Welcome to the Q4 Press Conference. Welcome here today. We will do as always. We will look at the presentations from our CEO and our CFO, then follow up with a Q&A session. With that, I hand over to you, Martin.
Thank you, Johan. Also from my side, most welcome to this Q4 2023 reporting and also for the full year, by the way. I can say that I'm pretty proud and humbled to stand here, actually, after a year that we have seen here, also given the rather turbulent and complex situation that we have seen around the globe. But if we start with some comments for the Q4, the group continued to deliver a strong performance with, as you have seen, strong growth in revenues, +8% FX adjusted, increased deliveries of trucks from high levels, a service business that continues also on high levels that I think is a very good sign, showing also that activity level continues amongst our customers, and with Q4 record levels for operating income and operating margin.
And the strong outcomes are linked to the professional and dedicated work from all our colleagues and business partners across the globe, given, as I said in the beginning, that we still have a lot of challenges around us. And you have heard me saying that before, and I would like to take the opportunity now when we have also the full year report here, it's all about the people, and all our colleagues and business partners have really showed how you make a difference, this quarter again. And for the full year, 2023, we achieved many different financial records and strong financial outcomes. We bypassed SEK 500 billion in revenues. It was almost, you know, anticipated, I think, after Q3 .
Still, a historical milestone for us as a company, but also to our knowledge, the first Swedish industrial bypassing the SEK 500 billion mark. This strong revenue growth was combined with record high operating income and margin, as well as a return on capital employed exceeding 36%. From a business standpoint, we continue to work closely with our customers also in the Q4 to stick to the priority, as we have said, for some quarters now, of delivering as high volumes as possible to support their demand of equipment by continuously delivering on the solid order backlog. Our service operations continued at good levels, supporting the uptime and performance of our customers' fleets.
If we look into 2024, while we still see our customers' transport and infrastructure activity remaining on good levels in many of our markets, we now, as already communicated also in previous quarters, are entering into a more normalized demand situation for new vehicles and equipment on a platform of record strong profitability and high operational performance. Coming into 2024, the market is moving from a market with high demand and, in addition to that, also a pent-up demand, to a more normal replacement-driven market. But I think it's important to say that, again, that is still a good market and a good place to be.
Since we ran our machine at full speed all the way until year-end, we are now, and going forward, gradually adjusting the capacity in our system to balance with this normalizing market, and we have, as you know, different flexibility tools in hand for those adjustments. Our current forecast for the 2024 total market is in line with a normalized demand, with only minor adjustments also, some ups in Latin America, for example, some downs in Europe slightly to our forecast that we communicated in conjunction with the Q3 report. In parallel, we continue to push our transformation agenda. We will today again talk about several important launches and also investments in added new capabilities.
The investments in new products and services that we have been doing on elevated levels and will continue to do are serving our customers well and will make sure that we continue to have also in the future a leading position when it comes to sustainable transport solutions and also infrastructure solutions. As you have seen, the board proposes an ordinary dividend of SEK 7.50 and an extra dividend of SEK 10.50, reflecting the good balance between strong continuous financial strength for the group moving forward combined with attractive shareholder returns.
If we move in a little bit to the figures, Q1 highlights then, as I said, strong results, sales to start with growing to almost SEK 150 billion, SEK 148 billion, +8% FX adjusted, operating income amounted to SEK 18.4 billion with a margin of 12.4%. We released also a good amount of inventories in the Q4 and the operating cash flow amounted to SEK 22.7 billion, which elevated our net cash position to SEK 83.4 billion. I've already been into return on capital employed and earnings per share rose to SEK 5.93 in relation then to SEK 3.26 last year.
When it comes to volume development, increased our truck deliveries by 4% to almost 66,000 vehicles despite continued supply chain constraints and also the six-week strike in North America. I think that was all in all a great achievement. The deliveries of all of construction equipment declined by 27%, mainly driven by low deliveries in primarily China but also Europe and to some extent in Brazil. Deliveries in North America were on par with previous years. When it comes to electrification and the progress in this area, the underlying electric demand is good and we have high quotation level across regions. At the same time, of course, we experience now, as we do in the general market, I mean, somewhat hesitation to take in new orders from the customer side. There is a little bit of wait-and-see mode that we think is rather natural.
In addition to that, we also had somewhat lower activity when it comes to the order intake from our side since we need also to continue to deliver on the order book that we have, not at least in North America for the truck side. We see that more as a blip on the curve given the fact that not only orders and the demand there but also maturing the supply chains as we have talked about. And this is a natural development. It will not only be a straight line to heaven, but we see that this transformation has just started, as you know, but will continue also, of course, to increase the pace. What I think is important also is that we continue now to install the truck, electric truck capabilities in all our different plants.
All truck factories in Europe are now in serial production of electric trucks. We can really adjust, as we said, a Mixed Model Assembly between conventional and electric trucks and thereby following the demand as we go forward. It is also important, and we are working a lot together with that, that we have a balance between the supply of equipment, but in addition to that also going hand in hand with charging infrastructure, generation of green energy, network capacity, etc. All parts of the value chain must continue to mature here. But with that said, we were first out in our core markets, and we will talk about the market shares later here, to push the envelope, and we will continue to push. We are convinced that this is absolutely the future and an important part of the future.
Orders in the quarter, 1,400. Deliveries, 1,700. On 12-month rolling, orders 6,000 and deliveries 5,000, so still a positive Book to Bill. When it comes to vehicle and machine sales development, strong sales growth then for the group, +9%, currency adjusted. Vehicle and machine net sales were above SEK 150 billion with strong growth, as you have seen, in trucks on the back of a combination of commercial conditions, both pricing and product content, and also volumes, as I have said before here. Volvo CE declined on lower deliveries in primarily China, as we said. The volumes were down 27%, but sales or top line were down only 6%, showing also the regional mix effect that has been positive, of course.
It's also encouraging with the continued momentum for Volvo Buses after the longer extension of the effects of COVID for the bus business, so they are gradually now coming back. When it comes to services, continued good demand, as I said, a very important sign, of course, as regards to activity level among our customers. It was +7%, currency adjusted. This is a result of improved commercial conditions, obviously, but also with the continuous high activity among our customers and the efforts to increase contract penetration and other services that are also paying off step by step. The group is pacing 12-month rolling at the solid and good level of SEK 127 billion.
Group trucks show somewhat lower growth figures of 2%, but this is, I should say, primarily almost to the full extent related to very strong comparison figures last year when we were growing 10% FX adjusted quarter-over-year or year-over-year. If you think about the level that we are now, it's still strong that we are continuing to grow out of that figure. Volvo Buses, as I said, passenger transport are coming back, very good, and we see that also in the service business. Strong VFS growth from a growing business portfolio. So all in all, good results for services and an impressive achievement by the organization and, of course, very important for our resilience going forward. Group news, a lot of things have happened also in this quarter, I have to say, a lot of encouraging things.
First and foremost, we acquired and we are about to acquire, and we are still in the closing process, the battery business from Proterra, the division called Proterra Powered, and this is a first step in creating a battery value chain for the group in North America, but it also adds onto the group's overall battery capabilities. The deal, as I said, is expected to be closed in the Q1 of 2024. In Q4, we also signed an option agreement to divest our defense arm headquartered in France, Arquus, to John Cockerill Defense. When it comes to truck news, lots of exciting news during the quarter and the beginning of 2024 in our truck business areas.
A couple of days ago, we revealed the largest product launch in North America ever, and that is the all-new Volvo VNL that was launched, and it features a lot of things that I don't have time to go through here, but amongst others, striking, as you can see here also in the movie, aerodynamics. It is engineered to achieve fuel efficiency improvement of up to 10%. The range delivers improved total customer value, driver productivity, safety, and sustainability. The new Volvo VNL is designed to meet all the challenges and demands in North America and is a platform for the future. It's also a platform for all the different future propulsion technologies, including, of course, the current diesel technology, but also electric fuel cell and also combustion engines running on renewable fuels, including hydrogen.
At this stage, a new range comes with six different cab configurations all the way from day cab up to full height sleepers. Six years, as I said here in the room, to start with, six years in the making, fantastic, exciting to be at this stage now. This is really a platform for the future, very, very important for our North American venture and adventure. So happy to see all these beauties hit the market now within short here. In addition to that, the Volvo FH Electric has been awarded International Truck of the Year 2024. It is the fourth time for the FH, the iconic FH range, to get that award, but it's the first time for all brands that a fully electric truck wins this award. Volvo Trucks has also started deliveries for fully electric trucks into Latin America.
In November, Renault Trucks and Volvo Trucks launched their new urban distribution electric truck range. This range has been increased up to 450 kilometers, 50% shorter charging time, I should say, and new active safety features. So all these news and the all-new Volvo VNL are very good, of course, and exciting news to reveal today. But there is more coming. Already on Monday, Volvo Trucks will continue to launch fantastic new products and solutions that will be available for our customers around the world. Products that will continue to reduce CO2, increase customer profitability, and take safety to the next level. So also in that regard, Monday, stay tuned. Then coming into market, market environment, I know that you are looking forward to this section and what we will say.
When it comes to the truck market forecast, rather undramatic in relation to what we discussed last time we were here together. If we start in North America, the 2023 market ended where we anticipated, around 330,000 units. And for 2024, we reiterate our forecast of 290,000 units. For Europe, the 2023 level also in line because it, of course, I mean, to fine-tune that, but it was then 342,000 units. And for 2024, we reiterate our view of a normalization of the market, but we are also adjusting slightly downwards. I think that is the main message, slightly downwards with 10,000 units to 280,000.
It is important, as I said in the beginning, to remember that the forecast for 2024 still represents good and solid levels, both for Europe and North America. For Brazil, on the other hand, we are increasing with 10,000 units up to 90. For India, slight adjustments because it's including medium and heavy duty to 425. China then from a low level of 700 up to 800, primarily then driven also by renewable fuels. And with this normalization, we are now gradually taking steps to, as I said, also adjust our capacity and cost base accordingly, utilizing the tools that we have in our hands. On truck orders and deliveries, orders were down with 9% on the back of the general normalization that we have discussed. In our main markets, while deliveries then were up with 4%.
And that was the result of both good production, despite, so to speak, also that we have the strike, but also that we were reducing inventories. The order backlog is gradually also normalizing, and we can see that the pent-up demand is now largely delivered by the industry, not at least in Europe. Lead time in North America is still a bit longer and growing in Latin America. And it's interesting, by the way, as a side note, to take a little bit longer horizon of it. I didn't have anything else to do on Sunday afternoon, so I just took it from end of Q 2 2020 because then, as you remember, we had taken out everything, at the stop phase of the pandemic and then really got the right quality in the order board.
If you do the 14-quarter book-to-bill, you see that that is, that's pretty interesting to see that you have that type of balance, I mean, Europe and then also North America and other markets. However, normalization is in line with our forecast, as I said, and all in all, we had book-to-bill that was 75% during the quarter, and that is, of course, also now that we are adjusting accordingly. For us, it's super important now, and we have stated that also in the upturn and in the downturn, keep the right balance between order intake, production, inventory, and deliveries so we continue to have an order book with the right quality to manage on one side, delivery liability, at the same time manage inflation and other uncertainties. The main priority is to maintain our commercial and price discipline.
The organization has been working hard to maintain and to reach that value for our solutions, and we will continue to have that as a main priority. Good truck market shares, Volvo Renault in Europe, good levels of 26.4%, also knowing that we had a very strong uptick 2022, so we have continued to maintain a good level here, for the total market then, and just above and impressive that we said also 70%, market share on battery electric vehicles for the two brands. In North America, Volvo and Mack have been affected by specific supply chain constraints during the year and partly, of course, by the strike for Mack primarily. The two brands had a combined market share of 15.2% for the full year.
In Brazil, Volvo's performance remains on good levels with a market share of close to 24%, also knowing that we were early out with Euro 6 in the beginning of the year that hampered our market share then, but a very strong finish. Volvo and Mack in Australia performed well with an all-time high combined market share of 26%. Construction equipment in December, VCE and Diamant Group reached an agreement whereby Diamant Group will acquire Volvo CE's global ABG paver business that is following also the divestments that we did a couple of years ago when it comes to Blaw-Knox in the U.S.
The deal is subject to regulatory approval, which is expected to finalize in the first half of 2024, and it's also a part of the journey together with Arquus to continue to prune the portfolio, decomplex, and keep focus for the different business areas. Volvo CE continues also its rollout of electric construction machines, and now we've had several launches in India during this quarter at the EXCON trade show with big interest. For the market forecast, unchanged, midpoints for all markets areas with the exception of Europe, where we are adjusting down with five percentage points, so largely in line, with, so to speak, the the general outlook also on the truck side. But for the remaining markets then, we are keeping and reiterating what we said, last time, so I will not repeat that.
When it comes to orders and deliveries here in general, both orders and deliveries are down as expected, with a negative Book to Bill across regions, but highly in line with our expectations. Maybe some comments on different, if you look at the product lines, excavator segments more affected, compared to wheel loaders and articulated haulers. And on the industry segment, the construction segment is more affected, of course, that you're well aware of, compared to infrastructure. However, we foresee a continuous solid demand in North America, and that's the reason why we are more or less, I mean, we have minus 5% as midpoint, but that is a good level, supported by infrastructure projects while demand in Europe then and we are decreasing that slightly softer on the back of higher interest rates and the weakened macroeconomic outlook.
But overall, orders declined by 26%, as we said before, mainly driven by China. Again, the solid order numbers, you have to see also in North America, it was very strong order intake, 173%, is the result of a very weak order intake last year, also due to restrictive slotting. So delivery decline of 27% was mainly driven then by lower deliveries in China and somewhat in Europe as well. Buses, order increased 12%, mainly driven by improved demand for coaches. Travel income went back gradually and replacement need is there. Deliveries decreased by 15%, but that was also again, you know, that is shifting pretty significantly between quarters depending on deliveries. And Q4 2022, we had big deliveries to Chile, so in comparison, that was disturbing that picture.
Book to Bill was positive with a ratio of 1.05 or 105%. As announced at quarter three report also, we had reached an agreement between the bodybuilder MCV for a number of buses, complete built buses, both normal and Artic versions, as well as electric buses for intercity traffic supporting the restructuring, and the new business model for Volvo Buses in Europe. Very encouraging to see in Q4, the first orders for electric city buses in this new constellation were signed. Great progress because that is a little bit earlier and more speedy than anticipated. Also in Q4, Prevost in North America took its largest order ever with 250 firm orders and additional 131 optional orders to the state of New York.
Penta, orders increased with 1%, you can say, strong, still strong for larger yachts, for commercial vessels and industrial power generation, but weaker for smaller boats, as well as very much in line with what we have heard on trucks and construction equipment, when we talk about versatile or industrial off-highway applications. Deliveries decreased by 8%, and Book to Bill was 92%. And in Q4, Volvo Penta further advanced its net zero initiatives by providing the subsystem to battery energy storage solutions in collaboration with TecnoGen, as you can see on the slide here, and that is then solutions for charging infrastructure for electric heavy duty vehicles. So that is a part of our ecosystem. And on a final note, financial services, record business volume for the Q4, as well as for the full year.
We did see portfolio growth, growth across most key markets, and credit portfolio has grown to SEK 254 billion. Portfolio performance continues to be good in most parts of the world, and that is, of course, driven by the good demand of transportation and construction services across the globe, resulting in strong financial health for our customers combined with good payment discipline. Also on a final note here, to help customers more easily adopt battery electric vehicle technology into their fleets, Mack are now also starting to offer usage-based leasing arrangements for medium duty electric models, and that is then combined VFS and Mack trucks. So also a very important step now for the North American market. So by that, ladies and gentlemen, I leave the presentation for the business report and let Mats come up and do the financial figures. So welcome, Mats.
Thanks, Martin. Over to the financials. This is my first full quarter and my first earnings release with the Volvo Group, and I'm truly honored to join this high-performing team. I would like to have a special thanks to Martin and the Volvo team for a great onboarding as well, so I think it has been great. Moving into the quarter then, the good performance continues in the quarter, with record high sales, operating income, and margin for the Q4. Looking at the cash flow, it was the second best quarter ever, for the cash flow for the quarter then. We had a good balance between the perform agenda to deliver here and now and also the transformation agenda that is a little bit more kind of forward-looking.
On the performance side, we are driving continuous improvements through price realization to offset the underlying cost inflation. We are driving growth in our service business, and we have also started to gradually adjust production capacity and cost levels, to the more normalized demand that Martin talked about. We reduced inventories in the quarter by some SEK 8 billion, and that's obviously very important when it comes to the cash flow. But I would also say that it's extremely important to right-size the inventories when we are heading into the more normalized demand as well then. And we also addressed our portfolio. We announced the initiated divestments, like the Arquus, and also in the construction equipment that Martin talked about. And in parallel, we continue to invest in our transformation agenda then. And Martin mentioned the added capability with Proterra as well in the quarter.
So all in all, to summarize, a great quarter from a performance point of view, with a lot of activities going on as well in the company. If we're looking into the details then and starting off with the net sales, so the net sales increased by 10% to the Q4 last year. Excluding FX, net sales increased with 8%, and the FX effect on sales was mainly due to the weakness of the SEK against the EUR. The increase was substantial when it comes to Europe and very much supported by 20% increases in deliveries for trucks, and that is combined with the strong price realization as well. North America is positive year-over-year, and that is despite the UAW strike holding back the production for Mack Trucks with about six weeks in the quarter.
Asia, as you can see, continues to be affected by the weak construction market. Moving into the operating income on the next slide. So the adjusted operating income for the group was SEK 18.4 billion, with an adjusted operating margin of 12.4%. Like previous quarters, we are maneuvering in an environment of inflation and transformation, and we continue to be successful with price realization both for vehicles and services, which contributed positively to the result year -over- year. The January inflation and salary increase are negatively affecting the operating expenses, and besides that, we are also investing to be in the forefront of the transformation to electrify the autonomous vehicles. This is reflected in higher activities and thereby increasing R&D and selling expenses.
R&D was, however, only slightly higher year-over-year, and that is related to some positive one-timers that we had in the quarter of approximately SEK 500 million on R&D. The net capitalization effect in the quarter was close to SEK 200 million, and we expect about SEK 1.5 billion for the full year 2024 in positive earnings from capitalized R&D. The effect with SEK 500 million in the H1 of the year and another SEK 1 billion in the H2 of the year. The negative effect from the UAW strike in North America was about SEK 1 billion, and the joint venture earnings were about SEK 800 million lower year-over-year, and this is mainly due to an impairment in our Chinese joint venture with DFCV.
FX had a positive effect on earnings of some SEK 1.1 billion, and we expect full year 2024 to have some SEK 500 million negative effect from the transaction exposure. It will be neutral for the H1 and then negative in the H2 of the year. We don't give guidance for the full FX effect on earnings. We are only guiding for the transactional effect. Looking at the cash flow. In terms of cash flow, as you probably all know, we have a seasonality in the group with the highest cash flow throughout the year in the Q4. The Q4 2023 was not an exception from this. We had strong earnings in combination with good inventory management delivered about SEK 22.7 billion in cash flow for the quarter, and that is despite high investments in the quarter.
On the back of an effective operational balance sheet and record earnings, the return on capital employed improved to 36.7% on a rolling 12-month basis. Net cash in industrial operations reached SEK 83.4 billion, and this is the result of a strong cash flow in the quarter. Moving into trucks. Overall, we had a good momentum in the truck segment in the quarter, and this was with an easing of the supply chain in Europe as well, as you saw on the deliveries that Martin showed previously then. The FX-adjusted net sales for Group Trucks increased 12% was mainly related to high deliveries in Europe combined with price.
The price realization on vehicles as well as service was the main explanation behind the improvement of the adjusted operating margin from SEK 8.3 billion to SEK 13.7 billion, giving an adjusted operating margin of 13.7% for trucks. On the negative side, we had the earlier mentioned joint venture performance and the negative effect from the strike in North America. FX impacted adjusted operating income positively by SEK 800 million in the Q4. Looking into construction equipment then. Total deliveries continued to decrease year-over-year, and this is mainly, as previously mentioned, related to China. FX adjusted sales decreased 4%, and that's a substantial decrease in machine deliveries were partly offset by higher prices in general, an improved mix when it comes to brand product as well as geographical mix.
Adjusted operating income increased by SEK 200 million to SEK 3.3 billion, supported by mix and continued strong price realization for CE. On the negative side, we had lower volumes and higher R&D expenses year-over-year. Adjusted operating income margin reached 12.5% and no impact on earnings from currencies, so we had basically a neutral FX year-over-year for CE. Looking at buses. FX-adjusted net sales increased by 8%, mainly driven by strong deliveries on coaches in North America and strong price realization. Adjusted operating income increased by SEK 95 million to SEK 323 million. This is mainly driven by price realization on new vehicles and service, while higher material costs, mainly on batteries, had a negative effect on earnings. Adjusted operating income margin increased by 1 percentage point to 4.4%.
Currencies had a positive impact of SEK 56 million in the quarter. Moving to Penta and the Q4. FX adjusted net sales increased 2% to SEK 5 billion, and this was despite 8% lower volumes in the quarter. Adjusted operating income decreased SEK 365 million, and this was due to high material and production costs as well as a loss on the divestment of shares in a distributor in the quarter. All of this was partly compensated by price realization. Adjusted operating margin came in low at 7.3%. FX impacted positively by SEK 99 million in the quarter. Then last but not least, looking into financial services. High deliveries and good price realization on the group products supported the portfolio growth in the quarter.
The credit portfolio increased to SEK 254 billion, with a rolling 12-month return on equity of 13.9%. Customer financials and payments continued to be good, reflected in low write-offs and credit provisions in the quarter. Adjusted operating income increased to SEK 1 billion, supported by the portfolio growth and partly affected by spread compression due to fierce competition from banks and leasing companies. FX had a positive effect of SEK 11 million on the adjusted operating income in the quarter. And with that, I leave for Martin to summarize then.
Thank you, Mats.
Thank you.
Great. So in summary, I will not repeat everything that I've said because I know that you have been listening already. But some statements at least. I mean, despite extremely challenging conditions, of course, we are very proud to see, I mean, the full year highlights here.
As we said, sales growth then up to SEK 553 billion and also record high then for a year, both earnings and margins and strong return on capital employed. Obviously now, going forward, it's important to continue to work very closely with our customers to have the right balance, as I've said, between deliveries, order, inventory, and production. We are focusing very much now on this right balance. We see that transport and infrastructure activities continue, and I think that is important to have in mind on good levels, but we are also adjusting accordingly with the flexibility tools that we have. Also to have in mind that the forecasts are largely in line with what we already stated in Q3 , so we don't see any dramatic changes moving forward.
As a result also then of the total year, and as you can see on the slide here, the board of directors then proposes an ordinary dividend of SEK 7.5 and an extra dividend of SEK 10.5. I mean, today then representing a yield that is a little bit higher than 7%. But also, I would like to end this presentation by saying with high operational performance and profitability resulting then in a strong financial position moving forward, we continue to prioritize also innovation and investments to stay in the forefront of the transformation of our industries and markets and also to support future growth. The importance of performing today to be able to transform for tomorrow has never been more important, and it will be decisive for the years to come.
And this ability to perform and transform should, of course, benefit our customers that we have seen over the year, our colleagues, shareholders, and society as a whole. So by that, Johan, we end the presentation and you will take over for the Q&A.
Yeah, thank you. Thank you, Martin. And before we go into the Q&A, we have one more news that we would like to share with the audience. And let's see here. Yeah, so for your planning, please pencil in November 14, Virginia, USA, then we will host the next round of Capital Markets Day. And as you saw today, we had the launch of the new range in North America, so there will be good opportunities there to try those. Yeah, so with that, we started the Q&A session.
If we've been sold out, so I mean, we're sorry a bit early now.
So as we've done before, please limit yourself to two questions. We start here in the room. Mattias from DNB, please go ahead.
Thank you. Thank you so much, Mattias Holmberg, DNB. First, could you elaborate a little bit on how you're thinking about the balance sheet strength? You're going to end up quite well above your financial targets on no debt in industrial operations after this quite handsome dividend payout. Should we view this as something you're doing to sort of be prudent in terms of we're heading into a slowdown, or is this more to be prepared for investments on the transition? I'll stop there.
Because I think in terms of the capital structure and looking at the cash at hand, I think there are at least three components that are really important.
I mean, first of all, we are in a cyclical business, so we need to kind of mitigate if we're getting big swings on the demand side and also kind of cover up for timing differences in working capital as well then, depending on how severe the downturn is then. So first of all, to kind of be there when it comes to the cyclical business. Secondly, we are in the transformation, as Martin talked about, I talked about, with higher investments than kind of the normal then, and that's also something we need to cover. And then thirdly, more kind of opportunistic then, I mean, looking at what we did with Proterra in the Q4, for instance, that we have the capacity to bring and to kind of grab an opportunity like Proterra.
So I think those three items are important to remember when you're kind of considering the capital structure.
Yeah, and I think also, I mean, just to add, if we look at, I mean, quite a number of years, pattern now also, we have been rather consistent in how we think about it. Of course, we should have an attractive return to our shareholders when we are performing, and at the same time, we should make sure that we have the maneuverability. So I think without, so to speak, having specific opinions, but if we look at the total return for the group over some years, both when it comes to the development in the stock market, but also when it comes to returns, I think it has shown also to be a wise strategy to have a long-term pattern on that.
So it's a good balance according to the board and that will be proposed accordingly.
Thank you. A quick second one, and sorry if I missed this, but could you at all quantify how big the loss in share of sales in Penta was, just so we can better understand the underlying profitability?
Again, the loss of
I think you mentioned that you made a loss in share of sales.
The investment on the shares in
Yeah. Around SEK 60 million in the effect.
Thank you.
Yeah, Erik.
Thank you, Erik Golrang, SEB. I want to start with just some more clarification there on the increased loss in JVs and associates. You said the main delta there year-over-year related to that. Was that an impairment? Was that sort of the underlying performance of Dongfeng and the others, or was there a one-off item in there?
It's a one-off item. So it's basically an impairment of deferred tax asset then, and I mean, that's kind of natural when you're coming from the business environment in China and you get those kind of effects in the balance sheet. So about SEK 600 million related to that impairment in the quarter then.
Very good. Thank you. Then the second question is on cost. You talked about starting to do some selective cost adjustments to adapt to lower demand. What exactly is that, and sort of what are you planning for there? And then a third one, even though it was only two, but orders. Once do we start to take orders on the new VNL in the U.S.? And also whatever news you're having from Monday, when will you start to take orders on that one? Thank you.
Now we're at the news after that, and that because I think that is also a strength that we continue actually to really launch in different steps, and that will be North America, but it will also be in the global arena here. No, but when it comes to the adjustments, obviously, we have, as I said, flexibility tools in hand to adjust, to have that right balance between what is now the current demand situation, what is the inventory levels, how does it look like when it comes to the production rates. So that is the first thing that we do now. We are adjusting so we keep the balance. For us to continue to maintain a good commercial execution will be the highest priority. We will not prioritize chasing the lost percentage points when it comes to market share in a downturn.
We will make sure that we keep the quality in the business, and we have the flexibility tools of doing so in our industrial system. Obviously then, depending on the development, now we don't see any dramatic, so to speak, changes as we have seen here. We are talking about a 15%, 20% adjustment in Europe on new vehicles and maybe a 10-ish%, and maybe that can even be on the upside. I mean, it could be less than so, I mean, when we look into North America. I mean, flexibility is key, but also to keep the right balance is key, and we will not sacrifice the quality in the business on that side. Then when it comes to order, we are starting now gradually to take order on this, and as we said, super excited about it.
Initial reactions coming in, very strong platform for North America that is containing, of course, a lot of features for the customers, but also containing industrial capabilities for us moving forward that are very important.
Thank you.
Maybe to add on the flexibility side, if we're looking at the kind of flexibility tools we have to meet the percentage that Martin talked about. So I mean, overall, if we're including TEMPS consultants and also the time banks on the blue collar side, I mean, we have a flexibility or flexibility tool then in the system that will compensate for at least 20% in terms of this kind of normalizing market. And I think that's almost over and above what we have talked about when it comes to the normalization. So good flexibility tools that have been kind of built up over time now with the good times then.
Very good. Then we're turning to the telephone line and José Asumendi from JP Morgan. Please go ahead, José.
Thank you very much, and congratulations on the results. I wanted to come back a little bit, please, to these flexibility measures you have. Can you maybe specify a little bit more what kind of worker layoffs you're applying to do maybe in the first six months of the year, and also how your share of revenues from aftermarket will rise through 2024, allowing you to maintain margins on the truck business specifically? Second question would be around Proterra, if you could please comment a little bit around the logic of the deal. Thank you.
Yeah, no, also thank you, José.
First and foremost, what you can say about that is obviously that the flexibility measures that we have. I mean, we talked about it a little bit in the preparation, to be fair here. I mean, what is the starting point, by the way? Because I mean, obviously, it has been going up now in different steps. We have also been clear that we have had extra manning in relation to what we needed also in the peak levels because we have had a stop-and-go situation. Now, with the normalized demand, obviously, we are also seeing a gradual less disturbances when it comes to the normal supply chains. Then we have a number of other effects then related to the turmoil that we see, unfortunately, for example, in the Middle East and the flows. But generally speaking, it's difficult to say exactly.
I think Mats' point is the most important. We have the flexibility tools in order to adjust, to keep the right balance between order, production levels, inventory, and then output. We will not compromise that because also maintaining commercial excellence is the main priority. When it comes to the share of the market or how that will continue to develop, let's see, because that is, of course, related to one part of the activity level amongst our customers. So far, I mean, it is holding up well, and you did see that also. I mean, we had high comparison figures for trucks, and despite that, we still had a 2% growth year-over-year, currency adjusted.
And of course, we continue also to work with structural, so to speak, improvements in our service portfolio, not at least then the contract penetration that you also know gradually are giving effect because that is a portfolio management. So super important area, obviously, as I said, for future resilience and current resilience also, by the way. Finally, on Proterra, a number of logics. We had been looking to Proterra for a number of reasons before the opportunity came up. Obviously, we have a rather broad scope of applications that we need to cover. And we had already seen that Proterra had an interesting modular approach to modules and packs. And now, when the opportunity came along and also, so to speak, with a strategic fit into the Volvo Group, it was a rather easy and good choice for us to pursue that.
So that will establish a footprint in North America on this. But it will also, as I said, give further abilities and capabilities when it comes to the battery portfolio as such, since that consists of, as you know, cells, modules, packs, software, cooling systems, etc. And the key here in order to achieve scale, but still also the tailor-made solutions for different applications is really modularity as in all other parts of our business. So still to be closed, still to be finalized, but very excited about that.
Thank you for that. Hampus Engellau from Handelsbanken.
Thank you very much. Two questions for me. I know you don't provide forecasts, etc., on profitability, but I mean, last year was quite a special year with, I would assume, the last trucks that were sold were maybe not the most profitable ones. And the 20% flexibility that you're talking about, and I know you guys have been managed to push on price for this year. So could you maybe just talk a little bit about how you think about operating leverage, not adding any numbers, but maybe between first and half also this year? I'll take the second time.
I can start. And we are not kind of giving any forecasts or so on that end, as you know that. But I mean, just looking at
We love that you're stubborn.
Exactly. Then we might make an exception then for that. No, but looking at the kind of the different parts then, I mean, first of all, in terms of pricing, I mean, just kind of logically, if you're looking at the prices, we have a carryover from 2023.
And I mean, given the kind of the nature of the timing over the year 2023 with the price increases, we will definitely see a quite big carryover effect then in the H1 of the year then. So that is nothing is for free, but in that respect, it's, so to speak, for free. And then it depends on what we can do on prices or not in 2024. But I mean, that's the starting point. In terms of leverage, I mean, it's never good to lose volume. I mean, that's positive looking at the cost side. But to some extent, you have a point in the kind of the marginal cost for the last truck in this kind of almost kind of overheated environment that we saw with the pent-up demand.
I think there are also an opportunity to kind of stabilize the whole production then with the more normalized levels then and start going back to the old-fashioned continuous improvements and working with the processes. So there are some opportunities on that side then.
Now, I think the last point that you were saying here, Mats, is a key, obviously, that it has been a lot, rightly, so focused on really getting the volumes out because at the end of the day, that is about serving our customers. I mean, if customers are not happy, we will not be happy in the long run. So we have prioritized whatever we can do to actually execute on the order board.
As Mats said and as I said, I mean, when we can hopefully, I mean, it has been three, four years with I mean, we have been standing here in, like, as I said, 14, 15 quarters talking about exceptions in one way or another and different types. Can we come in, I mean, I cannot promise that because I mean, it's a complex world. But if we can come into a little bit more of a normalized situation, really work with underlying, so to speak, processes, etc., that we have been doing, but not to the extent that we normally do, it will also be supporting that type of job.
And maybe one more point, and that's the working capital, and that's why it was so good to see the destocking in the Q4 because you will always have an underabsorption when it comes to kind of a destocking then. You don't want to take that underabsorption in the same time as you're kind of losing volumes then. So I think the starting point is better with what we have done in the Q4 as well.
Excellent. And I take my second question. I guess it's related. If you maybe could comment on lead times North America and Europe, I guess you're running in different gears there now. But also, can you maybe confirm, are you taking orders for full year in Europe now, or is it still restricted? And that's the same for North America. Thanks.
Yeah, thank you, Hampus.
No, as we said, Europe is gradually coming down now. I mean, let's say that we are somewhat more than a quarter, maybe. I mean, so we are four, five let's say three, four, five weeks more than normal. But still, it's a horizon that we can manage. And I think it's good for everyone in the long run. And then it's getting more into where is the normal market, and you can adjust, as we said, the right balance. And North America is still, as a matter of fact, at least one quarter more than that. So there we see that, I mean, first half of the year is full, and it's still, so to speak, a slotting exercise so we're not stretching that out too far in time with promises, both when it comes to delivery times and commercial conditions, etc.
Europe is, so you can say, it's a quarter difference both on construction equipment and on trucks. But still good, I mean, good and normal order levels. And that's the reason why it's so important also to adjust according to you're not hitting the wall later on, so to speak, right?
Thank you.
The judge, you have to decide. Many questions.
Thank you. We turn to the telephone line and Hemal Bhundia from UBS. Please go ahead.
Good morning, Martin, Mats, and Johan. And thank you for taking my questions. Firstly, can you talk about the visibility of the backlog and how many months or quarters you currently have? And following that, what are your customers telling you about later this year?
No, I think, I mean, very much related to what we just discussed here on the backlog.
I mean, if you take the more general picture now, Europe, if I take the bigger, it has been gradually then coming down. And you can say that we have continued also on high. You did see that on deliveries that still were up then both sequentially, year-over-year. Continue to prioritize that we are really executing on that also because you don't want to sit with a too high order backlog when the market is normalizing, both from the inventory level but also on the order book quality as such. So now, when we are coming down to more normal guidelines, maybe with three, four weeks extra, then it's about really continuing to also adjust production accordingly as we have discussed. So Europe, for both construction equipment, trucks, similar pattern, well managed in the organization, well under control.
North America, also similar pattern, approximately one quarter more than, so two and a half quarters. Interesting enough, as I said, I did that exercise also to feel sure about it a little bit. I mean, because if you look at—this is a side note—but if you look at construction equipment, you have actually had a negative book-to-bill during the whole period in North America if you look at it here. So then you can see how can you have still, I mean, a quarter more. But it was really that you had such a big positive book-to-bill the year before. And then, obviously, it's the first in, first out, and we have managed that well. So still, what we are carrying in the order board has good quality, and that is approximately one quarter extra in North America in relation to Europe.
Then we also see, by the way, that I think it's important to state that the order board is now growing healthy and with good speed in Latin America.
I think there was one question from Hemal regarding the end of the year. It was something there.
Yeah, I mean, early out now in the year to speculate. I mean, I assume some of you are thinking about, okay, what will happen in North America? When will pre-buy start to kick off, I think? Depending now on the development, will it be continuous, so to speak, strengthening of the soft landing type of scenario or even a little bit upside on that? I mean, who knows? And we can speculate about that. I think the most important, we are doing the adjustment now. We have the flexibility tools of doing so downward and upwards, etc. So let's see.
Now is the guidance that we have on 280 for Europe, 290 for North America, 90 for Latin America. I mean, it's an interesting place to be. There are advantages to be in that market situation also for a couple of quarters, I can tell you, after a lot of stretches.
Thank you, Martin. Björn, Danske Bank.
Yes, on Europe, to take the correct actions you talked a lot about. But I mean, typically in a slowdown or normalization, as you put it, we typically see discounts increasing or price cuts coming as maybe the industry as a whole are not taking the correct actions. But I mean, what kind of signals are you seeing from competition, from customers, and are you ready to maybe lose some share to be more prudent in your productions? I mean, are you confident heading into the year? I mean, Europe is clearly slowing. First question.
Yeah, yeah. I mean, of course, that is a very important question. Europe is slowing or correcting. The reason why I would like to say normalizing or correcting is because also to have that flavor into it that is correcting down to an underlying trend line where we know how we can actually operate our own system at least. Then, as I said, I mean, for us, it's important that we have established, I mean, the value for our products and solutions in the market. And that has been extremely important also in light of, I mean, the future that we are, I mean, having a very interesting but also big transformation ahead of us. So maintaining commercial discipline is very important to us.
If that short term will come with certain, I mean, market share adjustments, might be so because I think it's more important to also vis-à-vis also our customers to be credible that this is the value that we are providing and it's giving good value over the long run.
And perhaps you have been a little bit more cautious on, I mean, we have seen issues with residual values in the past.
Yeah, and I think there also, I mean, Björn, I should say, I mean, when you look at the residual values and if you look at the whole used truck market and how that has been developing, we don't see any unhealthy levels when it comes to used. I mean, in certain cycles historically, we have seen when we are coming in, it's a little bit like, I mean, unemployment.
If you're coming in with a too high level, you're sitting on an employment. Here, I think first and foremost, we have managed our portfolio very prudently and also both when it comes to the levels and how we think about the residual values in, so to speak, the used portfolio. We will continue to do so. So I agree.
Last question. How big of a headwind was sourcing last year?
I don't think we gave any specifics on that.
No.
Then maybe the expected tailwind this year.
Very well. Thank you for that. Do we have any final question in the room? Yeah, Agnieszka from Nordea.
Thank you. Yes, one question from me is on the impact from the Mack strikes. Could you quantify the impact, whether you had it on the order intake and on profitability, and also if there will be any kind of carryover impact in Q1?
I mean, we had, I mean, the total kind of financial effect, SEK 1 billion, as I said. And in terms of loss of vehicles for Mack, I think it was we lost 500 vehicles, if I recall, for Mack. But I mean, being quite low numbers, so to speak, but it came with a cost as well, and that needs to be remembered. I don't know about the effects into 2024.
No, I mean, first and foremost, I can say that, of course, Mack is in a good place when it comes to what we see, continuous investments in infrastructure and not at least, I mean, road, energy systems, etc., where Mack traditionally have a strong situation.
So the order board is strong. Then it's always difficult, Agnieszka, to say exactly how will that, I mean, can we recover the full theoretically that we lost there, etc.? But I think it is, of course, before you're getting the full machine to get going again, could be some it could be some effects. But what I think is important to state is that we have reached an agreement that is sustainable for us in the long run. And now we are back on track, and we will stabilize that. And we have, in particular for Mack, a very, very strong order board. So priority for us, not only this year, but for the coming years, is really to increase our long-term ability to have stable volume output in North America. And that has there we have still work to be done, basically.
That is not just related to that, but continue to work on that.
Perfect. Thank you.
Anything to add?
No, I think it was.
Yeah. Your competitor earlier this week provided the guidance for their parts sales growth for 2024. I wonder if you could venture to do it as well, just assuming normal kind of machines and trucks utilization and the fact that you have your fleet aging now. What do you see for the service ex-financial services growth in 2024?
Yeah, I mean, coming back to the comment to Hampus here about stubbornness, we don't give any guidance on that. But having said that, I mean, and that we, of course, say that we still see potential in the service business, both what you said, I mean, aging fleet. We have had rather high deliveries. They are aging, etc.
But also, as we have seen, I mean, very clear and intentional work when it comes to the contract portfolio, etc. So without giving any guidance, this is one of the key areas for us, I mean, VFS included and excluded, if I put it like that. But we don't give any guidance as others do there.
Thank you.
Thank you very much. That concludes the Q&A session and this press conference. All materials presented today is available on our web page. With that, thank you for coming.
Thank you.
Thank you.