Good morning, welcome to the Camden Property Trust fourth quarter 2018 earnings conference call. All participants will be in listen-only mode. Should you need assistance, please signal a conference specialist by pressing the star key followed by zero. After today's presentation, there will be an opportunity to ask questions. To ask a question, you may press star, then one on your telephone keypad. To withdraw your question, please press star, then two. Please note this event is being recorded. I would now like to turn the conference over to Kim Callahan, Senior Vice President of Investor Relations. Please go ahead.
Good morning, thank you for joining Camden's fourth quarter 2018 earnings conference call. Before we begin our prepared remarks, I would like to advise everyone that we will be making forward-looking statements based on our current expectations and beliefs. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from expectations. Further information about these risks can be found in our filings with the SEC, and we encourage you to review them. Any forward-looking statements made on today's call represent management's current opinions, and the company assumes no obligation to update or supplement these statements because of subsequent events. As a reminder, Camden's complete fourth quarter 2018 earnings release is available in the Investors section of our website at camdenliving.com, and it includes reconciliations to non-GAAP financial measures, which will be discussed on this call.
Joining me today are Ric Campo, Camden's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Keith Oden, President, and Alex Jessett, Chief Financial Officer. We will be brief in our prepared remarks and try to complete the call within one hour. We ask that you limit your questions to two, rejoin the queue if you have additional items to discuss. If we are unable to speak with everyone in the queue today, we'd be happy to respond to additional questions by phone or email after the call concludes. At this time, I'll turn the call over to Ric Campo.
Good morning. As our holding music artist, Queen suggests, our Camden team members surely are the champions of the world. Well, maybe not the world, but at least their markets, by outperforming their competition and driving customer sentiment scores to new highs. I'd like to give my entire Camden team a shout-out for a great 2018. They, in a major way, supported Camden's purpose as a company, which is to improve the lives of our employees, our customers, and our shareholders, one experience at a time. 2018 was another solid year for Camden. We ended the year above our original guidance that we gave at the beginning of the year.
Revenues were slightly better than we projected, we outperformed our expense guidance, primarily as a result of our Attack the Run Rate initiative, along with lower healthcare costs and an adept property tax team that really worked hard in 2018. 2019 should be a lot like 2018, with slightly increasing revenue growth and increasing operating expenses a bit, ultimately keeping our net operating income growth at similar levels to 2018. We begin the year with the strongest balance sheet in the multifamily sector. Our development pipeline continues to provide increasing FFO and NAV contribution. New supply of apartments in our markets is relatively the same as 2018. While demand continues to be strong enough to absorb that supply, while continuing to allow us to produce same-store revenue growth. We'll continue to pursue our development and acquisition opportunities, in a very competitive environment.
We appreciate your continued support, I will now turn the call over to Keith Oden to give us an update on markets.
Thanks, Ric. Consistent with prior years, I'm going to use my time on today's call to review all the market conditions we expect to encounter in Camden's markets during 2019. I'll address the markets in the order of best to worst by assigning a letter grade to each one, as well as our view on whether we believe that market is likely to be improving, stable, or declining in the year ahead. Following the market overview, I'll provide additional details on our fourth-quarter operations and our 2019 same property guidance. We anticipate some same property revenue growth will be between 2% and 5% this year in each of our markets, with a weighted average growth rate of 3.3% at the midpoint of our guidance range, all of our markets received a grade of B-minus or higher this year.
As Ric said, 2019 should look very similar to 2018 for Camden, that's reflected in how little movement we have in comparing our 2018 revenue growth to our projected 2019 revenue growth among our 13 markets. Only two markets moved more than two spots in the rankings this year. Orlando moved from number 1 to number 5, Southern California moved from number 6 to number 3, no market moved from top half to bottom half or vice versa. Further, 10 of our 13 markets are rated as stable for 2019. All this is pretty unusual for Camden's portfolio. Here we go. Our top ranking for 2019 goes to Denver, which we rate an A with a stable outlook. Our Denver portfolio has been a strong performer, averaging 5% annual same property revenue growth over the last three years.
Approximately 40,000 new jobs are expected during 2019, supply remains steady with 13,000 new units scheduled for delivery this year. We expect our Denver assets will meet or exceed the 4.2% revenue growth that we achieved in 2018. Phoenix also earned an A rating with a stable outlook. Supply and demand metrics for 2019 look strong, with estimates calling for nearly 50,000 jobs, with 9,000 new units coming online this year. We give Southern California an A- rating with an improving outlook. Our portfolio there spans from Hollywood down to San Diego. In the aggregate, our California markets face healthy operating conditions with balanced supply and demand metrics. Job growth should be around 120,000 over this region, with completions of 24,000 units expected in 2019. Orlando and Raleigh each received an A-minus rating with stable outlooks again this year.
Orlando was our number one performer in 2018, with 4.9% same property revenue growth, it should be in our top five again this year. Another 40,000 new jobs are expected there in 2019, with only 6,000 completions. In Raleigh, new developments have been coming online steadily with 6,000 new units delivered last year, 5,000 more expected this year. Job growth has also been stable, over 20,000 new jobs are projected for 2019, in line with employment growth levels in 2017 and 2018. Up next is Atlanta, which we have ranked as a B-plus with a stable outlook since 2016. Job growth has been strong in Atlanta approximately 60,000 new jobs projected for 2019. Completions also remain steady with 9,000 new apartments scheduled for delivery this year. Houston keeps its rating of B and improving again this year.
After negative same property results in 2016 and 2017, our Houston portfolio rebounded in 2018 to achieve a 2.7% revenue growth. We expect to see slightly better results in 2019 as projected completions remain around 7,000, job growth estimates are roughly 10 x that, with over 70,000 new jobs anticipated in Houston this year. In Tampa and Washington, D.C., conditions are currently a B with stable outlooks. Tampa's new supply should come down to around 4,000 units this year, with 25,000 new jobs projected, putting the jobs-to-completion ratio at a healthy level of 6x . We expect 2019 to look a lot like 2018 with regards to same property growth in our D.C. portfolio. Last year, we achieved 2.8% revenue growth in D.C. Metro, our projections for 2019 reflect a slight improvement from there.
Supply and demand metrics reflect estimated completions of 13,000 units with 40,000 new jobs projected this year. Conditions in Charlotte seem to have firmed up a bit, currently, we rate a B-minus with an improving outlook. New supply has been persistent in Charlotte, another 9,000 units are anticipated this year. Job growth should remain slightly above 30,000 this year, we expect our portfolio's revenue growth to improve from the sub 2% level achieved in 2018. Our last three markets, Dallas, Southeast Florida, Austin, all earned a B-minus rating with stable outlooks. In Dallas, job growth has been solid, with over 70,000 jobs created last year a similar amount expected during 2019. With over 20,000 completions last year and nearly 20,000 more units coming online this year, the Dallas apartment market will remain challenging in 2019.
Southeast Florida has more new apartments coming online and faces additional competition from resale and rental condominiums. With projections of 35,000 new jobs, 10,000 new units in 2019, we expect pricing power and revenue growth to remain limited for our portfolio this year. In Austin, we expect to see limited revenue growth again this year. New supply should start to decline in 2019, but remains at a very high level. Approximately 10,000 new units are anticipated this year with around 37,000 new jobs, leaving little room for pricing power in the Austin market. Overall, our portfolio rating is a B-plus again this year, with most of our markets expected to see similar to slightly better results than in 2018. As I mentioned earlier, all of our markets should achieve between 2% and 5% revenue growth.
We expect our 2019 total portfolio same property revenue growth to be 3.3% at the midpoint of our guidance range. This compares to same property revenue growth of 3.2% for 2018. Now a few details on our 2018 operating results. Same property revenue growth was 3% even for the fourth quarter and 3.2% for full year 2018. Our top performers for the quarter were Denver at 5.4%, Phoenix at 4.3%, Orlando at 4.2%, D.C. Metro at an improved 4.1%, and San Diego Inland Empire at 4%. As expected, fourth quarter revenue growth was under 2% in some of our supply-challenged markets, including Dallas, Charlotte, and Southeast Florida, and also in Houston, where we faced a 200-basis-point negative comparison on occupancy this quarter versus our fourth quarter 2017 post-Hurricane Harvey occupancy of 97%.
With occupancy currently over 95% in Houston, we expect minimal impact from negative occupancy comps going forward in 2019. Rental rate trends for the fourth quarter were as expected, with new leases flat and renewals up 5% for a blended growth rate of roughly 2.4%. Our preliminary January results are in a similar range. February and March renewal offers are being sent out in the 5% range. Occupancy averaged 95.8% during the fourth quarter, compared to 95.7% last year. January occupancy has averaged 95.8% compared to 95.4% in 2018, we're off to a good start this year. Annual net turnover for 2018 was 200 basis points lower than 2017, at an all-time low of 44% versus 46% last year.
Move-outs to purchase homes were 15.5% in the fourth quarter of 2018, 14.8% for the full year. Both of those are down 40 basis points from the 2017 full year levels. All in all, good execution in 2018, it looks like we have a great game plan laid out with our teams to accomplish for 2019. At this point, I'll turn the call over to Alex Jessett, Camden's Chief Financial Officer.
Thanks, Keith. Before I move on to our financial results and guidance, a brief update on our recent real estate and financing activities. During the fourth quarter, we reached stabilization at Camden NoMa Phase II in Washington, D.C. This $109 million development is expected to deliver a stabilized yield of approximately 8.25%, creating over $80 million of value for our shareholders. Also during the quarter, we completed construction at Camden Washingtonian, an $87 million development in Gaithersburg, Maryland, and Camden McGowen Station, a $91 million development in Houston. In 2018, we completed $300 million of acquisitions and started $280 million of new development with no community dispositions for $580 million of net real estate transactions.
Turning to our fourth quarter financing activities, on October the first, we repaid at par $380 million of secured debt, consisting of $175 million of 2.86% floating rate debt and $205 million of 5.77% fixed rate debt for a blended average interest rate of approximately 4.4%. The repayment of this secured debt unencumbered 17 communities valued at approximately $1.1 billion. We repaid this secured debt using proceeds from a $400 million, 10-year unsecured bond offering, which we completed on October the fourth. The effective interest rate on this new unsecured issuance is approximately 3.74% after giving effect to the settlement of in-place interest rate swaps and deducting underwriter discounts and other estimated expenses of the offering. After taking into effect these transactions, at year-end, 79% of our debt was unsecured, and 89% of our assets were unencumbered.
Our balance sheet is strong, with net debt to EBITDA at 4.1x and a total fixed charge coverage ratio of 5.5x . We ended the quarter with no balances outstanding on our $645 million of unsecured lines of credit. Our current line of credit balance after the January 2019 payment of our fourth quarter dividend, the payment of property taxes, which are disproportionately due in January, and the repayment today of $200 million of secured debt with an interest rate of 5.2%, is approximately $270 million. We have $239 million of additional secured debt due early in the second quarter with a weighted average interest rate of 5.2%. This debt can currently be repaid at par. We have $613 million of development currently under construction, with $335 million remaining to fund over the next two years. Moving on to financial results.
Last night, we reported funds from operations for the fourth quarter of 2018 of $119.4 million, or $1.23 per share, exceeding the midpoint of our prior guidance range by $0.01. This $0.01 outperformance resulted almost entirely from lower same-store operating expenses due to lower turnover costs, lower amounts of self-insured healthcare costs, and continued cost control measures. Turning to 2019 earnings guidance. You can refer to page 27 of our fourth quarter supplemental package for details on the key assumptions driving our 2019 financial outlook. We expect our 2019 FFO per diluted share to be in the range of $4.97-$5.17, with a midpoint of $5.07, representing a $0.30 per share or 6.3% increase from our 2018 results. The major assumptions and components of this $0.30 per share increase in FFO at the midpoint of our guidance range are as follows.
An approximate $0.18 per share increase in FFO related to the performance of our 42,972 unit same-store portfolio. We are expecting same-store net operating income growth of 2.3%-4.3%, driven by revenue growth of 2.8%-3.8% and expense growth of 2.75%-3.75%. Each 1% increase in same-store NOI is approximately $0.055 per share in FFO. An approximate $0.19 per share increase in FFO related to net operating income from our non-same store properties, resulting primarily from the incremental contribution from our development communities in lease-up during 2018 and 2019, our recently stabilized Camden NoMa Phase II development, and our three acquisitions completed in 2018. Finally, an approximate $0.06 per share increase in FFO due to an assumed $300 million of pro forma acquisitions spread throughout the year and an assumed year one yield of 4.5%.
This $0.43 cumulative increase in FFO per share is partially offset by an approximate $0.02 per share decrease in FFO due to an assumed $100 million of pro forma dispositions in the latter part of the year, an approximate $0.05 per share decrease in FFO resulting from the combination of lower interest income from lower cash balances, an approximate 2% increase in combined corporate, general and administrative, and property management expenses. Higher corporate depreciation and amortization due to the implementation of a new cloud-based accounting and human resources system, and an approximate $0.06 per share decrease in FFO due to higher net interest expense, resulting primarily from actual and projected 2018 and 2019 net acquisition and development activity, partially offset by the accretive refinancing of maturing secured debt.
We currently anticipate borrowing approximately $700 million of new unsecured debt in 2019, spread between early and mid-year at an all-in rate of approximately 4%. These proceeds will be used to refinance maturing secured debt and fund both net acquisition and development activities. In addition, we anticipate recasting and upsizing our existing unsecured line of credit in the early part of 2019. Our same-store expense growth range of 2.75%-3.75% for 2019 is primarily due to expected increases in salaries and benefits and property taxes. Salaries and benefits represent just over 20% of our total operating expenses and are anticipated to increase by 5%. As discussed on prior calls, in 2018, we were responsive to the effects of general labor tightening and made market-driven wage adjustments where appropriate.
Despite these salary increases, in 2018, we experienced unusually low amounts of self-insured healthcare expenses, resulting in our 2018 increase in salaries and benefits to be approximately 3%, well below our original 6.5% estimate. We are not anticipating that these low amounts of healthcare expenses will be repeated in 2019. Property taxes represent a third of our total operating expenses and are projected to increase approximately 4% in 2019, primarily driven by Charlotte and Denver. Charlotte only revals for property tax purposes every eight years, and 2019 is the year. 2019 is an every other revaluation year for Denver. Our 2019 property tax assumptions are based upon us successfully protesting and litigating, if necessary, the 2018 previously discussed outsized property tax valuations in Atlanta. Excluding salaries and benefits and taxes, the remainder of our property-level expenses are anticipated to increase at less than 2% in the aggregate.
Page 27 of our supplemental package also details other assumptions I've not previously mentioned, including the plan for $200 million-$300 million of on-balance-sheet development starts spread throughout the year. Last night, we also provided earnings guidance for the first quarter of 2019. We expect FFO per share for the first quarter to be within the range of $1.18- $1.22. The midpoint of $1.20 represents a $0.03 per share decrease from the fourth quarter of 2018, which is primarily the result of an approximate $0.02 decrease in sequential same-store net operating income. Of this amount, $0.015 is due to sequential increases in property taxes resulting from the reset of our annual property tax accrual on January the 1st of each year.
The remaining half cent of the sequential decrease in same-store NOI is due to other expense increases primarily attributable to typical seasonal trends, including the timing of on-site salary increases, partially offset by a slight increase in same-store operating revenues and an approximate $0.01 per share decrease in FFO due to a combination of lower interest income resulting from lower cash balances and higher overhead expenses due to the timing of salary increases and certain other corporate expenditures. At this time, we'll open the call up to questions.
We will now begin the question and answer session. To ask a question, you may press star then one on your telephone keypad. If you are using a speakerphone, please pick up your handset before pressing the keys. To withdraw your question, please press star then two. Please limit yourself to one question and one follow-up. If you have further questions, you may reenter the question queue. Our first question comes from Trent Trujillo of Scotiabank. Please go ahead.
Hi. Good morning, thanks for taking the questions. Good fourth quarter and great 2018. Guidance calls for you to be a net acquirer, which makes sense with your low leverage. Can you talk about the deal flow that you've seen and maybe talk about the pricing and buyer pool competition for the assets and how you expect to find attractive deals?
Sure. We just got back from National Multifamily Housing Council meeting in San Diego. They had a record attendance of, I believe, over 7,000 people, which sort of, I think, indicates the sort of popularity of multifamily with investors today. It remains a very competitive environment. There's no question about that. I think what's happening sort of right now is that there's sort of a standoff between buyers and sellers. Buyers understand that you have sort of a kind of a normal revenue growth as opposed to white-hot revenue growth. You have this kind of spread between bid and ask at this point. There really hasn't been a lot of transactions between sort of the last part, last half of, or last month or two in 2018.
Clearly, there hasn't been enough data points to really understand what's going on out there now. What we think is going to happen, though, is that there will be a movement sort of towards the center of that bid-ask spread gap today because sellers need to sell and buyers will need to buy.
I think it's going to continue to be competitive. If you look at the last three or four properties that we bought, we're looking for below replacement cost transactions that are in the mid-fours to low fours cap rate, where we believe we can, through improved operations and sort of Camdenizing the property, we can move that cap rate up pretty quickly over a couple of years to 5 ± . We think there will be opportunities. The guidance obviously of $200 million- $400 million is, today pretty much everything's $100 million or more. We're talking about three or four transactions perhaps, and we think that given the backdrop for sellers coming towards the buyers, are actually going to happen.
The key for us, though, is finding that kind of needle in the haystack where we think it's very under-managed and where we can come in and move the NOI up, not by hoping the market goes up, but by knowing that we can operate the properties better.
Great. That's very helpful. Thank you. Just a follow-up, can you perhaps talk about the concessionary environment in some of your largest markets that are facing high supply? We've looked at Atlanta and Dallas, and you touched on those markets in your prepared remarks. Are you seeing supply pressures easing there and pricing power coming back in 2019? Basically, what's the concessionary environment? Thank you.
Again, in the development business, the concessionary environment varies depending on sub-market and market. You can't just say, okay, it's two months free or one month free or three months free. It really definitely varies by sub-market. Developers who are leasing projects up, when you have a vacant building that just opens, sort of free rent doesn't really matter to them because they're just trying to get to a stabilized occupancy. The more aggressive the market, you have three months free, and generally, you don't go over that. The more moderate markets are one to two. Just for an example, in Houston, prior to the sort of the Harvey event 1.5 year ago-ish, there was three months free in downtown.
Today, it's more like 2 to 1.5 , and yet the market's starting to sort of turn over in the sense if you have a 350-unit apartment and you're at 75%-80% occupied, and it's taken you a year or so to get there, you now start having renewals, and the question will be whether those concessions are having to be given to the renewals. Generally speaking, markets that are very competitive in Dallas are two to three months free, which would be in the sort of the uptown area. Charlotte was pretty concessionary. I think we've seen some of the concessions sort of moderate as properties are leasing up.
The good news is for us, is that when you have a 95% occupied property that is stabilized, and you think about the number of leases you need to capture in order to keep that stabilized 95, it's pretty small, actually. The fact that a new property is giving significant concessions doesn't mean that existing properties have to. That sort of supports our same-store revenue growth because we have a very stabilized portfolio, and you just don't have to give those kinds of concessions to capture market share in the stabilized property. On the one hand, you have concessions in the development side of the equation, and on the other hand, you don't have concessions in the operating portfolio. What you have is just the moderate ability to increase your revenues 2%- 3% or 4%, depending on the market.
Great. Thank you very much. Appreciate the time.
Absolutely.
Our next question comes from Nick Joseph of Citi. Please go ahead.
Thanks. On Houston, does the 70,000 job growth assumption contemplate oil prices at their current level? Do you need to see job growth in the energy sector, or do you think you can get enough job growth in medical and petrochemical sectors that will drive enough demand?
Yeah. The 70,000 job growth in Houston does not contemplate any large contribution from the oil companies. The recency effect is pretty strong among the Houston oil companies from three years ago when they were still kind of downsizing and laying people off. When you come from that as your backdrop, there's a great deal of reluctance to add staff, even in an environment where volumes are increasing, which they clearly are. $54-$55 a barrel is probably a steady state in terms of total activity. Activity has increased pretty significantly in the field from where it was two years ago. Most of what goes on here is the back office and support operations, and the oil companies are still pretty reluctant to be adding staff.
There'll come a point where they've stretched to the limit, and they will continue to start to add jobs. That's not a 2019 event. The 70,000 jobs are primarily in areas in the medical center and just distributed across Harris County. I think the 70,000 is probably very doable for 2019. The most important part of the Houston picture is the 7,000 completions that we're going to get in 2019. That's almost a 10 to 1 ratio, and that's very healthy for where we are in Houston right now.
Thanks. On the Phoenix and San Diego future development projects, what's driving the estimated cost increases? Is it a change in scope or market construction cost pressures?
It's both. The San Diego project, we have reconfigured it and made it more efficient and trying to maximize the views that we have from that elevated site. Generally, we have had scope changes in both of those projects, but also cost continues to be an issue in every market.
Thanks.
Our next question comes from John Kim of BMO Capital Markets. Please go ahead.
Thank you. Keith, on your market outlook for the year, I think that is based primarily on same-store revenue. If you were to look at it on same-store NOI, would there be any markets that differ in your grading or outlook?
Well, you get swings in the NOI primarily based on things like property tax, kind of one-offs, like the situation that Alex described that we are going to have in Charlotte this year, where you have an eight-year revaluation event going on. When I look at these results, I tend to focus primarily on same-store revenue growth year-over-year, but I also look back over a three-year trend. The second piece of that is really critical is looking at the jobs to completions ratio market by market, because even though if you look at it in total across Camden's platform for 2019, on estimates, we should get about 642,000 jobs. We are going to get about 135,000 new apartments. That is a 4.7 x ratio. We have always talked about 5.0 ratio being equilibrium.
That is interesting, but you got to dig into that data because at the low end of that ratio range, you have Denver that is a 3.0, then you have D.C. at 3.1. At the high end of that range, you have Houston at over 10, and you have got Atlanta at a seven. Those are the biggest indicators to me about the directionality of the market. But again, you get back to our overall portfolio rankings. We have got 10 of our 13 markets rated as stable. There is not a lot of swings that we are anticipating in the portfolio.
Okay. Also, external growth is a component of your FFO guidance that might be a little bit unique in the sector. Earlier today, your stock hit a five-year high. If you hit your acquisition targets for the year, what is your appetite to raise common equity again, versus utilizing perhaps your ATM or dispositions or maybe raising your leverage level?
Clearly, we have the luxury of having the best balance sheet in the sector, so we have capacity on the debt side. When we look at raising capital via either debt or common stock or dispositions or other mechanisms kind of in between, it's always a balance about keeping a strong balance sheet, but understanding that if you're growing externally, you have to have capital. We just sort of look at each of those capital levers, if you will, and decide what is the most appropriate and efficient at the time. We're excited about our stock hitting an all-time high. On the other hand, debt levels are low, and interest rates are low as well. It's just a balance between trying to figure out what the best fit is for the capital.
Was there anything with the last raise that you did as far as not deploying the capital as quickly as you anticipated, that you would think of it differently this time around?
I think you take all facts into consideration whenever you're thinking about capital transactions and try to balance them together. When we did the equity in 2017, we did think that 2018 was going to be where the buyers were going to have more leverage than the sellers, and that there would be more opportunity. There just wasn't. We had 2018's sales for multifamily increased over what 2017 was. The good news for us, though, even though we didn't hit our acquisition guidance last year, we did increase development. On the one hand, you can't deploy all your capital when you start a development because it takes 18 to 24 months to actually get that capital out. The way we looked at that equity raise was we could do acquisitions and/or development.
When you add the acquisitions and development, we actually exceeded our development projections but underachieved our acquisitions. Even though people think that we didn't deploy, we actually did. It just takes time to deploy the development.
Thank you.
Our next question comes from Austin Wurschmidt of KeyBanc Capital Markets. Please go ahead.
Hi. Good morning. Just curious if the peak deliveries in Houston from 2017 have been absorbed at this point. Could you just provide what your supply outlook for Houston is for 2020?
Yeah. The deliveries in 2017, I think, the ones that started at the beginning of the year have probably all been absorbed. Those that started delivered at the end of 2017 are probably still in the process. Depends on what the size of the project was. I would say substantially the 2017 stuff has been absorbed. We had huge deliveries in 2018, that are still an overhang on the market, and the sub-markets that got most of the activity, which were downtown, midtown, and the uptown area, and Galleria, they still have, since those were the locations that attracted the most capital and most new deals, they're still in the fighting it, slugging it out, hand-to-hand combat. As Ric mentioned earlier, we're still in the one and a half to two-month free concession range in those sub-markets.
When you move beyond those three areas that got most of the new supply in 2018, it's a totally different picture. Our footprint in Houston has some exposure in those impacted markets. We have a lot of exposure that's not impacted by new supply, and that's why we've been able to produce the results that we did last year in Houston, and why that forms the basis for our optimism for 2019. In terms of deliveries in Houston, I think we mentioned earlier, we get about 7,000 apartments this year. Witten has deliveries in 2020 up to 13,000. From a supply standpoint, that's still not a terribly troubling number for Houston as long as we get what we normally get in terms of job growth. The progression would be 7,000 in 2019, and call it 13,000 in 2020.
Great. Thanks for that. You guys have referenced a few times having the best balance sheet in the sector. I guess, what's your appetite to increase leverage from current levels?
We have talked about keeping our debt to EBITDA in the four to 5x range. Right now, we're at the low end of that range.
Where do you expect to end the year in 2019?
At year-end, we'll be somewhere around 4.4 x.
Thanks, guys.
Our next question comes from Shirley Wu of Bank of America Merrill Lynch. Please go ahead.
Hey, guys. Thanks for taking the question. Currently, you're guiding to 28%-38% in terms of revenue growth. What do you think it'll take in order to get to the high or low end of that range?
A lot better than expected job growth or a lot worse than expected job growth. That's the single biggest variable when we look out at performance. The supply is pretty easy to predict because whatever's coming in 2019 is known and knowable. The wild card is jobs. You got to like the print this morning at over 300,000 new jobs. I think Witten's numbers for projected job growth for national 2019 is right at 1.9 million. Obviously, you may not get a bunch of 300s, but we got 300 of a 1.9 in our estimate. I like our odds of getting over the 1.9 million total that we're using in our forecast.
Got it. On developments, a lot of your competitors have noted that there have been delays due to tight labor markets, but I noticed that your Camden North End One is actually delivering a quarter early. What do you think you're doing differently? Even going forward, do you anticipate labor to affect your future deliveries?
Labor is definitely an issue, and that's what's caused most delays in construction. I think in the case of Camden North End, we just have great team out there that executed amazing. All of our development teams, I applaud because they're definitely doing what they can to beat their competitors to market and to be very efficient. If you think about the delays, we've been talking about delays for the last three years. One of the things that I think we did as a team is try to really anticipate the delays in our construction budgets. You have a little kind of erring on the side when you think of your schedule of, okay, we know we're going to have issues. Let's kind of stretch it out.
When the team executes amazingly well, you end up bringing it in faster than you thought and at a lower cost than you thought. Because if you bring it in faster, your general conditions and your other costs that are associated with time, go down. We were very fortunate in Arizona, and we're trying to achieve that in other projects too.
Great. Thanks for the color.
Our next question comes from Drew Babin of Baird. Please go ahead.
Hey, good morning.
Morning.
Wanted to talk about D.C. a little bit. Obviously, your price point is more on kind of the value-oriented side of the spectrum there. I guess, how do you feel about where your position there relative to where new supply is pricing, where you are geographically around D.C. Metro? Also kind of, are you hearing anything from your properties about waive late fees or anything like that with regard to the government shutdown?
For 2019, we've got D.C. at a B stable, which is exactly what we had it rated for 2018. That still feels about right. 40,000 new jobs in the D.C. Metro area, roughly 13,000 completions. You would think of that as adding to pressure, and I think that's right. The difference is, it just depends on the geography of your footprint. The most supply-impacted markets have been D.C. proper, and then the Crystal City area. We have a very different footprint than a lot of our competitors do. Our Northern Virginia, Southern Maryland assets have continued to really put up really good results. I think it really just depends. I think our forecast for D.C. has total revenue growing at about 3%. That's up from 2.8% last year. That seems about right to me.
In terms of the impact from the shutdown, we literally have had a handful of folks that have indicated that they needed relief, and we've indicated to all of our folks that are impacted that we would work with them on late fees and the like. The good news is that, I guess, by today, most people will have gotten their back pay, and if they made it this long without being under financial duress, they're probably okay until the next shutdown.
I think it's interesting when you think about the shutdown and how it affected people, because given that we have had all kinds of different things over the years, from hurricanes to snowstorms to all kinds of different things that cause residents to be dislocated and not be able to pay. In this situation, when the shutdown started, our teams put together a program for anyone that was government-related, and not just government employees, because what happens is a lot of contractors get laid off, or not laid off, but furloughed as well. It's private companies that are working on government projects. I was really excited and happy that our teams were way in front of that and sent out information. It's not just D.C., it's all over the country, right?
We were prepared to deal with the issues, and as good corporate citizens, understanding our customers are having trouble making their rent when they don't get paid by the government. Our teams were way in advance of that, and we didn't miss a step on helping our customers.
Great. That's helpful. Then, quickly transitioning to Southern California, I think there's a similar dynamic where kind of your positioning, your price point, may differ from some of your peers. Like D.C., the supply is kind of coming in pockets where you're either sort of affected by it or not. I guess, can you talk about your broad Southern California exposure, where there might be pockets of supply you're exposed to, but also just who's adding jobs in the Inland Empire, Orange County, San Diego, and then kind of your main focus markets there?
Yeah, sure. Our portfolio is a very different footprint. When we're aggregating these numbers, we're giving you results that go all the way from San Diego up to Hollywood. I would say there is not any place other than directly adjacent to or near Irvine, where I would say that we have a supply concern. We just don't. It's just so difficult, takes so long, and the planning and delivery process for apartments is just really difficult all over Southern California. You're looking at 23,000 deliveries over that entire footprint, 118,000 new jobs projected for that Southern California footprint. That's a 5.0. As long as you don't have immediately in your market impact area, as long as you don't have two or three deals trying to get leased up at the same time, that's just a very healthy situation for our operators.
Again, footprint's a little bit different than some folks, but Southern California sure feels like a place that's set up to have the next couple of years be really strong. We've got it rated as an A minus, but improving. Last year, we had it as an A and stable. I think we're really well-positioned in Southern California. There's not a single one of our assets that I have any particular concern about as it relates to exposure to new supply.
Great. That's all for me. Thank you.
Our next question comes from Alexander Goldfarb of Sandler O'Neill. Please go ahead.
Thanks. Good morning down there. Just first question is on Houston. There was some recent commentary, just speaking to folks down there, that suggested that late in the year, there was softness in the market, that the jobs expectations had been revised down. From your comments, doesn't sound like anything unusual going on in Houston. Was there just some, maybe it was just tough year-over-year comps, or was there, in fact, some momentary pause in the market that caused a little bit of concern for some folks?
I can give you my hypothesis on this. Let's answer the numbers question first. We didn't see that, and other than the normal seasonal, fourth quarter is always a little bit weaker in Houston than the other three quarters. That's just the way it is. If you put that aside, we didn't see anything in our numbers that would indicate that there was any cause for concern or resetting of the ability to raise rents or get renewals. That's just what our experience is.
My hypothesis on the noise, obviously, we heard that too, because we get some of the same phone calls that you get, is that if you come to Houston, if you go on a sort of guided tour. You go to the areas that I've already described as being the most impacted with new supply, that would be Downtown, Midtown, and the Galleria area. If you're having a conversation with someone who happens to be a merchant builder, which by the way, 99.2% of all the product in Houston that's being built right now is merchant builders, because Camden's the only public company that has any exposure to new construction in Houston. That's the preponderance of all of the assets that are being leased up right now.
If you talk to a merchant builder who currently is in a lease-up in either Downtown, Midtown, or the Galleria area, I promise you, they feel like they are getting their brains beat in because they're in the second or third year of 2+ months free rent. That's certainly not what they anticipated. They're probably way off on their pro forma numbers. They're under stress because they would've ideally already had an exit at a better rent roll than they currently have. There's just a lot of doom and gloom if you talk to those guys. If you go anywhere other than in the Houston metropolitan area, the three areas I just described, you'll hear people that have a more of tone of what you would hear from us, which is, "Yeah, there's some of our projects, our communities that are impacted by supply.
We've been dealing with that for a while. We'll get through it. We always do." By and large, our portfolio is really performing and outperforming most of our competitors. I just think it's sort of a selection bias on who you're talking to. Then that becomes the report, right? The report sounds like, if that's the three areas you visited, sounds like there's a lot of weakness and maybe something that was unanticipated that you're about to have another slip back, but we don't see that.
Okay. Truly is just localized oversupply, not anything market wide.
Absolutely.
Okay. Then the second question is, on the expense control, especially on wages, Alex mentioned that last year came in really low on the self-insurance. Don't expect that to repeat. Can you just talk a bit about what you're seeing for payroll and just given how low unemployment has been and how strong the labor market has been, rising minimum wage, it does seem like this is a pressure point. Just sort of curious your thoughts or whether this is a blessing, if in fact it means that your residents are getting higher income. If you have to pay your leasing folks and maintenance people more, your residents are having more income, so the rent increase offsets that. If you could provide some color.
Sure. I think it's interesting when you think about wage pressure, right? Because when people consider the company that they work for, wages are not the number one reason why they stay at a company. It has to do with culture, and it has to do with a feel of belonging and a feel of trust, and their job is important, and it's more than a job. On the one hand, as Alex mentioned, we did make some adjustments for folks that were clearly under market because of wage pressure and low unemployment and all that. We don't have people just leaving because of wages. I think part of the equation is making sure that our wages, and what we pay our employees are fair and in the market. I'll give you an example of that.
I know a lot of our competitors, for example, their lowest paid employees would be sort of groundskeepers and folks like that. They're paying maybe minimum wage, but maybe slightly higher than minimum wage. Our base pay for the lowest common denominator person would be $13.50 an hour. We have always sort of pushed that up, that cost or that wage up, so the folks were not at the sort of bare minimum wage kind of thing. I would think that companies that haven't been proactive in trying to take care of their employees and create great culture and make sure their salary levels are competitive in the marketplace, probably have more wage pressure than we do. We have it sort of built into our run rate already. I do agree that higher wages, generally speaking, are better for our customers.
If you look at our customers have changed pretty dramatically over the last five or six years. At the beginning of the sort of the uptick in the market, we went from 60,000 some change median household income, and now we're like 90. We have changed. That doesn't mean that people used to make 60, now they make 90, but a lot of people have moved into these properties that have higher wages and higher incomes.
Okay. It does sound like higher wages are something that's going to be consistent with us for at least the foreseeable future.
Absolutely. No question about it.
Okay.
Okay. Thank you.
Yeah.
Our next question comes from Rob Stevenson of Janney. Please go ahead.
Hi. Good morning, guys. What's the expected stabilized yield on the six developments currently under construction, and how does that compare with expectations for the $200 million-$300 million that you expect to start this year?
Our yields are in the 6%-6.5% range for the developments that we have right now. The challenge of the future portfolio is they probably come in on the lower end of that range just because of cost pressure. Costs have gone up faster than rents. When you think about the current market today for an acquisition is 4.25%, ±, kind of across America.
We're still getting a nice 250 to 200 basis point positive spread to our development pipeline, even though properties that we built two or three years ago were getting 7%, 7.5%, and now we're 6%, 6.5%.
Okay.
Yep.
In the guidance, you guys provide some detailed guidance for both the revenue-enhancing CapEx and repositions, as well as wholesale redevelopments. How many units are roughly in each of these buckets, and what are the expected stabilized returns of each?
Yeah. For repositions, you've got approximately 2,000 units, and we're sort of looking at still right around a 10% return. When you go to redevelopments, you've got three projects that are in there, you're talking about approximately 900 to 1,000 units, and those yields are closer to development-type yields.
Okay. In terms of that, what's the opportunity set for you guys over the next couple of years? Are you sort of limited in terms of the amount of internal Camden people and availability of external Camden people to be able to do this? If you had additional capacity, would you do more on an annual basis, or is this basically what needs to be done this year in the portfolio and there really wouldn't be a lot of extra units to do, even if you had capacity?
Yeah. We have capacity to do substantially more than we're doing right now. I think at the peak, we were doing close to 6,000, 7,000 units annually when we first started the process. The governor and the limitation on it is, assets that are in a condition, both from an age standpoint and the sub-market that they serve, such that we can underwrite them to get an incremental increase on our dollars of somewhere in the 8%-10% range. That's kind of the bucket that we're looking for. The best case scenario are deals that are still in great sub-markets, maybe even sub-markets where there's new development that's occurring, but they're 12 to 15 years old.
Externally, they're cared for in a way, and architecturally, they present themselves that to the uninitiated consumer, once you do a reposition and you've completely redone the interiors up to what today's market apartments delivered new construction look like, the average consumer can't tell the difference between our asset and our competitor's asset that happens to be brand new. Maybe you're not going to get the full 100% rental rate on the new construction, but you'll get something pretty close to it. If you can underwrite those types of assets and on incremental investment, somewhere in the 8%-10% range, that's the opportunity set.
We go through a process that starts pretty organically at the district level. We look at recommendations. The teams make their case. We vet the numbers. If it passes muster with everybody around here, we go forward. Yeah, I wish we had another 5,000 in reposition right now, because it's still the best bet on the table from Camden's perspective.
Okay, thanks. Have a good weekend, guys.
You, too.
Our next question comes from Wes Golladay of RBC Capital Markets. Please go ahead.
Hi, everyone. Looking at wage growth, I'm just wondering, when does wage growth become a bigger part of the equation for rent growth? Is this something we have to wait for supply to slow?
Yeah, I think so. We're absorbing enough in every market to absorb the supply that's coming online. That supply does have an impact on being able to raise existing rents in existing portfolios. If you didn't have the supply, obviously, and you have the same demand, you could raise your rents a whole lot more. When you look at sort of the progression of revenue growth from, say, 2010 to 2016, it was kind of straight up and to the right, and primarily because you didn't have a lot of supply. Now the supply has been pretty stable for the last couple of years, and the demand has still been there, but that supply just takes your ability to raise rents beyond 2% or 3% or 4% off the table.
How is rent-to-income trending, maybe at year-end 2018 versus year-end 2017? Is it materially improved?
It's gotten better. We're still about 18 x rent to income. We've been in that range for the last two or three years, which tells me that on average, our residents are getting wage increases as a group that have mirrored pretty much what our rental increases have been. We've been running 4% or 5% now for almost six years. The good news is that our resident population is managing to keep up from an income standpoint with what the underlying rental increases are. 18% of disposable income, I don't even think we would see any impact until that number got closer to 20%.
Okay. That's all for me. Thanks for taking the questions.
Our next question comes from John Guiney of Stifel. Please go ahead. John, your line is open on our end. Do you have it muted on yours? Our next question comes from Hardik Goel of Zelman & Associates. Please go ahead.
Hey, guys. Thanks for taking my question. Just a couple of clarifying questions on the development yield. You mentioned 6 to 6.5 . What would that number be if it was unlevered cash flows, including some allocation for property management expense and ongoing maintenance CapEx?
Generally, those are 50 ± basis points in terms of costs.
Got it.
If you put in those numbers.
Got it. Just one more. On the labor delays you mentioned, if you had to split those up by market, which markets are seeing more labor delays versus others? As you think about your starts and you look at your pre-development pipeline, are you factoring that into which developments you choose to start, since you have, I think, 600 in pre-development and roughly $200 million-$300 million of starts on guidance?
We definitely are factoring in what we think the real development timeframe is, and when we do a pro forma. If you compare it, say, maybe four years ago, when we didn't have this kind of issue, our developments on sort of stick-built, we probably extended those times by four to six months. On high-rise, probably anywhere from maybe a 12-month period, where we extended that construction period because of labor. Labor, I think most markets are pretty much the same. There's some maybe that Charlotte was a tough market when we don't have anything really under construction there at this point, just because they had so much at the same time. The labor pool there was more difficult. I think generally speaking, there's not one market that doesn't have a labor shortage.
They all sort of do, and depending upon where they are at peak in their cycle is when you have the most sort of acute situation. It depends also on the size of the market. We are definitely including what we think real achievable construction periods and lease-up periods are in all of our new developments, and that has been part of what's caused the sort of the decline in projected yields.
Got it. Thanks. That's all for me.
Our next question comes from Haendel St. Juste of Mizuho. Please go ahead.
Hey, good morning down there.
Morning.
Morning.
Ric, I guess I'm curious, how much pressure are you seeing specifically in your Texas and South Florida markets from home buying? We've heard from the home builders that home buying trends seem to be fairly strong in those regions, especially amongst the entry-level price points.
Overall, the moving out to buy homes has been, like 15% of our portfolio. In specific markets like Houston and South Florida, I don't think it's any higher or lower than it has been. When you think about the challenge with the whole idea where people can afford a home in Houston because the median price is so much lower than other places. If you go into urban core in Houston, the average home is the same price as San Diego, right? The challenge is that affordable home is 45 minutes to an 4.5 out of the central city. The other thing that I think that people need to understand is that when you buy a home, buying a home is not a financial decision, it's a demographic decision, right?
We know that our millennials are getting married later in life, having kids later in life, and making those kind of demographic things that drive them to want an ownership situation. A lot of millennials want optionality. They want to be able to move around and not be burdened by a specific location or a mortgage. I think that's one of the things that's kind of driving the fact that home ownership rate hasn't spiked up in spite of low interest rates and what have you.
Just a note on that. In the fourth quarter of 2018 in Houston, we had about 17% of our move-outs indicated it was to purchase a home. That's probably one or 2 percentage points higher than it's been in the last five years on average. Houston had a great year for new home sales. It set a record in terms of total units. Despite that, the multifamily market in Houston and our relevant set stayed in the 94%-95% occupied, and we never dropped below 95%. It's pretty robust. You're right. What you're hearing from the builders is correct. They're selling a lot of homes in Houston, particularly starter homes in Houston. Southeast Florida is a different story.
There were only 8.5% of our residents that moved out to purchase homes in the fourth quarter of 2018, and that again, is probably one or two percentage points below the long-term trend. Probably not a big part of the story in either market. Part of it in Houston is we got 120,000 jobs trailing 12 months and probably 25,000-30,000 in South Florida.
Thank you. That's helpful. Actually, could you quantify what percentage of your Houston rents come from the three markets with heavier supply, and maybe what the rent growth differential between those areas are versus your other Houston submarkets.
I don't have the exact of those three submarkets, but I can give it to you broadly because we look at it between urban and suburban in all of our markets. All three of those submarkets would identify in our urban category bucket for Houston. The differential for the last year was clearly in favor of suburban products, and the differential was about 1.2% on revenue growth. It's not nothing. It's a meaningful number in terms of if you're in the urban area, that would be those three submarkets that are impacted versus suburban.
Great, thanks. Lastly, I'm not sure if I missed it or not, but what was the blended rent in January, and how does that compare to January of last year?
It's about 2.4% this year. I don't think we gave the blended from last year, but I can get that to you if you call me later. It's roughly flat on new leases and about up 5% on renewals, and if you do the math, that's about 2.4%.
Got it. Okay, I'll follow up. Thank you.
Our next question comes from Daniel Bernstein of Capital One. Please go ahead.
Hi. Good morning. I was also at NMHC and heard the bid-ask spread comments there and wanted to ask you your thoughts on where maybe those bid-ask spreads are widening out, A, assets, B, suburban, urban. Just trying to understand where you think the opportunities are going to be for you on the acquisition side better.
Sure. The most overbid properties are value add, and that's a really crowded space. I think that the value add space is definitely a space we're not interested in as much, because what we are trying to get, we think the sweet spot is the bid-ask spread differential between merchant builders who have owned their property now for a year or two. It's stabilized. They're not making their original returns, but they're definitely able to sell above what their original cost was. Given that they have generally IRR hurdles for them to make their promote, every day they wait, they get eroded from the profit on their promote.
What we're looking for, I think the bid-ask spread in that type of product, because it's less traveled, if you will, because you're buying newer properties, you don't have a great story on the new properties. Gee, I'm going to take this older property value add, I'm going to buy it for a really low cap rate, but I put $10,000 to $20,000 in it, then all of a sudden, I can convince myself perhaps that there's a story on being able to get a better yield there. That's, like I said, we're not in that space.
We want to buy them below replacement cost and from specific merchant builders that don't manage their own properties and are managed by third-party property managers, which tend to be sort of managing to the middle as opposed to trying to maximize the utility of what their property really is because they just have so many. I think that spread will compress, the buyers will come towards the sellers a bit. I think that the sellers, because there's so many properties that have to trade, are going to have to come to the buyers a little bit closer, as opposed to sort of meeting in the middle, if you will.
Okay. No, that's helpful, Colin. That's all I had, appreciate you taking the question.
Absolutely.
This concludes our question and answer session. I would like to turn the conference back over to Ric Campo for any closing remarks.
Thanks, everybody, for being on the call, and I'm sure we're going to see a lot of you over the next month or two in the various conferences. Take care, and we'll talk to you when we see you. Thank you.
The conference has now concluded. Thank you for attending today's presentation. You may now disconnect.