Good day, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to Bridgepoint Group's 2021 preliminary results, hosted by Executive Chairman William Jackson and Chief Financial Officer Adam Jones. At this time, all participants are in listen-only mode. Later, we will conduct a question and answer session through the phone lines, and instructions will follow at that time. Participants can also submit questions through the webcast page using the Ask a Question button. I would like to remind all participants that this call is being recorded. I will now hand over to Executive Chairman William Jackson to open the presentation. Please go ahead, sir.
Great. Thank you. Good morning, everybody, and many thanks for joining us today. I'm William Jackson, Bridgepoint's Chairman, and I'm joined by Adam Jones, our Chief Financial Officer , to take you through our results for 2021 and our outlook for the year ahead. These are, of course, our first full year numbers since our IPO in July last year. I'm very pleased to share a set of numbers we announced this morning that are ahead of the expectations we set at the timing of our listing, with revenues up by over 40% and profit up by nearly 75%. Bridgepoint is a growth business in every sense, operating in a growth market.
What's more, our momentum in 2021, I'm pleased to say, has continued into 2022, with some great realizations coming through in quarter one, and strong investment activity, which continues to put us on course to migrate to our next generation flagship fund, in the first half of this year as well. I'm gonna come back to that a little bit later. These preliminary results reflect a period of strong performance driven by better than expected fund performance outcomes during 2021, and those arose from strong portfolio realizations, that's exits, and associated valuation uplifts. Fund performance has been matched by the financial performance of our company, against all our key metrics, for the 12 months to December 2021.
Now, a lot has happened since we listed last July, both within our own markets and the broader macro, so I just thought it might be helpful before diving into our performance in 2021, to give you a quick reminder of what makes Bridgepoint different and successful as we set out at the time of our IPO. Bridgepoint is a clear leader in middle market growth investing. We've got over 176 investment professionals working in 10 offices in Europe and around the globe. It really is an unusually deep and highly experienced team of people for a mid-market organization. We operate from a scalable investment platform that exploits the organization's long-standing sector knowledge, which is combined with depth on the ground presence in the markets where we commit capital.
That provides real insight and expertise in those places where we invest. It drives very high quality origination and actually is essential in the middle market for building productive relationships with the growth companies to whom we provide support across our equity and credit businesses. Our investment platform is the foundation of our 30 year track record of delivering strong and consistent performance through multiple economic cycles and delivering compelling returns for our investors and consequently, our shareholders. Importantly, Bridgepoint constructs all-weather portfolios, which actually are very well suited, and I think relevant, today to the market conditions today. Of course, we have a super experienced management team, weathered by different cycles, as you can probably see, when you look at Adam and I. Now, of course, we operate in a market, which is also growing strongly.
The amount of capital invested in private markets is currently forecast to grow at a compound rate of over 15% between 2021 and 2026. That provides us with long-term tailwinds to our growth. Our investment success in 2021 is probably best illustrated by the performance of our current funds. Revenues in the year were up over 25% across our two most recent funds, and EBITDA up by over 34%. BE V, which is our most mature fund, now fully in harvest mode, has a well-balanced portfolio of investments assembled with good vintage year diversity, very important in these times, and is on track to deliver gross returns to investors of over 2.5x its original cost.
With a diversified portfolio, diversified by geography, by sector, and timing of investment, it's a strong absolute return, but also it's a very high quality of return. Bridgepoint's long-term performance has attracted institutional following over many years. At the end of 2021, we had just coming up to EUR 33 billion of AUM managed for some 400 investors around the world. Last but certainly not least, we always aim to be a responsible investor. As a growth investor, our companies create net new jobs, and they're very focused on building sustainable business models which contribute to their communities and drives their long-term shareholder value. These are the ingredients that have enabled us to grow Bridgepoint very successfully to where we are today.
We've increased our AUM by over 10 times in the last 20 years, and we manage long-term capital for our investors with a contractual life on average of about 9.3 years. All of this gives us continued confidence in our future prospects, in line with the expectations that we set out at our IPO. With that background in mind, we were very pleased this morning to announce our preliminary results for the year to the end of 2021. These were ahead of the expectations that we set out at the time of the IPO and illustrate, again, the potential and strength of Bridgepoint's alternative investment platform. The key highlights for 2021, I think, are as follows. First and foremost, as I've already mentioned, we delivered strong investment performance for our investors in both our equity and our credit funds.
That's important because as many of you will have heard me say before, I'm very, very clear that if we make sure that Bridgepoint performs for its fund investors, and that is our number 1 priority, our shareholders will also do very well. Our investment performance was reflected in good progress across both strategies we cover today, credit and equity. Our most mature BE flagship fund, as I mentioned earlier, Bridgepoint Europe V , saw an uplift of 87.5% in its unrealized valuations during the last year. More broadly, in our equity, our equity funds are on track with our deployment of capital, and we delivered stronger than expected exits and returns of capital, all of which positions us well to continue to grow our business in the medium and the long term.
Assets under management reached EUR 32.9 billion at the year-end, with an especially strong performance from our credit business, which finished the year with AUM reaching EUR 10 billion for the first time. Moving on to realizations, that's the sale of our assets. During 2021, our equity business realized EUR 3 billion of capital from exits, from full exits, with particular highlights being the distribution of EUR 1.4 billion from the sale of Calypso, the software company, at a 6x return. Added to this, partial distributions from companies such as Miller Homes and Wiggle, which added a further EUR 1.1 billion as we took advantage of strong market conditions to accelerate our realizations.
Our capital distributions were well ahead of the expectations we shared last year at our 2021 funds annual meetings, and in turn, helped drive our fund performance and the associated valuations, which were also ahead of forecasts. Now on to Bridgepoint Credit. The strong growth in our credit business is reflected in some EUR 3.2 billion invested during 2021, and we realized EUR 1.7 billion across our three strategies of direct lending, credit opportunities, and syndicated debt. Our fund performance is matched in our corporate performance, which Adam's gonna cover in detail in a minute. Clearly, that's of most interest to shareholders today, and our financial performance was also strong. Group revenues increased by 41% to GBP 270.6 million.
We also benefited from economies of scale, as we continue to grow our activities, with the result that underlying EBITDA, that's our EBITDA before the provision for IPO costs, grew by 72% to GBP 113.9 million. Our underlying profit before tax also increased by 72% to GBP 90.5 million. We're proposing today a first dividend of GBP 30 million or 3.64 pence per share, as we committed to at the IPO, and that will be for approval at our AGM, which is being held on the 12th of May. Together, these numbers mean that we're making good progress towards hitting the medium-term targets we set out when we listed on the London Stock Exchange.
Now, turning to fundraising, as we highlighted at the end of last year, the fundraising environment is more congested, and we are alert to that. That said, we're making good progress with our new fund, Bridgepoint VII. We've enjoyed strong interest from both existing and new clients, and we remain on track to hit our target size based on the progress to date.
We'll of course update you on our fundraising progress through the course of the year, but as you know for those of you who are interested in the numbers, the important thing here is that the driver of revenue for PE firms is the point at which the first investment or commitment is made, not the actual timing of the fundraise or its final close date. With this in mind, I can also report that our current flagship equity fund, Bridgepoint VI, has enjoyed a strong period of investment activity over the last period. Driven in part by really accretive and well-placed bolt-on acquisitions for the existing portfolio. For example, some of you may have read about PharmaZell recent GBP 700 million acquisition of Novasep in Q4 2021.
That's just one example of the bolt-ons we've been doing over the last two quarters. This activity has now driven commitments in our Fund VI to well over 90% of the capital that we commit to platform investments. Remembering of course, that some fund capital is always held back to fund post-investment period activity. While I would definitely note that in the current market we're very, very focused on buying well, and actually we'll only make commitments for our funds where we can do that. Our working assumption at the moment is that BE VII will start investing by the thirtieth of June 2022, as Adam will cover a little bit later in his guidance. Now, Bridgepoint deploys capital to companies to help them grow.
To achieve this, we look to support strong performing businesses where we can use our own resources to drive value by supporting international expansion, by operational improvement, or by helping them make accretive acquisitions. Financial and non-financial returns are both equally important to us. The climate crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic just underscore the need for all of us to act in order to protect our environment and have a positive impact on society, and to reflect the communities in which we live and work. For Bridgepoint specifically, to ensure that our partner businesses are governed according to the highest standards in order to foster resilience and success. To that end, we've set out our commitments and targets. We're committed to supporting the transition to carbon net zero.
All our portfolio companies have a net zero strategy, will have a net zero strategy in place by the end of 2023, or within 12 months of us making an investment in a company, as we support that transition to net zero in order to achieve that by 2040. We're also committed to building diverse and inclusive working environments, both within Bridgepoint itself and within our portfolio companies. We've set ourselves the target at Bridgepoint of having 40% of our investment team being made up of women by 2025, up from 25% today. All our portfolio companies have increasingly diverse boards.
We also believe that businesses should be a force for good in their own communities, and we expect our portfolio companies to create new jobs, to generate greater tax revenues for the countries in which they operate, and to continue to pay fair wages. Lastly, we are clear that well-governed businesses perform better and are more resilient. We work with our portfolio companies to put appropriate policies and governance structures in place, as Bridgepoint itself already has. Now, across all these issues, inevitably, we don't always get things right. When we don't, we try again and we try harder. Now, I'm gonna pass over to Adam for a more detailed look at our numbers. Adam.
Thank you, William. Good morning, everyone. Over the next few slides, I'm going to focus on Bridgepoint's underlying performance in 2021, but I'll also run through the reconciliation from underlying to preliminary statutory P&L results to give you the necessary data points to update your models accurately. First, let's look at AUM. AUM grew by 24% over the 12 months to December 2021 to EUR 32.9 billion, benefiting from good momentum on both our equity and credit fundraising objectives, combined with strong valuation gains linked to our fund performance. As William mentioned, we are particularly pleased with our credit business that grew its assets under management by 35% and reached the EUR 10 billion milestone.
This growth has also netted significant realizations across our portfolio, with EUR 3.5 billion of capital returned to investors, reflecting our established practice of regular distributions to drive fund performance metrics. The 14% increase in fee-paying AUM was driven by the first full year of management fees from Bridgepoint Development Capital IV, as well as the growth in invested capital across all of our credit strategies. The pace of fund deployment remains in line with the guidance that we gave you during the IPO process. Finally, on that last slide, the step down on the graph represents the impact of Bridgepoint Development Capital III and Bridgepoint Credit Opportunities III, transitioning their fee-charging basis from total capital commitments to net invested capital at the point of transition to their successor funds, Bridgepoint Development Capital IV and Bridgepoint Credit Opportunities IV.
Now let's look at revenue. We delivered strong growth in group revenues, up 41% in aggregate, which includes the impact of a full year of EQT Credit revenues. Management fees, which represented 73% of group revenues, grew by a third, reflecting the growth in assets under management. Investment income grew by 68%, reflecting the increase in value of the underlying co-investments in our funds, with Bridgepoint Europe V, Bridgepoint Europe VI, and Bridgepoint Development Capital III delivering the majority of those gains. Total management fee margin in 2021 was 1.23%. That is consistent with prior years and is expected to remain stable. Now let's turn to costs. Our underlying operating expenses totaled GBP 151 million for the year.
People costs are by far our most expensive, most significant expense at 77% of that total. Those costs increased by 20% to GBP 116 million, excluding approximately GBP 6 million of non-recurring investment related bonuses. Full-time employee headcount grew by 34 to 344, reflecting investment in the credit team to support its AUM expansion, and more significantly, continued investment in the strength of the group's operating platform and of course, additional hires to support our PLC status. Some hiring undertaken in the second half of 2021 will show up in the FTE numbers in 2022 as new colleagues arrive in the business. As a result, we'd expect more modest growth in headcount and personnel costs after 2022.
Other expenses increased by 20% to GBP 35 million in 2021, and that increase predominantly reflects the annualized impact of the acquisition of EQT Credit. The group did realize some COVID-19-related savings in 2021 from reduced travel and corporate hospitality, but those were offset by higher legal and regulatory spend to support the growth of our group. Overall, operating expense of GBP 151 million excludes exceptional expenses, the vast majority of which relates to costs associated with the group's IPO. Those IPO costs totaled GBP 45 million, GBP 27 million being expensed to the P&L as an exceptional cost, with a further GBP 18 million recognized as issuance costs and written off against equity. Taking those two components together, looking at profit now.
For EBITDA, with revenue growth at 41%, significantly ahead of cost growth of 20%, the benefits of operating leverage, which William described, and really a key feature of our business model, are clearly visible with a 72% increase in underlying EBITDA to GBP 114 million, and expansion of our profit margin from 35% - 42%. Underlying fee-related earnings of GBP 48 and a half million nearly doubled on the prior year, with FRE margins increasing to 24%. After the Bridgepoint Europe VII fundraise, we'd expect FRE margin to be 30%-35% in 2023, before moving to 45%-50% in the longer term. That, again, is consistent with the advice that we gave at the time of the IPO. Now let's look at cost below EBITDA.
As many of you will recall from our presentations last summer, we do have limited costs below EBITDA, namely depreciation, amortization, and finance costs. Our amortization costs relate to the intangible assets acquired with the EQT Credit business, those being fund customer relationships, and those are being expensed over seven years. We have excluded these to provide a clearer picture of the underlying profitability of the GBP 11.9 million expense in 2021, which is effectively depreciation only. The majority of our depreciation expense relates to office leases, and the increase from 2020 to 2021 reflects the start of our new London office lease last July. We will be depreciating the leases for both our old and new London offices until we actually complete the move in September of this year.
We expect the double cost to lead to a property depreciation charge of approximately GBP 11.5 million in 2022, before normalizing at roughly GBP 9 million in 2023. Finally, within finance costs, the movement in other is driven by an increase in amounts payable to Bridgepoint Europe V co-investors. Now let's turn to the balance sheet. This is a high-level summary of the underlying Bridgepoint balance sheet. It's important to remember that we are a capital-light business, and our co-investments represent approximately 1% of AUM at the end of the year. We finished the year with a net cash position of about GBP 323 million, plus undrawn facilities of GBP 125 million. Now let's turn to that reconciliation to statutory results. Here are the components of that underlying to preliminary reconciliation.
Exceptional costs are obviously outside the normal course of business. In 2020, those were the costs related to the acquisition of EQT Credit, and in 2020 relating to the IPO. The amortization adjustment relates to the acquired intangible assets within the EQT Credit business that I mentioned earlier. Exceptional financing income comprises both the unwind of the time value discount recorded on the DCA receivable and remeasurement of the deferred consideration liability for EQT Credit. Now let's turn to guidance. As William mentioned, we're recommending a dividend of GBP 30 million for the six month period since listing. Going forward, dividends are expected to grow progressively as the business scales. Final guidance is our management fee margins are expected to remain stable across the business.
Based upon a BE VII fund transition at the end of 2022, June 2022, we expect to only recognize BE VII management fees in the second half of this year. That slight adjustment to the BE VII expected start date will have a cash flow impact on the 2022 results, but the run rate management fee forecast for 2023 and beyond remains unchanged. Remember, this is a long-term business forecast. Carried interest and co-investment are expected to be approximately 20%-25% of total revenues in the medium term, and our co-investment commitments for future funds are expected to remain in the 2%-3% range. There'll be modest growth in headcount and personnel costs relative to fee income over the near term after 2022, and FRE margin in 2023 will be 30%-35%.
Finally, our effective tax rate guidance remains unchanged, subject of course, to any potential changes in the U.K. tax code. With that, I'll hand back to William.
Great. Thanks, Adam. Just before we move to questions, I thought I'd just say a few words about the start of 2022 and the outlook for the rest of the year. I'm pleased to report we've had a really strong start to this year. That's illustrated in particular by two major exits we've delivered in 2022 in very different sectors. Firstly, the 4x multiple return on BE V investment in Miller Homes. A tremendous result from a U.K. house builder. Then secondly, the sale of Element Materials Technology. Element's now the world's largest private testing and inspection company. It's a really great example of what we do at Bridgepoint. We've grown that business from GBP 50 million of EBITDA to over GBP 300 million, done that organically and by bolt-on acquisitions.
Element has been acquired by Temasek, the sovereign wealth fund , and it's delivered a return of 3.7x money multiple on BE V largest single investment. A really super result. These two realizations will return some GBP 1.8 billion of capital. Now moving on to future business development. I'm also pleased to say that we continue to make progress with our long-term thinking on our strategy to strengthen our middle market platform by broadening the activity of the group, and we'll update the market on our detailed plans in this area in due course. I can also report that our newly constituted board and its various sub-committees have now met multiple times and are working very effectively. I'd like to thank our new board colleagues for their fantastic support and insights, which has been really helpful to our thinking.
We are gonna be appointing two further non-executive directors in the year ahead, and these appointments will broaden the board's skill base to support our business strategy. Also, importantly, make sure we're compliant with the latest board construction and representation guidelines. To conclude, the strong performance of our business in 2021 underpins our confidence for the year ahead. However, I'm sure that many people listening to this call or watching will agree that we're also in a time where many of the usual investment navigation metrics which we use to decide where to deploy capital has, to say the least, been clouded by events. In this context, I can report that Bridgepoint's all-weather funds are very well positioned for volatility, but there's no room for complacency.
We've all been shocked and hugely concerned by the conflict in Ukraine. I can confirm this morning we have no direct material exposure to that region. We have no portfolio assets in either country, nor do we have any Russian investors in our funds. Our portfolio companies do have some revenue exposure to Russia and Ukraine, and this amounts to less than 0.4% of our total portfolio company revenues. Obviously, we've made sure that each company with historic sales revenue in Russia has acted to address their position. We're also increasingly alert to interest rates and inflation, but as growth investors, we back companies which typically have strong pricing power and the ability to pass through inflationary pressures to preserve margins. We also use modest leverage in our investment structures.
In private credit, our lending is normally floating rate, meaning that increased interest rates represent something of a tailwind to performance. It's obviously too early to make really intelligent statements about the macro impact of these events because they're obviously still ongoing, but we're very alert to them, and we plan for different contingencies. There will be impacts, many of which are as yet unknown, but our funds are constructed for volatility, and we have a deeply experienced management team that has been through a number of cycles before, and we know which levers to pull when necessary. That gives us great confidence in our ability to produce financial performance in line with expectations in 2022. In conclusion, this is a really exciting time for Bridgepoint, and we certainly remain confident in our ability to build on our achievements to date.
Thank you for listening to us this morning. We're now going to move to questions, and our operator, Matt, is going to take questions from you as you submitted them. Over to Matt.
Thank you very much. Ladies and gentlemen, we will now begin the question and answer session. We will take questions through the phone lines first, followed by questions received via the webcast. To ask a question through the phone lines, please press star, then one. We will now pause a moment as callers join the queue. The first question is coming from the line of Andrew Coombs of Citi. Please go ahead. Your line is open now.
Good morning. Thanks for taking my questions. I'll ask three please, if possible. The first one is just on the close of BE VII. Correct me if I'm wrong, but I previously thought you talked about a first close in the first quarter of 2022. Whereas now you seem to be suggesting that the revenue contribution from that won't be until the second half. It does seem to suggest a small delay, a three month delay. Is that fair? My second question would be on your guidance of modest growth in personnel costs in 2022. Within the 2021 cost base, you've got GBP 5.8 million of bonuses linked to the BE V carried interest, which you describe as non-recurring.
I just wanna check if the modest growth in personnel costs on the back of the number, including the 5.8 or excluding the 5.8. And then my final question is just on Russia. Thank you for the details you provided. I think you said less than 0.4% of revenues in aggregate across your portfolio companies. Within that, is it a case that you have one individual name with a higher exposure to Russia and then the rest is zero? If you could perhaps give us which of your companies has the largest Russian exposure or the magnitude of that. Thank you.
Thanks, Andrew. I'll cover questions one and three and let Adam cover the cost question. Just to be clear, the point we were making on Fund seven was not about closings, it was about the transition between the funds, which determines the date at which we start charging fees, which obviously is very important for the economics of the business. What we're saying there is that originally, we made the point that this is a transition year. In effect, you end up with a run rate when you start charging fees. The precise timing has a cash impact, but it doesn't impact the long-term run rate of the business.
It's always slightly difficult to predict when that transition is gonna happen. I think in the IPO, we said, "Well, let's take first of April." In reality, as we said then, it won't happen on the 1st of April, it won't happen on the 13th of June. It happens when we make the last investment for Fund VI . Actually, it happens when we make the commitment for the last investment for Fund VI . 'Cause if you can imagine, we have a work in progress pipeline of a range of different investments that we're considering. Like buses, they can all come at once, or you can have one every now and then or whatever.
What we're saying this morning in the context of the environment where, you know, there is repricing going on, that it would be prudent for people to assume that transition will happen at the end of June. Consequently, the first fees will be in the second half of the year. We probably won't know until July when it's actually happened, because you only know retrospectively when it did happen. I'm sorry, that's quite a convoluted answer to your question, but it's the sort of factually right answer of how these unusual transitions take place. We're just being cautious.
That makes sense.
Hopefully, that answers your question, Andrew. On the last point.
It does.
on Russia, and then I'll hand over to Adam. I mean, most of the revenues are indirect, where we're not actually selling, but we have distributors that sell into Russia, which obviously have been closed down. We have one healthcare business called Diaverum, which represents about half of that revenue, which is one of the largest private dialysis clinics companies in the world. It has a number of clinics in Russia where it provides dialysis three times a week for about 1,500 patients. Obviously, we're working to resolve that situation. But clearly, what we're not gonna do is just stop providing dialysis to people at one moment because they will die if you do that.
From a humanitarian perspective, we're working through that problem with our partners in Russia. But it's a very, very limited exposure to Russia. Adam, do you want to cover the cost point?
Yeah, absolutely. Thanks, Andrew. Yes, the investment related bonuses are indeed triggered by BE V hitting its carry threshold. I've excluded those numbers from the underlying presentation. The GBP 160 million of personnel costs excludes those numbers. The year-on-year increase that we're anticipating also excludes that one time only. Clearly, there might be a BE VII investment bonus if once that fund hits carry or BE VI , I should say, but that will be several years away, which is why I've said it's non-recurring.
Thank you, guys.
The next question is coming from Arnaud Giblat, from BNP Paribas Exane. Please go ahead.
Yeah, good morning. Thanks. I've got a few questions, please. Firstly, on M&A, I think you hinted a bit at it during the slides, but I was wondering if how things were progressing there, whether you'd been engaged in potential deal activity on the corporate side. I think particularly you're interested in having maybe infrastructure or real estate. How are things progressing? And if not, are you looking perhaps at doing the strategy organically? My second question is more broadly, we've seen a number of players out there going into long hold and other addressing strategies. Could you update us on your thoughts there?
Finally, I think you mentioned in terms of the near-term guidance, the guidance of 30%-25% FRE margin in 2023. Can I just check that's right? What are the sort of criteria that we should be thinking of in terms of that range? I assume this pertains, the range pertains to, perhaps to the timing of the transition of BE VII and the timings of the intermediary calls with closings on the 2023, perhaps being across 2022 and 2023. If I can just check, why the range? Thank you.
Thanks. Good questions. I'll pass the margin one to Adam. On M&A, I mean, the first thing to say is when we IPO'd, we described that the strength and depth of the platform we have is, you know, really attractive to have discussions with people to bring on a further strategy over time. What we've seen in the last nine months is that the listing has created a lot more interest from potential partners in having discussions with us. But our day job is buying businesses well and buying things well. This has been a pretty expensive market in that sense.
We don't have any imminent announcements to make on this, but we have some good discussions which may or may not come to pass over time. We'd be very confident based on what we've seen in the last six months and the types of people who've picked up the phone to us that the strategy is totally valid. You can be rest assured that when we do something, we will do it in absolute best interest of the shareholders and deploy the scarce capital that we raised very, very effectively. On long hold and other funds, you've seen the rate of growth of our business from our existing activities, lots of organic things going on.
Yes, we always think about that, but we've got plenty to keep us busy to drive our performance in the near term. It's nice to be able to consider what other things we might do over time. The numbers that we presented today and the guidance we presented today is based on our existing business and our existing growth potential. You're right to mention that there are other opportunities undoubtedly to grow. We have to prioritize and deliver what we're doing first and deliver it really well. That's the short-term focus. Margins, Adam?
Thanks, William. Thank you, Arnaud. The fee-related earnings margin guidance I'm giving for 2023 is assuming the completion of the Bridgepoint VII fundraising, therefore, that would be sort of a run rate revenues coming through, which is say 2023. Why have I given you a range? I guess simply because the only aspect of variability in that number is the net invested capital within the credit business, and obviously that is at that point this is an unknown, whereas the BE VII is more certain. I've given you a range just as we look at how the pace of deployment within our credit strategies, which is obviously our fastest-growing asset class.
The longer range guidance of 45%-50% really reflects in sort of, you know, five years' time reflects both the transition to Bridgepoint Europe VIII, and obviously a more mature credit business. With the combination of those two, we'd expect the FRE margin in the range that I've already described.
Great. Thank you. Thanks, Arnaud.
The next question is coming from Bruce Hamilton from Morgan Stanley. Please go ahead.
Hi. Yes. Morning, guys, and thanks very much for the slides and the information. Two questions. One, just following up on costs and on FRE margins to make sure I'm clear, and then second on sort of carry. On the personnel cost, I think taking the underlying, the GBP 115.6, I think that grew sort of 20% over the prior year on about sort of 10% growth in FTE. I assume when you talk modest growth, you're thinking more kind of single digits or should I think a bit more than that in 2022 and then it's, you know, much lower thereafter. Then just to check, so the FRE guidance, 30%-35%, was that for 2022? I wasn't quite sure.
The second question, just on carry. Your mid-term guidance is 20%-25% from carry and investment income, and you did better than that obviously in 2021, which was a good year. I mean, do you think that number is achievable in 2022, or is it hard to say just given the visibility? Does that guidance stand for the current year, basically? Thank you.
Okay. Thanks, Bruce. Let's deal with the cost point first. Yes, I think it's fair to say a high single digit is the appropriate percentage to apply to the GBP 116 million of personnel cost. FRE margin, that sort of 30%-35% is based on the run rate post BE VII fundraise, therefore that is 2023 guidance rather than 2022. Clearly, 2022 is the transitional year. You will only have a partial year of BE VII fees, and therefore the FRE margin won't have normalized at that higher rate. In terms of carry and co-invest, yes, the guidance is 20%-25%.
Based on the progress that we've made through the first quarter of 2022, that number seems entirely sustainable. You are right. There was obviously a strong investment-related returns in 2021. As we are now in the harvesting mode for Bridgepoint Europe V, and more importantly, Bridgepoint Development Capital III, that's where we start to see an increasing amount of carry coming through. That in the context of the overall picture of 25%, that looks perfectly achievable. Bruce, you were right.
Great. Thank you.
I read your note, Bruce, the other day, and you know, you noted that it's, you know, there's more volatility in the market. That is not within our control, you know. If market conditions deteriorated significantly, then yes, the exits will freeze up a bit, I would expect. As of today, we're in a sensible place. I'd put that. I'd agree with you in your caveat that you had in your note.
Great. That's really helpful. Thank you.
The next question is coming from Gurjit Kambo from J.P. Morgan. Please go ahead.
Hi, good morning. Hi, good morning, and thank you for the presentation. Just three questions. Firstly, what are you seeing in the market space, like for mid-market? Are you seeing any sort of new competitors coming in? Any competitors leaving? That's just more around the kind of competitive landscape around mid-market. Then one for Adam, just on the tax, can I just confirm there's no tax impact on the exceptionals? I think they are not tax-deductible? That's the second one. Then just thirdly, on the private credit business, I think you indicated most of the investments you make are floating rate in terms of what you get paid. Do you require the portfolio companies to hedge that risk out?
I guess, you know, is there a risk that they get caught out with the higher, you know, rate environment? Thank you.
On mid-market, you know, it's a fiercely competitive place, and anybody who tells you anything different is not telling you it right, and as it has been for the last 20 years. We see new competitors coming in and out the whole time. We don't have a single competitor at Bridgepoint, and we're positioned with a platform, Gurjit, to be able to provide more than just capital to our companies. The typical company we're investing in, we've been just talking to for probably two and a half, three years. That kind of approach, strong sector thematic, highly invested local insight and expertise, very important to dealing with competition.
What we do see, which we certainly encourage, is people raising, you know, larger and larger funds, and that takes them out of the space and we kinda celebrate that because they become buyers of our business. You know, it's interesting when you look at something like Element, which I talked about. There were a range of interested parties from the large buyout group. Remember, most of our exits at Bridgepoint, 99% are to strategic buyers, so we don't often do IPOs, mainly 'cause of the size of the business. They're not ready for listing. They've got continued growth potential. They are typically either bought by a large buyout group, you know, go on to perform well, and that's fantastic.
That's what we want them to do by strategic buyers. As people move up in fund size, that creates and further deepens our exit potential. On credit, most of the companies have underlying portfolio companies run their own hedging strategies as part of their facilities agreement. So they there is protection there. Adam, on tax?
The effective tax rate guidance at 7.5%, we were marginally higher than that in 2021, and that looks to be a sensible proxy for numbers going forward. I don't have how much of the IPO expenses are tax-deductible off the top of my head, but the 2021 number reflects whatever deduction we were able to take.
Okay, thank you.
There are no further questions in the queue, so just to remind everyone, please press star then one for questions. Thank you. Another one just came in from Arnaud Giblat from BNP Paribas Exane. Please go ahead.
Yeah, thanks. I thought I'd have a quick follow-up. Just on the investment outlook, could you give us a bit of an update in terms of what you have in the pipeline? How you're thinking about investment opportunities in light of maybe more volatile and uncertain markets? Thank you.
Yeah. I mean, obviously, I can't comment on specific transactions or announce them this morning. I'll get shot by my colleagues for doing that. You know, we're very fortunate at Bridgepoint that origination and deal flow really isn't our challenge. We've always got a deep flow of opportunities and have a size of team that enables us to review them. The challenge is always standing back and going, "Well, right, of what we've got on the table, which are the most interesting? Where do we think we can get outsized growth?" I mentioned the portfolio performance numbers for last year. Some quite exceptional numbers there, 25% revenue growth. .
When these are not y ou know, obviously, our businesses are tech-enabled, but we're not a technology fund. You know, the biggest challenge right now, as I said a little bit earlier, is that we all use navigation sort of metrics, navigation points to decide on pricing. In this market, with the volatility in the stock markets, some of those navigation points aren't as relevant as they were two months ago. Obviously, we don't just plow on with the same strategy in terms of pricing strategy. We stand back and look and say, "Well, what is the right value today?" One of the things that we've been doing is focusing very much on bolt-on acquisitions for Fund VI . Fund VI portfolio is nearly fully assembled.
One of the interesting things about bolt-ons, and we do a lot of them. I mean, to give you a feel for that, in our fourth fund, which we started 15 years ago, it had something like 350 bolt-ons. These are additional acquisitions for the portfolio. What we've done in the last five years is tend to do much larger, more significant ones, which are transformational. In doing that, you've got the ability to get bigger synergies, better repositioning. Our objective is always to buy a company within the pricing in a sector and reposition its pricing within the sector.
If the sector itself rewrites, then that's added value that yes, we can claim that we've chosen the right sectors to be in, but the thing that we can control is the quality of the business we're selling versus the quality of the business we're buying. We're selling larger, better established, more international companies than we're buying. When I look at the WIP at the moment, the work in progress at the moment, we definitely have a depth of work in progress that will see us through to that guidance that Adam's given in the transition of funds. As I said, we're only gonna make the next commitment for this fund and the first commitment for the successor fund if we see the right value.
History would tell you that, we're good at finding value, so I'm pretty confident we'll deliver on what we've said we'd do.
Useful. Thank you.
Thank you.
Thank you.
There are no further questions on the conference line.
Okay.
And-
No, listen. Thanks, Matt. Let's wrap up there, I think. Thank you very much for everybody participating. I hope that's been a useful session. Thank you to our shareholders on the line for your support, which we value greatly. With that, we'll sign off and say goodbye. Thank you.
Thank you very much.