Thank you for standing by. This is the conference operator. Welcome to Baytex Energy year-end 2022 results conference call. As a reminder, all participants are in listen-only mode, and the conference is being recorded. After the presentation, there'll be an opportunity to ask questions. To join the question queue, you may press star, then one on your telephone keypad. Should you need assistance during the conference call, you may signal an operator by pressing star and zero. I would now like to turn the conference over to Brian Ector. Please go ahead.
Thank you, Ashia. Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, and thank you for joining us to discuss our fourth quarter and full year 2022 financial and operating results. Today, I am joined by Eric Greager, our President and Chief Executive Officer, Chad Kalmakoff, our Chief Financial Officer, and Chad Lundberg, our Chief Operating and Sustainability Officer. While listening, please keep in mind that some of our remarks will contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of applicable securities laws. I refer you to the advisories regarding forward-looking statements, oil and gas information and non-GAAP financial and capital management measures in yesterday's press release. On the call today, we will also be discussing the evaluation of our reserves at year-end 2022. These evaluations have been prepared in accordance with Canadian disclosure standards, which are not comparable in all respects to United States or other foreign disclosure standards.
Our remarks regarding reserves are also forward-looking statements. All dollar amounts referenced in our remarks are in Canadian dollars unless otherwise specified. With that, I would now like to turn the call over to Eric.
Thanks, Brian. Good morning, everyone, welcome to our year-end 2022 conference call. I have now been with Baytex for four months, during these early days, I've had the opportunity to meet many of you in the investment community. This is something I look forward to continuing as we build even stronger relationships with our investor base. Yesterday, we returned to trading on the New York Stock Exchange, we look forward to improved trading liquidity and a better trading experience for our shareholders. As part of our conversations with shareholders, I've been asked on many occasions, what attracted you to Baytex? The first thing I always point to is the high quality and diversified oil portfolio we hold in Canada and the Eagle Ford in Texas. With over a decade of development opportunities across the portfolio, the Baytex business is strong.
Our objective is to deliver modest, reliable annual production growth while generating meaningful free cash flow and maintaining reasonable financial leverage. We have a strong shareholder return framework in place, and we are committed to building an even stronger and more resilient business over time to increase shareholder value and enhance direct shareholder returns on a per-share basis. What has impressed me even more than the quality of the asset portfolio are the people. Both in Calgary and across our field operations, this is a passionate team of high-quality professionals who are committed to creating value for shareholders. This really excites me. Operationally, we have delivered volumes to market in a safe and efficient manner and executed our programs to the benefit of all stakeholders.
And that's not always easy, especially when the teams are facing days and weeks like we did in December with -40 degree temperatures and heavy snowfalls. We are grateful to our employees and contractors for their commitment and perseverance to operating safely and reliably. Let's now discuss our results in a little more detail. 2022 was an exciting year for Baytex. We delivered strong operating results, generated record free cash flow, further strengthened our balance sheet, and initiated direct shareholder returns. We generated a 4% year-over-year increase in production, repurchased 4.3% of our shares outstanding, and reduced net debt by 30%. In other words, Baytex delivered on all of the commitments we laid out at the beginning of 2022.
Production during the fourth quarter averaged approximately 87,000 BOE per day, which brought full year production to 83,500 BOE per day. We generated free cash flow in the fourth quarter of CAD 143 million, and for the full year 2022, a record CAD 622 million. We maintained capital discipline despite inflationary pressures across our portfolio that was consistent with the industry and the broader economy. Exploration and development expenditures totaled CAD 104 million during the fourth quarter and CAD 522 million for the full year. We delivered adjusted funds flow of CAD 256 million in Q4 2022 and CAD 1.2 billion in 2022.
During Q4 2022, we reversed CAD 268 million of previously recorded impairments on our assets, primarily as a result of higher forecasted commodity prices. This contributed to net income of CAD 353 million in the fourth quarter and CAD 856 million in 2022. During 2022, we initiated direct shareholder returns, allocating 25% of annual free cash flow to a share buyback program, with 75% of free cash flow allocated to debt reduction. We repurchased 24.3 million common shares for CAD 159 million at an average price of CAD 6.54 per share. In addition, we significantly strengthened our balance sheet, reducing net debt by 30% to CAD 987 million, representing a net debt-to-EBITDA ratio on a trailing twelve-month basis of 0.8 times.
Today, our balance sheet is stronger than at any point in the last 10 years. With respect to year-end reserves, we generated a strong PDP recycle ratio of 2.8x and a 1P recycle ratio of 1.4x, based on 2022 operating netback of CAD 54.64 per BOE. At year-end, our PDP reserves totaled 124 million BOE, proved reserves totaled 264 million BOE and proved plus probable reserves totaled 438 million BOE and we maintained a strong reserve life index of 13.8 years based on proved plus probable reserves. The present value of our reserves, discounted at 10% before tax, is estimated to be CAD 5.9 billion, up from CAD 5.1 billion at year-end 2021.
The increase is largely attributable to a higher commodity price forecast being utilized by our reserves evaluator, using the consultant average of approximately $81 per barrel WTI . Our net asset value at year-end 2022, discounted at 10% before tax, was CAD 9.28 per share. This is based on the estimated reserves value, plus a value for undeveloped acreage, net of long-term debt and working capital. As a responsible energy producer, we are committed to monitoring greenhouse gas emissions from our operations, setting targets to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions intensity and pursuing cost-effective strategies to produce energy for society with a lower carbon intensity. In 2022, we reduced our greenhouse gas emissions intensity by 15% from 2021 levels.
This is a 59% reduction from our 2018 baseline and represents an annual reduction of 1.7 million tons of CO2 equivalent, which is the equivalent of taking 340,000 cars off the road annually. Operationally, the highlight continues to be our Clearwater development at Peavine. This is an asset that, at current commodity prices, generates the strongest economics within our portfolio and has the ability to grow organically while enhancing our free cash flow profile. During the fourth quarter, our Clearwater production averaged 11,000 barrels per day, and for the full year 2022, averaged 7,400 barrels per day. During 2022, we drilled 22 net wells at Peavine, with initial well performance continuing to outperform type curve assumptions, and we now hold the top 15 initial rate wells drilled across the play.
We expect to bring approximately 31 net wells on stream at Peavine in 2023. Looking forward, we expect another strong year in 2023 as we advance development across our high-quality oil-weighted portfolio, further delineate our Peavine Clearwater acreage, and progress our Duvernay light oil resource play. We are committed to allocating capital efficiently to generate meaningful free cash flow and increasing direct shareholder returns. Our 2023 guidance remains unchanged as we target production of 86,000-89,000 BOE per day, with exploration and development expenditures of CAD 575 million-CAD 650 million.
Based on the forward strip, we expect to generate approximately CAD 450 million of free cash flow in 2023 and expect to reach a net debt level of CAD 800 million during Q3 2023, at which time we anticipate increasing direct shareholder returns to a 50% allocation of our free cash flow and accelerating our share buyback program. I'm excited to continue helping move this business forward. Now, operator, we are ready to open the call for questions.
Thank you. We will now begin the question-and-answer session. To join the question queue, you may press star then one on your telephone keypad. You will hear a tone acknowledging your request. If you are using a speakerphone, please pick up your handset before pressing any keys. To withdraw your questions, please press star then two. We will pause a moment as callers join the queue. The first question comes from Menno Hulshof from TD Securities. Please go ahead.
Thanks, and good morning, everyone. I'll start with the Clearwater. It sounds like the end goal is still 15,000 barrels a day, at which point it largely becomes a free cash flow generator, but with November production having averaged at 12,000 barrels per day and with TMX just around the corner, let's say sometime in the first half of 2024, how committed are you to 15,000 barrels per day as a peak rate? Why did you settle on that number?
Hey, good morning, Menno. It's Eric here. Thanks for the question. You know, we're always working closely with the communities in which we operate. I think you and I have spoken about this kind of one-on-one over cups of coffee. Really, that is, you know, the governing constraint. We wanna be respectful and just be sure that we don't set expectations that put us in a position of pressing too hard. You know, we've reached this band of 12,000-15,000 barrels per day. It feels very comfortable to us operationally. It's not terribly challenging other than, you know, when there are heavy snowfalls and -40 degree days that are challenging for pretty much any situation in life.
You know, if we could move it a little bit faster, certainly the resource can do that. Operationally, we could handle that. We just don't wanna set expectations that are out of line, and wanna be, you know, really responsible with regard to, you know, the impacts we have within the communities in which we operate. I guess the short answer is we're committed to 12,000-15,000 barrels a day, and we'll continue to do everything we can from a surface cultural perspective, and using the relationships, to engage, you know, at every level within the communities to ensure that we're doing that responsibly. I think those relationships are one of the key assets that responsible operators maintain and so to us, it's very important.
I guess as we sit here today, Menno, we are committed to 12,000-15,000, and we'll continue doing what we can to ensure that is, you know, delivered reliably. If there's an opportunity, we can push it higher, but let's stick with that band for now.
Terrific. Yeah. That, that all makes a lot of sense. Just moving over to WTI breakevens. You talked about the 2023 budget being funded down to CAD 55 WTI back in December, but just looking at some of the assumptions, they've shifted around, in some cases a lot, some cases a little, some for the better. I noticed that you're using a heavy differential that's quite a bit wider than it is today, and then, some for the worse, like lower natural gas prices. So if you kinda roll all of that up, where do you think your WTI breakeven stands today?
Yeah, it's a little bit lower, I would say. It has improved. The reason I would say that is because, you know, increasingly, what's happening with the fairly dramatic reduction in the strip, Henry Hub gas pricing is there's a release of industry resources. Those resources, you know, are moving from gassier plays where the returns aren't as interesting for the operators to more oily plays where differentially, you know, they're getting more profitable returns, both the operators and also the service companies. What that means is there's a flow of resources which has taken some of the upward pressure out of inflation, which is improving the results.
The other thing I would say is, when we set that CAD 55 comment, it had essentially baked into it, you know, the second half of 2022 or the third quarter, fourth quarter of 2022 inflationary pressures. As a result of what I just mentioned, those have let up a little bit. Generally speaking, we set 55 as an arithmetic number that funded the price at CAD 55. When the price drops to CAD 55, obviously the inflationary pressures move down with it, and we've already begun to see that happen. Differentially, we're seeing resources come just a little bit more available for us, which has lowered our WTI breakeven.
Thanks, Eric. I'll pass it back.
Thank you.
The next question comes from Amir Arif from ATB Capital Markets. Please go ahead.
Thanks. Good morning, guys. Just a couple of quick questions. Just first on the reserves, can you just give us a little more color on the negative technical reserve revisions that you had in Eagle Ford?
Yeah. Yeah. I'll make a comment and then, you know, I'll look around the room to see if others wanna sort of follow up and fill in the blanks. You know, the negative technical revisions were primarily in the Eagle Ford. You know, the Eagle Ford is a fracture-stimulated play as everyone knows. When prices move up, it is, you know, spacing and stacking to the extent that you can stack in a play, in the, in the horizon is a function of price. There's a price dependency. So as prices move up, you know, there is some down spacing that generally takes place, and we see it across all unconventionals and basically all plays.
Essentially what has happened is, you know, because of the puts and takes around commodity price, but also, you know, some of the cash cost structure, most of the negative technical revisions are taken out of the longer tail of the curves. So the PV impact is almost inconsequential, but the volume impact, you know, shows up. This is one of the things that I would point to. I would say that, you know, if you look differentially across our asset portfolio, you'll notice that Canada is incrementally improving or improved in the 2022 year-end reserves. It was primarily focused in the Eagle Ford and focused in the tail of the curves. You know, I think that's probably what I would say here.
But generally speaking, the year-over-year reduction is also primarily a result of pretty simple things to understand. We took a really conservative booking approach to the Clearwater at Peavine, and it's obviously, you know, outperforming our expectations and an absolutely spectacular asset. There's a lot of, you know, capacity left there as we continue to develop Peavine and Duvernay likewise. I'm very excited about the quality of the resource, and we stepped up our pace of development, but that's not reflected in our 2022 year-end reserves and so conservative booking on both Duvernay as a fracture-stimulated resource play and the Peavine.
And then of course, we sold some reserves, you know, that I think just a simple refresh of that commentary was good for the business, you know, but it, it does show up in the total reserve. So let me, yeah, let me park it right there. Thank you, Amir.
No, no, I appreciate that, Eric. Just to clarify that, it's basically additional locations that you've added that are causing the decline rate to be a little higher at the tail end. Is that fair?
Well, it's, essentially, you know, slightly higher costs on the operating side of the business causes the curves to go, you know, under an economic limit, you know, out in life. You've got more curves, you've got higher economic returns on a per curve basis. Out in time, effectively, some of the volumes, you know, are below the economic limit, you know, out in time. Again, because it's discounted and it's at the tail end of the curves, it has no value impact, but it has a volume impact.
Got it.
Of course, this moves up and down according to commodity price, implied cash costs and, you know, spacing and stacking assumptions. It always moves up and down, but it's a little noisier on fracture-stimulated plays than it is on more conventional development.
Okay. No, appreciate that color. Then just moving on to the free cash flow allocation to shareholders, as you move from the 25% to the 50% here in the third quarter or later in the year, will for now, is the preference to remain that allocation going entirely to buybacks?
Yes. Yeah. Our plan is still, you know, as we see it today, given a reasonable view of commodity prices, we see Q3 and you know, the assumption is at this point in our plan is to continue accelerating our share repurchase plan.
Okay. Just the final question on the Duvernay. Once you've got these two, three well pads drilled, do you feel you have enough information to start moving this to a more of a development stage in 2024? Is it still too early to try to move this into, more of a production development phase?
Well, I'm really pleased with the way the first two wells have gone, from a drilling , casing, cementing just operationally, it has been really, really solid execution. You know, we've got two wells released, and, you know, out of six or two, three well pads. I would say it's probably a little early to declare that we will have the information. You know, this rigorous design of experiment has been structured such that we should have enough information in terms of the data collection efforts that are underway, in terms of the modeling and regression work that has been done by the technical teams, and the way we've structured the design of experiment on the two pads. We should have the information.
Because we've only released two wells and only on the, you know, kinda cased-to- TD releases, it's a little too soon to say we will have the information, but we certainly structure the design of experiment that we will. It'll be, you know, I would say if you think about, you know, all the various levers of data collection and sensitivities we're gonna need to run, a lot of it is on the production, and reservoir, you know, pressure performance side at the end, and that's gonna come probably in Q4. Just by virtue of, you know, drilling, casing, cementing, and then break up and then stimulation, and then flow back with sensitivities and variabilities built into the design of experiment. So it's just gonna take time, you know, for that data to flow in.
We should have, and are structured to have the information necessary to move from what I would call demonstration phase, which is the part of the de-risking effort today to development.
Okay. Sounds good. Thanks.
Thank you.
The next question comes from Jeremy McCrea from Raymond James. Please go ahead.
Yeah. Hi, Eric. Thanks. These questions are a little bit more high level here. Just kind of on the back of the other questions, what asset do you think is the most underappreciated by the markets here, you think? Like, just in terms of some of the new drilling completion technology that you're seeing today, I just look at what happened with the Clearwater and suddenly where that came out of almost somewhat nowhere, and I'm just looking at your asset base and trying to understand where the next big potential play is here in your, in your portfolio.
Yeah. Hey, Jeremy. That's a great question. You know, I have this, you know, folksy little saying that oil is where oil was. It sounds a little hokey, but it's true when you think about it. You know, we sit on 1.25 million net acres across our asset base. The exploration team that discovered the Clearwater at Peavine ring-fenced that asset and gave us a first-mover advantage on the absolutely the crown jewel of the play, is the same geoscience team that is now endeavoring, you know, to poke around the balance of our position, in and around, you know, the Clearwater fairway, in and around the broader Peace River.
You know, a company our size with a land base this size, you know, should have, and we do have an ongoing organic exploration program and so not a lot to talk about in terms of the results of that program because we are early in the year, but it's an ongoing development, and it's something the teams are quite good at. Technically, in the subsurface, operationally and, you know, financially, this team is just really, really sharp across the board, and I couldn't be happier with the capabilities. You know, oil is where oil was. We sit on 1.25 million net acres, and we've got a team and a budget and a lot of capabilities to unlock it.
You know, I think we've talked in smaller groups about the organic exploration program and what we hope to learn there. Let me just leave it at that, but I would say there's... I'm pretty excited about the potential, and it's a demonstrated capability of the company.
Okay. Maybe just kind of just a more personal question for you here. You've been there for four months here. You know, guidance really wasn't changed, but where's your bias in terms of where you wanna shift the company here now that you kind of talked to different groups and seen everything? Like, just in terms of M&A potential, you know, basins you wanna grow, just know that from your own personal bias here, where you wanna take the company?
I'm really excited. You know, the Peavine, obviously, if, you know, if according to our earlier conversation, you know, is gonna kinda plateau here at, let's say, 12,000-15,000 barrels a day. Spin off a big pile of free cash flow and just really create, you know, spectacular results. The Duvernay gives us a nice leg up. I'm very encouraged about the resource quality and what I've seen in terms of just the technical capabilities of the company and the team, to unlock that potential. You know, those are two things. One is spectacular results, leveling out, freeing up the subsurface technical team to poke around a little bit more, you know, according to that kind of organic exploration commentary.
And then on the Duvernay, it's a real leg higher for us to add, you know, quality, resource and development capabilities in a position we already own. So that's all on the organic side of the business. I feel really good about Lloyd. I feel really good about the broader Peace River, including Peavine. I feel great about Viking. Like, this is just a really, really solid company. One of the things I love about this portfolio is the diversification of risks. You know, when you think about running assets in a single regulatory environment or exposed to a single price point or a single commodity, it's hard to create and press advantages.
When you've got exposure to heavy, exposure to light, you know, both, you know, Edmonton Par and WCS, you get the opportunity to play things like operating leverage at higher prices and exposure to TMX and that kind of heavy piece of business, and you can press an advantage when it presents itself there. You know, we got these fabulous netbacks in Viking. You know, it's just an engine that keeps on generating, you know, production and capabilities, and it's super efficient. You level load it, and it just runs throughout the year reliably.
Then, you look south of the border in the Eagle Ford, and this is, you know, notionally a third of our production, you know, half of our cash flow, trading at WTI plus, you know, premium pricing exposed to, you know, ship channel gas, which at the moment isn't great, but you've got Freeport LNG exposure, and an opportunity to play different elements. What I like about this is you spread your exposure, to correlated risks. Another way to put it is you don't have these kind of correlated risks that concentrate themselves in your business, and you're able to both create and then press advantages around the business and move capital and resources around, to create a more balanced and ultimately, you know, more reliable and profitable enterprise. That's all, that's all organic.
On the inorganic side, I would say, you know, one never wants to do M&A for the sake of doing M&A or A&D. It's all in the interest of serving, you know, shareholder value creation. You know, if you think about the marginal use of a company resource or the marginal use of an operating free cash flow dollar, you say, "Look, I can pay down debt at whatever the return on that is." You can buy back shares at whatever the return on that incremental operating cash flow dollar is. You can reinvest in your business. Right now, reinvesting in our business is by many multiples, the best return, but we also recognize that there is an overprint of, you know, investor need and desire to get, you know, kind of a direct return.
That's why we've got this, what we believe to be, you know, a very strong return of capital framework in place that we're committing to growing over time. You put all that together and you say, you know, all of that kind of speaks to, okay, those are the three uses of incremental free cash flow or incremental operating cash flow, on a returns kind of construct, understanding investors want their money back, which I certainly understand.
If you can do all of that, and at the same time, you can create incremental value through accretion to your business, and you can do so, you know, by continuing to run your business down the organic fairway while create business off to the side that is good, that is good on all the metrics on a risk-adjusted basis accretive, then I think you would do that. You wouldn't wanna just go do M&A for the interest of doing M&A or get bigger for the sake of getting bigger. It's all about building, you know, better, more durable, more resilient businesses over time that have access to lower cost of debt, lower cost of capital, and can generate reliable, higher returns for shareholders over time. Let me just stop there because that's kind of the two pieces.
Okay. Okay. Thanks for your comment there.
Thank you.
This concludes the question and answer session. I would like to turn the conference back over to Brian Ector for any closing remarks.
Yeah. Thanks, Ashia. Thanks, everyone, for participating in our year-end conference call. Have a great day.