Good afternoon, everyone, and welcome to AXT's fourth quarter and fiscal 2020 financial conference call. Leading the call today is Dr. Morris Young, Chief Executive Officer, and Gary Fischer, Chief Financial Officer. My name is Buena, and I will be your coordinator today. At this time, all participants' lines are in a listen-only mode. After the speakers' presentation, there will be a question and answer session. To ask a question during the session, you will need to press star one on your telephone. Please be advised that today's conference is being recorded. If you require any further assistance, please press star zero. I would now like to turn the call over to you, Leslie Green, Investor Relations for AXT. Thank you. Please go ahead, ma'am.
Thank you, Buena, and good afternoon, everyone. Before we begin, I would like to remind you that during the course of this conference call, including comments made in response to your questions, we will provide projections or make other forward-looking statements regarding, among other things, the future financial performance of the company, market conditions and trends, including expected growth in the markets we serve, emerging applications using chips or devices fabricated on our substrates, our product mix, our ability to increase orders in succeeding quarters, to control costs and expenses, to improve manufacturing yields and efficiencies, to utilize our manufacturing capacity, the schedule and timeliness regarding our relocation, the growing environmental health and safety, and chemical industry regulations in China, as well as global economic and political conditions, including trade tariffs and restrictions.
We wish to caution you that such statements deal with future events, are based on management's current expectations, and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual events or results to differ materially. These uncertainties and risks include, but are not limited to, overall conditions in the market in which the company competes, global financial conditions and uncertainties, COVID-19 and other outbreaks of contagious disease, potential tariffs and trade restrictions, increased environmental regulations in China, market acceptance and demand for the company's products, the financial performance of our partially owned supply chain companies, and the impact of delays by our customers on the timing of sales of their products. In addition to the factors that may be discussed in this call, we refer you to the company's periodic reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
These are available online by link from our website and contain additional information on risk factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our current expectations. This conference call will be available on our website at axt.com through February 18th, 2022. Before we begin, I want to note that shortly following the close of market today, we issued a press release reporting financial results for the fourth quarter and fiscal year 2020. This information is available on the investor relations portion of our website at axt.com. I would now like to turn the call over to Gary Fischer with a review of our fourth quarter and fiscal year results. Gary?
Thank you, Leslie, and good afternoon, everyone. Total revenue for the fourth quarter of 2020 was $27.0 million, up 6% from $25.5 million in the third quarter of 2020, and up more than 46% from $18.4 million in the fourth quarter of 2019. Of our total revenue, substrate sales were $21.5 million in Q4, compared with $20.3 million in the third quarter and $14.5 in the Q4 of 2019. Revenue from our raw material joint ventures was $5.5 million in Q4, up from $5.2 million in Q3, and up from $3.9 million in Q4. In the fourth quarter of 2020, revenue from Asia Pacific was 71%, Europe was 16%, and Taiwan was 13%, and North America was 13%. Actually, Taiwan is part of me. In the fourth quarter, two customers reached 10% of revenue, and the top five customers generated approximately 37% of total revenue.
Gross margin in the fourth quarter was 33.9%, down slightly from 34.6% in the prior quarter. Given that in Q4 of 2019, the gross margin was 21%, the year-on-year comparison is very encouraging. This spread is a quick illustration of the leverage we get from higher revenue. I think it is noteworthy in terms of evaluating our business model. Both Q3 of 2020 and the recent Q4 are much stronger. I think we can still achieve higher than the recent two quarters in terms of gross margin. Morris and I will be watching for some specific items. One, of course, is product mix, another is overall revenue volume. A third is that we think there are still some gains to be made in yields in manufacturing efficiencies as the manufacturing teams settle into the new locations.
Total operating expenses in Q4 were $7.2 million, up from $6.6 million in the prior quarter and $6.7 million in Q4 of 2019. R&D is up $125,000 over Q3, as we are making good progress on some R&D programs. SG&A is up $460,000, and that increase is driven by several factors. The largest contributor is year-end bonuses totaling about $350,000. About half of this was in the two consolidated raw material companies. We had a good year with a strong finish, and in Q4, it was nice to be able to reward our team. Second, we had a charge for bad debt of $50,000 something that does not happen too often in our business model. We also had charges related to the private equity round and preparing for the IPO in China. Travel was up as a number of us, including Morris and me, went to China.
Total stock compensation expense for the fourth quarter was $692,000. Operating profit for the fourth quarter was $1.9 million, compared with an operating profit of $2.2 million in the previous quarter, and an operating loss of $2.8 million in Q4 of 2019. Other income net for the fourth quarter of 2020 was a gain of almost $600,000. This includes grants of almost $540,000. Especially noteworthy is the net profit of $354,000 from the partially owned companies in AXT's supply chain accounted for under the equity method. That's good news. It's nice to see that group be positive again. The market for raw materials has tightened up, and this is a good sign. We think this will hold in 2021. These gains were offset by a foreign exchange loss of $300,000 and a net charge of $40,000 for interest income and expense.
Income tax for the fourth quarter of 2020 was a charge of $108,000, compared with the charge of $673,000 in Q3. Our Q4 results included approximately $400,000 in tariffs as a result of the 25% tariff charge on importing wafers into the United States from China. For Q4 2020, we have a net profit of $2.1 million or a profit of $0.05 per diluted share. By comparison, we had a net profit of $1.0 million or a profit of $0.02 per diluted share in the third quarter of 2020, and a net loss of $2.0 million or a loss of $0.05 per share in Q4 of 2019. The share count for Q4 was 42.042 million shares. Cash, cash equivalents, and investments were $78.6 million as of December 31st. By comparison, at September 30th, it was $29.8 million.
This increase is a result of the $48.8 million. Pardon me. This increase of $48.48 million is directly related to the IPO proceeds of partnering with private equity firms in China. Without that, cash would've been flat. I'll give a brief update on the STAR Market IPO project in a moment. Depreciation and amortization in the fourth quarter was $1.37 million, and investments were $5.3 million. Net inventory at December 31st increased by $3.2 million in the quarter and ended at $51.5 million. Ending inventory consisted of approximately 48% in raw materials, 47% for work in progress, and only 5% in finished goods. The largest increase was in raw materials, and this was deliberate on our part. Okay. This concludes the discussion of our quarterly financials. Let me just briefly highlight the fiscal year.
For the fiscal year 2020, revenue was $95.4 million, up almost 15% from $83.3 million in fiscal year 2019. This represented growth in every revenue category across our portfolio and underscores the momentum we are seeing in major technology trends that drive demand for our compound semiconductor substrates. Gross margin for fiscal year 2020 was 31.7% of revenue, up from 29.8% of revenue for fiscal year 2019. Net income for the fiscal year 2020 was $3.2 million or $0.07 per diluted share, compared with a net loss of $2.6 million or $0.07 per share for fiscal year 2019. I'd now like to give you a brief update and comments about our plan to list our company in China on the STAR Market in Shanghai. These comments also include some forward-looking statements.
On November 16th, we announced a strategic plan to access China's capital markets and progress to an initial public offering by our company, the formal name of Beijing Tongmei Xtal Technology Company, our wafer manufacturing company here in China. Although the short name is Tongmei. The first major step in this process is engaging reputable private equity firms in China to invest funds in Tongmei. This went smoothly, was met with enthusiasm, and closed faster than we expected. In January, the final installment of $1.5 million in private equity funding came in. In total, we have raised approximately $49 million, and in aggregate, sold approximately 7.28% of Tongmei. Simultaneously, we have been working on some reorganization plans which will make Tongmei have broader product lines, more consolidated revenue, more customers, and in general, strengthen this company and support the high valuation awarded by that investment community.
One example is that we are moving our two crown jewel raw material companies, BoYu and JinMei, into the Tongmei family. We did receive some very positive feedback from a number of shareholders when we announced this. Several of you described this as unlocking a hidden asset, and that resonates with Morris, Leslie, and me. Morris founded Tongmei in 1998, and the management team has nurtured and steered that company now for over 22 years. Morris and I both spent over two months there in the fall of 2020, including the mandatory two-week quarantine. Especially with the relocation having gone so well, we agree that we are now unlocking a hidden asset in China. One of you also responded with an email that just said, "Wow." That resonates for us, too. We hope to file the application with the China Securities Regulatory Commission by the end of June.
There's a lot to accomplish to achieve that goal, and it will be a busy four months for us. Okay, this concludes the financial review. I'll now turn the call over to Dr. Morris Young for a review of our business. Morris?
Thank you, Gary. Good afternoon, everybody. 2020 was a year of solid achievement for AXT, capped off by the growth in Q4, which is typically a seasonally down quarter. We completed the relocation of our gallium arsenide and manufacturing, elevated our business and manufacturing processes to meet Tier 1 standards, and expanded capacity in response to increasing demand. With the gathering momentum of 5G and its related technologies, new applications emerging in healthcare and consumer devices, and the technology progression in data center connectivity, we believe AXT is in a strong competitive position to lead our industry and enable many of the defining trends of the coming decades. We are ready. In fact, we don't often make fiscal year projections, but I will give you a few today. First, in 2021, we expect to bring 8 in gallium arsenide and 6 in indium phosphide to market.
We expect to hit and exceed that elusive $30 million revenue quarter-per-quarter mark. We expect to ramp up production with multiple Tier 1 companies. Finally, we're excited to successfully move AXT towards a 2022 listing on the stock market in China. We believe this year will be transformative for AXT and in turn for our employees, our customers, and our shareholders. While we said it before, I am truly excited to report to you on our progress. Let's now get started with indium phosphide. Q4 of 2020 was the second strongest revenue quarter for our indium phosphide portfolio in the history of AXT. Our results were exceeded only by Q2 2019, when we received a very large order from a single customer who we believe was building an inventory for expected future demand.
In Q4 of 2020, however, our revenue achievement was spread across many customers and many applications. We believe the current revenue diversity demonstrates the broad and sustainable nature of our growth opportunities in indium phosphide. It was in April of 2019 that we first mentioned 5G revenue on our earnings report. Less than a year later, 5G and its closely related power applications are driving significant growth in our indium phosphide revenues. Demand had been particularly strong in China and Taiwan, and we don't see any slowing in 2021 as 5G continues to roll out worldwide. We believe capacity in our industry remains very tight. We have, and will continue, to ramp capacity at our Beijing facility to keep pace with customer demand.
Scaling quickly and cost effectively is something AXT is uniquely able to do, and we expect to gain market share because we have the shortest lead time among our primary competitors. In data center connectivity, the ever-expanding number of users, devices, and applications is driving the transition to technology that transport faster, more scalable infrastructures. High-capacity connectivity will continue to be essential. In fact, many believe that the evolution from 100G - 400G will happen faster than the move to 100G. We're seeing this growth in silicon photonics reflected in our steady, strong demand in data center-related revenue. Moreover, we are pleased with the highly productive customer relationships we are developing in this area of our business. We are applying the Tier 1 processes we have developed to benefit customer experiences across our portfolio.
In 2021, we expect to see the meaningful emergence of additional new applications for indium phosphide in such areas as healthcare monitoring and consumer devices. Many are being innovatively driven by Tier 1 players and showcase the unique properties of indium phosphide. These applications have the potential to represent an entirely new growth area for which we are well positioned and engaged. Turning to gallium arsenide. LED revenue continued to rebound, driven by high-end applications, including automotive. Wireless gallium arsenide revenue was down seasonally in Q4. IoT applications seem to be providing a lift in ongoing demand for semi-insulating gallium arsenide substrates. New applications, both emerging today and on the horizon, include world-facing cameras, augmented and virtual reality, automotive sensors and biosensors, and more. As we talked about previously, Micro LED may follow as the next major volume driver of gallium arsenide chips.
Micro LEDs are expected to consume less power, provide sharper contrast, and produce brilliant lighting and colors. Their applications are set to scale from wearable devices and handheld devices to very large screen, like high-end televisions of the future. While current market expectations vary greatly, and they are subject to change over time, we're seeing reports that the Micro LED market for smaller consumer devices like wearables and phones may eventually reach an annual demand of 2 million 6 in gallium arsenide substrates for the red LED portion alone. If that comes to pass, it will be larger than the entire current market for semiconducting gallium arsenide substrate. Regardless of the specific numbers, this is an exciting space that could add significant new values to the LED market in 2024 and beyond.
Tier 1 players are already driving the development. We believe that our wafers are being used for early stage activities. In recent quarters, with so much happening in other parts of our product portfolio, we haven't focused much of our business commentary on germanium substrates. For the contest, this area of our business grew more than 20% in 2020 after a significant slowdown in 2019. The primary driver is the satellite solar cell market, which appeared to have entered a period of recovery. We expect to see further improvement in 2021. Turning to raw materials. This is an interesting and exciting time for our raw material business. In 2020, both BoYu and JinMei relocated their factory to our campus in Kazuo. This has enabled both joint ventures to expand capacity in response to strong market demand.
BoYu, which manufactures high-temperature PBN crucibles and PBN-based tools for OLED, continue to see healthy growth. JinMei, our other joint venture for AXT, is a diversified industrial high-purity material supplier, which is also posting solid results as gallium prices continue to increase. In addition to high-purity gallium, JinMei also supplies polycrystalline indium phosphide and other materials. Their relocation and expansion has allowed both joint ventures to participate in new business opportunities, which is fueling their continued growth. Their close proximity to our own manufacturing lines allow AXT to expand recycling efforts in order to produce greener products while improving manufacturing economics. In addition to BoYu and JinMei, we are pleased that the joint ventures for which we account for using the equity method also in aggregate contributed positively to our profitability in Q4. Many are benefiting from the increase in commodity pricing being driven by a healthy demand environment.
In conclusion, we're heading into a new chapter of our growth and development. Major technology trends that we have discussed over past quarters are now gathering momentum, with new ones visible on the horizon. Our Tongmei facility in Beijing, Dingxing, and Kazuo are ready to meet this moment and enables the innovations of some of the most discerning customers in the world. 2021 is shaping up to be a transformative year for our industry and for AXT specifically. Part of our journey will include preparation for our stock market listing, which we believe will further strengthen our financial position and unlock additional value for our key stakeholders. We are very pleased to have you with us on this journey, and we appreciate your ongoing enthusiasm and support. This concludes my prepared comments. I will now turn the call back to Gary for our first quarter guidance. Gary?
Thank you, Morris. As Morris discussed, the demand environment remains healthy, with a number of growth drivers leading the way. We expect to see revenue in Q1 of between $28.5 million-$29.5 million. We believe that our net profit will be in the range of $0.05-$0.07, with a share count of approximately 42.1 million shares. This concludes our prepared comments. Morris and I will be glad to answer your questions now. Buena?
Yes, Sir. As a reminder, to ask a question, you will need to press star one on your telephone. To withdraw your question, press the pound key. Please stand by while we compile the Q&A roster. Once again, to ask a question, please press star one on your telephone. The first question is from Richard Shannon of Craig-Hallum. Your line is now open.
Thanks Morris and Gary for taking my questions and congratulations on some really nice numbers here. Boy, a number of questions here. Let me start just very quickly with the guidance here, Gary and Morris, $29 million at the midpoint here versus a $27 million number. Typically, you're seasonally down a little bit in the first quarter. Can you kind of help us, A, describe the individual segments here, and then describe qualitatively what's driving all of this, what's helping you do much better than seasonal first quarter of the year?
Gary, you want to take a first crack?
Yeah. First of all, without pulling out a bunch of numbers, the seasonality actually is out of cycle right now because we normally have a down quarter in Q4, but this recent Q4 was up, and that's the first time in a number of years. Typically, I wouldn't say Q1 is down from Q4. It's maybe flat or a tiny bit up. Having said that, yeah, we are projecting growth. We see lots of momentum. The raw material companies are doing well, and Morris can comment on that, but we're seeing raw material prices increase, and that's going to ripple through the numbers both on the equity companies down below that we use the equity method for, as well as BoYu and JinMei.
We're continuing to see strong market demand, maybe not so strong for the gallium arsenide wireless, but every other substrate category is looking good. Morris, you want to add to that?
Sure. Yeah, let me go dive a little bit deeper. I mean, indium phosphide is absolutely strong. In fact, our lead time has increased than before, compared to our competitors, we're told we're still having the shortest lead time. We are increasing our capacity, the demand seems to be just very robust. I think for germanium, the business is good. As Gary said, perhaps the wireless is the weakest link, it's going to still hold flat. Also, let me remind you, Q1 not only has one of the months, which is only 28 days for February, but also the factory, because of Chinese New Year, has to shut down for about a week. The number of working days for us is actually shorter, for us to be able to ramp, guide the revenue up, you can see the demand is very strong.
That's all for those comments. I want to follow up on kind of gross margins here. I always like to try to figure out what you're thinking here. You're talking about indium phosphide being strong and also raw materials, I think is helpful. Directionally, Gary, you can help us think about relative to the fourth quarter, what you're looking for gross margins.
Well, we know the things that drive it, and we try and mention them frequently to your community as well. Mix is one thing, and that's continuing to be favorable. Total revenue is helpful as it grows because it absorbs more of the fixed cost over more units. We see the volume generally going up. As a side note, it is possible as some of these larger accounts kick in, that the volume could go up, but it could hold the gross margin even because you might lose the benefit of some of the pricing with high volume with Tier 1 customers. Gross profit dollars can go up no matter what. We hope gross margin initially, we're trying to just get it back to 35%. We're confident that's going to happen. We can't say when for sure, but hopefully soon.
That's not where we'll settle for our goal. We'd like to go higher than that, and I think that there's more runway for us to do that. We're feeling at ease about it, I guess, is what I would say. Morris, you want to add anything?
Yeah. I think what I would comment, usually gross margin is CFO's territory, but I would say this, we just finished the move for our gallium arsenide factory, which is not a small matter. I think we have done an excellent job not losing any customer, we are ramping up fairly nicely. We said once they settle the factory, we still got more efficiency gain or yield improvement to do. As I said, our indium phosphide business is very strong and depends about how much more we can do on indium phosphide. I think that should help us on gross margin. I think the other thing is obviously the overall revenue.
We said before that we are looking for that elusive $30 million mark. We believe that the overall cost of running the factory and everything else is going to be a lot more efficient as we pick up revenue.
Okay. I do want to follow up quickly on the gross margin topic as you look farther out here. Gary, in your prepared remarks, you talked about. Morris, I think you just mentioned again about the potential for yield improvement, as you've gone through this move, which I think most people would think is a significant move. How much more do you have left to go here? I'm asking the question partly quantitatively, but I'm also asking it kind of in a simplistic manner with same mix and obviously growing volume of what you're thinking about. Can you get to 40% gross margins as you get back yields back up to where they were before you did the move?
Without getting into the details, I definitely think so. I think so. Of course, we also need the product mix, some of the high-end gallium arsenide business, and indium phosphide definitely for sure. If we load up the factory, definitely we can gain market gross margin. Of course, I think we have to debate, healthy debate, I would say, with Gary, because after all, Gary has to calculate those gross margins, and I can't all just promise the gross margin. I definitely see we can do it. Yeah.
Okay. Fair enough.
Morris is my boss, so I'm not going to disagree with him.
I think that's a good policy, Gary. All right, last question. I will jump out of line. Indium phosphide. You're talking about some really strong growth here. I want to kind of get a multi-part question, I guess, for you, Morris. I think you mentioned in your prepared remarks about strength in 5G and PON. I know it's a little bit hard to tell there. What we've seen from the industry is maybe a little bit of a pause, driven by the trade tensions with Huawei, who's I think the biggest driver there. I want to know to what degree is that coming back here versus other dynamics like Datacom or even some of these new applications you're referring to?
Well, so far, I read the news about the trade tension et cetera, but I think our 5G application does not limit itself to Huawei or any particular region. Indium phosphide is used for the fronth aul link on the base stations. China itself is building 600,000 last year, and they're going to just increase rather than decrease. Like it or not, they need indium phosphide to do that linkage. With the pandemic worldwide, maybe the 5G build-out is sort of slowed down in 2020. I think as the economy recovers, definitely somebody's going to catch up or try to catch up. That definitely will use the indium phosphide PON. I think it's just measure of how much more it's going to increase rather than it's going to have a slowdown. That's from my read.
As far as the other application I was talking about, yes, we're working with our customers. Yes, we are gaining a lot of trust, and we're seeing their ramp. When are they going to launch the product? We don't know. Honestly, I think, we hope soon than later.
Okay. Fair enough. I will jump out of line. Thanks, guys.
Thanks, Richard. Next question, please.
Your next question is from Hamed Khorsand of BWS Financial. Your line is now open.
Hi. First off, I just want to see what's driving your clarity, Morris, as to your comments about $30 million a quarter this year. Is it your customers committing to more orders? What are you seeing beyond this core qualitatively from your customers that's giving you that confidence?
Yeah. Let me answer this way. I think, usually we don't have good visibility. Normally, a customer can turn off the order anytime, as we always say. Looking at our indium phosphide order book, so far it's very strong and I don't see any slowing down. Also, if you look at the supporting application of indium phosphide, what used to be the last time when it was very strong was back in 2015. The big application then was PON, and then PON sort of slowed down, and then silicon photonics started to pick up. If you look at indium phosphide applications, we not only have the 5G, and I believe it's only the beginning, the first inning. They still got more to go, or if anything, they're going to grow faster. Silicon photonics is not slowing down at all.
We just engaged with a first-tier customer. They buy instead of through an epi supplier, they now buy directly. We just see more opportunity to increase our order with them. We also see the consumer product application that we mentioned in our call, which I think hasn't started yet. Given that, I think indium phosphide is good. From the semiconductor gallium arsenide, we see the automobile industry is definitely strong. One of our customer guided their revenue increased from 4%-6% up to 8%-12%. That's good news because they are a very large customer of ours. We also see other automotive LED customer giving us the same signal. We also see, we haven't started the VCSEL and high power laser market, which I think is also strong.
Wireless is probably the only one which is sort of, well, I think 2020 was still a growth year, but we just don't have a good finger to point at what specifically they're going to grow. The demand is, again, I think it's good. Finally, germanium, we grew 20%, as I said, last year. We believe the order pattern seems to be strong, not counting on the so-called OneWeb and connecting all 5G communications. I think germanium is going to have a good year as well. If you look at it, all four categories are doing great. Finally, raw material, for our two joint ventures, not only they moved to their new factory, they've got all the capacity expansion you can ask for, and the market is, again, strong. I can just say.
Raw material prices are increasing and demand is strong for our raw materials.
Okay. My other question was that, are you adding customers or is the revenue lift coming from existing customers?
I think both. Some of the customers I speak, of course, I cannot tell you the names, but some of them are new customers. They coming in with large orders, hopefully that they're gonna ramp. Some of the other customer, they used to buy small amount from us, with this new qualification going through, they're going to become a major customer of ours. I think, it's both. Lastly, I would say, we have been saying about this, we are getting our factory to serve the Tier 1 customer, which includes SPC control.
You have more metrology, so you adhere to more rigorous control. That will increase our cost in terms of engineering, in terms of serving the customer the right way. Eventually it's going to pay off because people then will trust our quality better, and they will be more at ease to give us more businesses.
Okay.
Yeah. If I may add to that, Hamed, just to say that we do have good communication between AXT and our customers, that's one of our strengths and we promote that, our sales and marketing group is very devoted to listening to the customer. Sometimes what we hear, we don't like, we've been through those cycles before, you've been with us when we've gone through some of them. Right now it's like turning up the volume on your stereo system. There's just a lot of positive feedback about their expectations. Communications is up, and it's good. A second thing that which Morris touched on is the relocation is over. There are customers who are holding back, just as some investors held back, frankly, because they were concerned about the relocation risk.
That's been converted into an opportunity, and we're going to grow the company and take market share. I think that's brought some customers back to increase their volume. Then there are new customers that we've been shipping, shall we say, pilot production levels to, and that's going to eventually turn on. It's basically customer feedback. That's what's happening.
Okay. My last question was going to be, as far as the tight capacity is concerned, do you know how much capacity you're short as far as the market is concerned, and what's to drive your competition doesn't build up in capacity and just there's ample supply out there?
I think, Hamed, that depends upon product, I think. Obviously we always have utmost respect for our competition. Indium phosphide is a product material that I've been always saying is very difficult. Also because of the specific applications of the indium phosphide, they are mostly for high-end telecommunication lasers and consumer product. They have very stringent requirement. Not only we have the capacity, but I believe that we have a very high quality standard. I think we are ahead of our competition. I see. As far as capacity, we are trying to build that capacity, and our customers definitely are telling us, "I would need this," and they give us projections. Of course, we have to take it with a grain of salt because sometimes they double order or triple order.
We cannot afford to take them lightly either because we don't want to disappoint them. We are sort of cooking to our customers' guidance, and hopefully we won't disappoint them. I also believe that indium phosphide is not a material that you can go to your corner store and order a dozen to take home.
Okay.
The qualification time, the stringent specification, the whole 9 yards. They have to come over to our factory and turning things around, taking a look at it, and they sometimes even specifically ask for what kind of metrology tool you have to inspect your wafer before you ship to them. It's a very elaborate process that we worked with our customers. On this particular application, we worked with them almost for two years. We have constant feedback. Of course, we don't take the business for granted.
They can always say, "Okay, well, we're going to give a portion of the business to your competitor." That we cannot stop them. They do give us guidance on how much they want.
Yeah, Hamed, let me add a little bit more. Is that if you look at the characteristics of our competitors and of AXT, even though AXT's been around a long time, there's still quite an entrepreneurial spirit in the company management, which both Morris and I try and project, as well as our other key Vice Presidents. If you compare that to one of our other competitors, they're much more conservative. They're more consensus-based in their decision-making, and they don't move as fast. I'm not saying that no customer can add capacity and grow, but the likelihood is much lower than it is with AXT. In the case of another customer, a competitor, they're privately financed. They don't have access to capital markets like we do, and they're not part of a big company.
I think we have some reasons to believe that there's barriers to entry in terms of rapidly adding capacity. The only company who can prove that they can do it well is AXT, because we just did it.
Thank you.
You're welcome. Next question, please.
There's no questions at this time. I would like to turn it back to Dr. Morris Young, CEO of AXT, for any further comments.
Okay. Thank you. Thank you for participating in our conference call. As always, please feel free to contact me, Gary Fischer, or Leslie Green directly if you would like to set up a call with us. We do look forward to speaking with you in the near future.
Ladies and gentlemen, this concludes today's conference call, and thank you for participating. You may now disconnect.