related to aircraft deliveries and GTF groundings, which make the budgeting process more difficult. From our current point of view, we anticipate five%-eight% annual passenger capacity growth in 2025, down from about an eight% increase in this year. A similar picture is also warranted across the industry, which should support the yields moving forward.
In closing, we believe our diversified network and proven track record of dynamic capacity management will serve us well to adapt to the volatile market conditions ahead, and our third-quarter results show that we are on the right track. I will now pass the call over to Fatih Bey to elaborate on our results and provide additional insights.
Thank you, Murat Bey, and good afternoon, everyone. In the third quarter of the year, we expanded our passenger capacity selectively, considering aircraft delivery delays, GTF engine groundings, and regional conflicts. The unpredictable delivery schedule is particularly concerning as it causes revenue management inefficiencies due to capacity shifts. These multidimensional problems urged us to diligently balance our network profitability without further diluting revenue yields. Consequently, we decelerated our annual capacity growth in the third quarter to 5%, which is the lowest level seen in our post-pandemic trend.
As other airlines across the globe face similar problems, our agility and diversified regional exposure should allow us to navigate these challenges comparatively well. In the third quarter, our international transfer traffic continued to be strong. However, some softness was seen in the direct traffic.
The combined effect of a 22% decline in passenger numbers in the Middle East region, increasing interest from other global carriers in flying to Turkey, and a strong base from last year led to an 8% decrease in the number of direct passengers. Including domestic operations, we served around 24.5 million passengers throughout the quarter, 3% lower compared to last year. In the third quarter of 2024, our performance in the Far East improved compared to the previous one. The positive contributions from India, Vietnam, Thailand, and Australia supported our results.
Still, competitors' aggressive capacity increases continue to put pressure on yields. Accordingly, the region's load factor and yield decreased by around 2 percentage points and 5%, respectively. Towards the end of this month, we are going to start operating scheduled flights to Sydney, which will be our second destination in Australia.
Strong forward bookings suggest that the city will be a valuable addition to our unique network presence within the region. North America remains a lucrative market for us, but aircraft delivery delays led to suboptimal capacity allocation, driving load factors lower. This can be seen from our capacity changes in the second and the third quarters. Aircraft that were to be delivered before the high season entered our fleet towards the end of August. As a result, capacity increase in the third quarter was more than 13% higher year over year compared to around 5% in the second quarter.
Coinciding geopolitical issues in the Middle East also did not help, and the load factors deteriorated by around 2.7 percentage points annually. Despite these adverse circumstances, our revenue management and sales teams did a great job stabilizing yields around 2% lower.
In South America, relative weakness improved as of the third quarter. We anticipate a constructive trend moving forward with the new route additions to Santiago of Chile in December and Lima of Peru in June 2025. In Europe, passenger traffic was stable overall, with some minor tweaks on a granular level due to seasonal factors and market-specific conditions. For example, the Paris Olympics materially impacted our bookings as travelers avoided the neighboring region during the event. Even though competitive pressures were evident, we successfully managed these headwinds throughout the period.
In the third quarter, geopolitical developments in the Middle East were increasingly felt and were broad-based. Consequently, we initiated the most severe capacity cut since the pandemic and reduced the region's available seat kilometers by 19%. Currently, two destinations within the region remain suspended.
While we actively monitor developments, no immediate recovery is in sight concerning the current state of the conflict. On the positive side, our exposure to the region is less than seven% of our revenues, and we are dynamically channeling our capacity to other destinations. One of our most promising regions, Africa, performed well in the third quarter. Touristic destinations such as Zanzibar and Mauritius continue to provide momentum. We also observe increasing preference for our transit network from Egypt, South Africa, Nigeria, and Ghana.
On the domestic side, air travel within Turkey remains the most viable transport option in terms of comfort, travel time, and cost. Consequently, demand was quite robust, with load factors reaching nine%-1.5% during the third quarter. Increased price ceiling, coupled with a stable currency, also contributed to the remarkable 27% increase in yields.
Our ancillary revenues continue to play a vital role in supporting our overall financial performance. Driven by the strong demand for services such as paid seat selection, excess baggage, and other optional products, ancillary revenues recorded higher growth than passenger revenues. In particular, seat selection revenues saw a notable increase, especially from Americas, reflecting the changing passenger preferences. Additionally, successful implementation of the initiatives such as dynamic pricing for business class upgrades positively impacted revenues.
Our passenger revenues in the third quarter were flat due to 4% lower yields and around a percentage point declining load factor. Conversely, our cargo performance was brisk, with revenues surging by 47% on the back of a 17% increase in volumes. Similar to the last quarter, elevated e-commerce demand originating from China, growth in global trade, and disruptions in Suez Canal were the main drivers.
Leveraging the capabilities of our state-of-the-art logistics terminal, our vast network, combined with successful execution, Turkish Cargo capitalized on these favorable trends, with yields rising by 26% year over year and significantly exceeding market rates in nearly all regions. Recent signals indicate a continued strength in air cargo demand, though to a lesser extent than previous quarters due to base effect. Longer sailing distances, driven by security concerns, along with decreasing punctuality in sea freight, continue to enhance air cargo's competitiveness.
Port strikes on the U.S. East Coast once again reminded us of the fragility of the supply chains. According to our observations, the relative weakness in China's goods exports in August and September did not translate into a negative impact on air cargo.
This makes sense as air cargo focuses more on high-value niche products such as electronics, pharmaceuticals, or express cargo, making it less susceptible to minor fluctuations in the macroeconomic environment. Moving forward, the absolute level of cargo prices remained high, and the earlier Chinese New Year is expected to support yields in the last quarter of the year. On the other hand, the global political landscape and slowing export orders warrant attention. In the July-September period, AJet decreased its passenger capacity by 5% annually.
This was in response to the extraordinary circumstances that led to a decline in on-time performance towards the end of the second quarter. With fleet renewal plans hampered by the aircraft delivery delays, problems related to unanticipated maintenance events and GTF groundings were addressed by increasing the number of backup aircraft and extended block hours.
In turn, its operations are stabilized and on-time performance is back to normal. We plan to keep these measures in place until we see some relief related to aircraft availability. As a result, we now anticipate flat capacity for AJet in 2024 compared to last year. In the meantime, structural transformation of the company is progressing at full speed as teams are focusing on generating ancillary revenue, developing new product bundles, and simplifying costs. In the third quarter, strong contribution from our cargo operations led to a 5% increase in revenue compared to the same period last year.
Financial performance continued to be negatively impacted by the ongoing challenges related to GTF engine issues and inflationary adjustments on salaries, leading to a decline in profit from main operations by around 22%. Even so, a sizable contribution from our investment portfolio aided net income, helping to offset some pressure.
We recorded around an 8.5% increase in total cost per ASK during the third quarter. Although declining brand prices were supportive, a 54% annual increase in personnel expenses impacted ex-fuel costs heavily. This was primarily due to a 13% higher number of personnel and the mid-year wage adjustments of around 28%, in addition to the 64% increase at the beginning of the year. A similar effect can also be seen in labor-intensive handling and passenger expenses.
In the third quarter, GTF engine issues created a 1.5 percentage point drag on ex-fuel unit costs, which was offset by the recently signed compensation agreement. Lastly, growing cargo operations lifted the unit cost as the denominator lacks the freight-ton-kilometer adjustment for simplicity. On the bright side, CASK marketing unit costs decreased by around 13% year over year, mainly due to lower agent incentives and GDS expenses.
Considering not only our operational and CAPEX needs, but also maturity, returns, and risk tolerance, our finance team's structured approach to fund management continues to yield successful results. Furthermore, their tactical adjustment in our portfolio also acted as a hedging mechanism for the Turkish strength and its negative effect on our operational expenses. Consequently, our on-hand liquidity rose to the all-time high level of $7.4 billion, while our net debt and leverage recorded $6.2 billion and 1.2 times, respectively.
We expect to see positive contribution from our investment portfolio in the coming quarters. Currently, global travel appetite remains constructive. Our daily passenger sales are flowing strongly as deferred income reached its highest level of $3 billion, or 17% of the last 12 months' passenger sales. On the unit cost side, we are revising our 2024 guidance to around 10% year-over-year increase.
Our gross CAPEX is expected to be around $4-$4.5 billion, with 53 net additions if there are no delays in aircraft deliveries. With this, we conclude our presentation and can continue with the Q&A session.
Thank you very much, gentlemen. Thank you very much for the presentation. All right, time for the questions. We will now start our question and answer session. Just want to remind you there are no audio questions, written questions only. And if you'd like to ask a question, please just click the Q&A button. You'll see it down there at the bottom of your Zoom screen and submit your question. And with that, I hand the floor back to our speakers for those written questions. Gentlemen, over to you.
Welcome back, Murat Bey. We got a number of questions from our analysts and investors, along with the press.
So we touched on the third-quarter performance during the first part of our call, but would you like to highlight the main points?
Sure. I had divided that into two pieces. On the positive front, definitely, as you saw in the presentation, air cargo strength in air cargo demand, especially originating from Asia and supported by the disruption in sea freight, was strong. Revenues surged by almost 50%, and volumes within this 50% growth, roughly 20% came from the increase in volume and about 25% from the higher yield environment compared to the third quarter of last year. And the domestic demand was also very strong. Load factor was around 92%, and the yields were very strong, supported by the strong Turkish lira.
And another positive factor was the low fuel price and jet crack spread, which resulted in about a 7-8% decrease in fuel cost.
And relatedly, the management of our investment portfolio acted as a good hedge mechanism against the high inflationary environment in Turkish lira, and it contributed to our positive gain on our portfolio investment. On the negative side, the escalated tension in the Middle East that started slightly more than a year ago continued to have a negative effect on the region. And the Russia-Ukraine conflict, there was no easing or improvement there. So these two regions were continuing to have negative impacts.
And then, as we saw the full recovery in almost all airlines in the region, it intensified the competition and put further pressure on the yields, which was the main cause of our yield erosion. And furthermore, the delays in aircraft deliveries led to somewhat ambiguity in the fleet in the network planning.
As a result, elevated cost pressure, mainly on the personal expenses due to the salary adjustments, caused an ex-fuel cost increase of close to 9% levels.
Murat Bey, can you elaborate on the GTF engine's impact on the third-quarter results and your outlook moving forward?
We keep grounding aircrafts. Currently, we have about 42, and we expect to reach a size of 45 by the end of this year. We are foreseeing that that will be the highest number attained in grounding by the end of this year. Then it will start to decrease towards the mid of next year. It's not going to be a huge significant improvement throughout 2025.
But on the positive side, as I said in our last call, we agreed with Pratt & Whitney on a compensation, and we started to get part of the compensation in the third-quarter results, and the remaining part is going to come in the fourth quarter and part of next year. We'll keep getting this compensation.
Murat Bey, could you provide insights into current passenger booking trends network-wide and across the regions?
So currently, the demand is holding okay, except the Middle East region. Even though increased competition put pressure on the yields, the booking curve indicates strength in the winter season. We felt the competition most severely on the third quarter, but the last quarter going forward, we see there will be an improvement on the yields compared to the performance we saw on the third quarter.
If you look into the regions, fourth quarter, we expect a similar performance in the North America region compared to the third quarter. In Europe, we see a somewhat improvement in the last quarter, helped with the winter travel seasons, and also the capacity decrease of the peers will give us some more opportunity here for additional yield and revenue gain. Middle East, we decreased the capacity in the fourth quarter as well in response to the uncertainty in the region. Definitely, there is no visibility out of this region. The domestic market is looking positive.
Even though its contribution to our total revenue base is relatively low, yields have been strong, as I said earlier, due to the strong Turkish lira and the strong trend we expect that to continue in early next year.
We got a number of questions on the geopolitical issue in the Middle East. Murat Bey, what is the impact of these developments? And can you give us an idea about how much Turkish Airlines are flexible in terms of those developments?
So in the Middle East region, we are operating in about 40 destinations, and two of them, Beirut and Tel Aviv, are closed. Depending on the escalation and tension in the region, we went up and closed some other destinations about like within the last month. It went up as high as nine destinations, including Baghdad and Tehran. But then they were short-lived, and we recovered the operation. So within this context, it's hard to tell how much it's going to affect how much the operation is going to be able to recover.
But currently, out of the four destinations, only two of them are shut down. Overall impact so far in the third quarter has been about a 20% drop in capacity and a 30% drop in revenues stemming from the region. October capacity is also around 30% in terms of ASK. So that's what we are expecting from the region. And in how this translates into revenue, we are projecting that it will have about a 50% revenue loss in the last quarter of 2024. $50 million? $50 million,
yes. Murat Bey, can we get your comments on the robust cargo performance and, of course, its outlook?
So the cargo has continued its strong performance as was in the last second quarter. We recorded growth in almost all regions, but most notably in Asia.
The volume grew by about 47%, and the market growth in the region was almost half of this, so we doubled the market growth from outbound Asia traffic. This was a direct result of our initiatives that we highlighted in the strategy.
Our investments in infrastructure, along with new products like the express cargo and specialized cargo, we were successful to capitalize on the strong demand coming out of the region, and while we keep investing more, we are expanding the SmartIST, which is our cargo terminal in Istanbul Airport, and hopefully, somewhere around 2025, we will be able to start the infrastructure of our new cargo terminal, and with which, together with the addition of this terminal, we are expecting to grow our cargo capacity to 4 million tons from its current level of about 2.5 million tons.
For the next quarter, for the last quarter of this year, the ongoing strength in deliveries coming out of Asia and disruptions in the sea freight are going to continue to play the major tailwinds for our cargo operation. Considering our last third-quarter results and fourth-quarter momentum, we are going to revise our cargo volume growth expectations to about 20% year-on-year for 2024 from the mid-teens level and the yield to low double-digit levels from the single high-digit levels.
Murat Bey, could you discuss your cost expectations for the last quarter?
Also, our analysts are wondering about is there any one-off costs that will lead to increasing the fuel costs, ex-fuel costs?
The cost pressure we faced in the first nine months was mainly due to wage increases as a result of inflation compensation and relatively strong Turkish lira.
The fleet grew roughly around 8%, and the cabin and cockpit staff grew related at the same levels. For Turkish Airlines on the solo basis, we had only out of the 35,000 staff, we had only about 900 increases in the number of personnel. So there was not really much of a growth in the number of personnel, but the growth came mainly due to the salary adjustments after the agreements with the union at the beginning of this year. So we had about a 60% increase in the beginning of the year in Turkish lira terms, and there was an additional of about 28% increase in the beginning of July.
And overall, that made the big impact in the salary personal expense increases. In dollar terms, this translated to about like a 35% increase. So that was the biggest item.
But going forward, the increases in salaries are going to be much more manageable. The union agreement also comprises of the salary increases of 25%. So we are not expecting any surprises there going forward. And on the second big item, the GTF groundings was the second big driver of the cost increases. And considering all this, we are revising our 2024 ex-fuel cost guidance. We now expect around a 10% increase year over year in 2025 to 2024, sorry.
And through this year, the technical adjustments in our portfolio composition were supportive to give us endurance against the high inflation environment, which we were able to use our portfolio gains smartly, and which resulted in significant financial gains.
On the fuel cost, what are your expectations? And can you also share your hedging ratios?
We are expecting to have around 20% lower fuel costs in the last quarter, assuming Brent is going to be around $76. If the price declines below $70 per barrel, it will serve as a catalyst for our hedging appetite. The volatility levels and competition are also going to be major factors when we make our hedging decision. Currently, we hedge up around 54% of our 2024 consumption, and our break-even price is $75. We expect to conclude the year with about a 55% hedge level. Into 2025, we currently have hedged about 21% of our 2025 fuel consumption. Our participants are quite curious about our 2025 guidance.
Before going to that, could you provide details about our 2024 guidance? Based on our third-quarter results, the fourth quarter has quite a visibility ahead of us.
As we have announced in the earlier quarters, our total revenue is expected to be by around 8%-9% increase on top of 2023. And although we increased our ex-fuel costs, as I just explained, our EBITDAR margin expectations are going to be the same in a range of 24%-27% levels. Now, going to 2025, how should our analysts think about in terms of capacity and margins? And what are the moving parts? Do you foresee any impact from the issues that OEMs are facing?
So the ongoing issues within the industry regarding the aircraft availability really make the budgeting process of 2025 very complex. And we have been getting frequent updates on aircraft delivery timetables along with the engine groundings, aircraft groundings due to the engine problem, which have posed significant challenges.
So yes, we are seeing a material impact from the issues that OEMs are facing. And on top of this, if we add the geopolitical tensions and the slightly weak macroeconomic and political outlook along with the fuel price volatility, next year's budget is going to be a difficult one to make. From our current point of view, though, in 2025, we expect to grow our passenger capacity by about 5%-8% levels.
And we expect somewhat improving in demand environment until the first quarter of next year, through which we have some visibility from today on. Looking at our forward bookings, we see demand is relatively well-managed. However, visibility beyond that is a little low.
Ex-fuel cost pressures could have a lower impact on our results due to better and improved inflation outlook in Türkiye and globally, and fuel prices could further be supportive on the top of this. But margin-wise, overall, our EBITDAR margin should be between 23%-25% in line with our long-term strategic targets.
What is the anticipated fleet size by the year end and 2025?
So this is the part really that is moving a lot in the budget. But we are basing our revenue and cost evolution on a case where we are going to have about 45, 46 aircraft in the fleet. So net growth from 490s to 530s. It's a mix of, of course, narrow and wide bodies for including Turkish Airlines, AJet, and cargo operations. So overall, about 7%-8% increase in the fleet.
We will, of course, have much more visibility on this. As you know, the strike in Boeing just ended. We got the first communication with them. We will soon get a schedule and update on the delivery schedules of the aircraft. So we might be in a position to have more clarity on this in the coming months. But currently, this is what we are projecting.
Murat Bey, correspondingly, what are the estimated CAPEX and PDP figures for this year and the next?
In 2024, gross CAPEX is expected to be around $4-$4.5 billion, slightly below than our previous guidance. And on the top of this, there will be a sizable predelivery PDP payments at the end of this year due to the Airbus order we placed last year.
Considering the current uncertainties about production, aircraft production, and engine issues, it's a little early to say something concrete about 2025. However, our current base case, depending on the fleet expectations I just shared with you, we can foresee a gross CapEx of around $5.5 billion. Continue with net debt. What are your expectations? On net debt, we are going to be revising our year-end net debt expectation by about $500 million to $7-$7.5 billion. And in parallel, we will be revising down our net debt to EBITDA multiple to around 1.3-1.6 times.
And main reasons are the continuing strength in cash flow generation, higher income from the investment portfolio, the change in the delivery schedules, and the composition of the aircraft, and then the compensation we got from Pratt & Whitney.
Can you briefly comment on AJet's recent performance and its transformation progress?
As was presented in the slides, AJet carried around 16.5 million passengers in the first nine months. And its fleet reached a size of 102 aircraft, and it's operating to more than 30 countries. Aircraft and slot transfers from AnadoluJet, from TK to AJet are continuing. It will be a gradual process to address the potential inefficiencies stemming from having a dual operation. And we have addressed the on-time performance issues of AJet, as Fatih mentioned in the presentation. And AJet's operations are stabilized. Its OTP is above industry standard average.
We strongly believe in AJet's potential. And the initiatives that we have taken with AJet to increase its sales, its online sales through the online channels, have significantly improved. Currently, their share, the ratio of online sales in total sales, went up from 40% levels to almost 48% levels in about six months.
We have successfully adapted the new passenger service system, its PSS. Relatedly, also, ancillary revenue generation capacity has increased in AJet, as promised. These were the targeted steps we wanted to take when we were separating AJet. All those operations seem to be moving in line with our projections. Most recently, AJet was recognized as a four-star low-cost airline by APEX as a result of our efforts toward customer satisfaction. We got a question about share buybacks. What is your view on share repurchases or buybacks?
Should we expect more in this context? Could you talk about your shareholder return strategy?
The buybacks, we see them as a valuable tool for us to signal the market when our share price deviates materially from its fair value. It also allows us to decrease the volatility levels to a certain extent.
We see that as a potential medium for capital returns. So yes, we are going to be actively looking into the market to monitor and be opportunistic to buy more shares. In terms of maximizing shareholder value, I think the increase in our stock price year over year has made our investors quite happy. Regarding the dividends, we believe there is room to pay dividend to our shareholders.
Our balance sheet also accommodates that now, which was a bottleneck for us for a long time because of the differences in our income statement according to the Turkish tax code. According to IFRS, there were big discrepancies. Now they are removed. Our board is going to decide on the best time and the optimum size of capital returns to our shareholders, considering our future investments and the uncertainties in the macro environment.
But we are keen to distribute dividends going forward.
We got two related questions from Kurt Hofmann and Melis Pocar. How is the process doing for THY to bring more work in-house to reduce supply chain challenges? And what was the reason behind year-over-year shrinkage in technical revenues in the third quarter?
Well, our vertically integrated business model through the almost 20 subsidiaries allows us to be self-sufficient in supporting services, including the maintenance, catering, ground handling, and fuel uplift. That also enabled us to mitigate some portion of the challenges that the industry faced due to the supply chain challenges. For example, in maintenance, MRO activities, it became increasingly crucial as persistent delivery delays of new aircraft grows the backlog.
This was, for example, one of the areas where we had a significant amount of personnel increase, about like 11%, 12%, because the aircraft maintenance became more costly and more necessary. As a result, our technical segment focused primarily on servicing our own fleet in this quarter, resulting in reduced revenues from external maintenance services.
We have one question related to our results as well. How sustainable are the reductions in commission and reservation expenses? Can we extrapolate these levels for future, or are there any temporary one-off positives?
Well, the reductions of commissions and the reservation expenses are part of our long-term strategy to increase the direct sales. This strategy aims to increase ticket sales through our online channels without the use of GDSs. TK Connect is one of the examples which complies with the IATA's NDC, New Distribution Capability Standards, and offers other business schemes.
This new scheme facilitates direct access to Turkish Airlines' comprehensive content, providing quite a large set of benefits, such as the special fares, special promotions, and enhanced transparency. About half of the 13% decline in our third-quarter sales and marketing unit costs is attributable to this strategy of increasing direct sales through our online sales channels.
Murat Bey, we have one last question on sustainability. Can you comment on green taxes, given many European airlines are becoming increasingly vocal about their concerns? What's your take on the industry's long-term growth and competitiveness in that sense?
Well, like us, all airlines are highly sensitive to additional costs, as our ability to reflect cost on passengers is quite low. And we all know that the margins are getting tighter, and we cannot take the whole responsibility on our shoulders where the source is not in our hands.
What I mean with that is we would like to invest in new generation aircraft, but the aircraft are coming with big delays. We would like to invest in SAF, but the supply of SAF is so minuscule compared to the needs of the industry. So I think we need here more hand-holding of the whole ecosystem, whole industry, including airlines, civil aviation authorities, the governments, and then the related all bodies to increase the SAF production and to increase the means where we can either buy the credits to decrease our net of our CO2 emission or to increase our SAF consumption.
Thank you, Murat Bey. With this question, we conclude our third-quarter earnings call. We would like to thank our participants and hope to be with you next quarter.
Thank you very much, gentlemen. Thank you, speakers. Thank you for the presentation.
Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for your participation. This now concludes today's conference call. You may now disconnect. Thank you.