Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the Cognizant Technology Solutions Second Quarter 2022 Earnings Conference Call. All lines have been placed on mute to prevent any background noise. After the speaker's remarks, there will be a question and answer session. If you would like to ask a question at that time, please press star one on your telephone keypad. A confirmation tone will indicate your line is in the question queue. You may press star two if you would like to remove your question from the queue. For participants using speaker equipment, it may be necessary to pick up your handset before pressing the star keys. Thank you. I would now like to turn the conference over to Mr. Tyler Scott, Vice President, Investor Relations. Please go ahead, sir. You may begin your presentation.
Thank you, operator, and good afternoon, everyone. By now, you should have received a copy of the earnings release and the investor supplement for the company's second quarter 2022 results. If you have not, copies are available on our website, cognizant.com. The speakers we have on today's call are Brian Humphries, Chief Executive Officer, and Jan Siegmund, Chief Financial Officer. Before we begin, I would like to remind you that some of the comments made on today's call and some of the responses to your questions may contain forward-looking statements. These statements are subject to the risks and uncertainties as described in the company's earnings release and other filings with the SEC. Additionally, during our call today, we will reference certain non-GAAP financial measures that we believe provide useful information for our investors.
Reconciliations of non-GAAP financial measures, where appropriate to the corresponding GAAP measures, can be found in the company's earnings release and other filings with the SEC. With that, I'd like to turn the call over to Brian Humphries. Please go ahead, Brian.
Thank you, Tyler. Good afternoon, everyone. I'd like to comment on several topics today, notably our second quarter performance, the demand and pricing environment, and labor market dynamics. Let's start with our second quarter performance, which was balanced. Second quarter revenue was $4.9 billion, up 9.5% year-over-year in constant currency. Growth was led by digital. Second quarter operating margin was 15.5%, up 50 basis points sequentially, in line with our expectations. Financial leverage driven by sequential revenue growth, disciplined expense management, currency benefits, and the optimization of pyramid shoring and fulfillment helped offset the impact of attrition and labor cost inflationary pressure. Our industry segment performance remained largely consistent. Financial services grew 5.1% year-over-year in constant currency, led by insurance growth.
This includes a negative impact of 190 basis points from the exit of Samlink. We continue to make progress strengthening client relationships in financial services. Earlier in the second quarter, I visited clients in Germany and celebrated a new logo win with Zurich Insurance Germany. Cognizant will help them simplify, modernize, and manage their enterprise application landscape by establishing joint DevOps teams and working to extend the insurer's AI, data, software engineering, and cloud capabilities. In insurance, CCC Intelligent Solutions, whose SaaS platform powers the property and casualty insurance industry, asked for our help in enabling their cloud transformation program. We led with our enterprise DevOps and cloud transformation consultancy and partnered with Microsoft to present a comprehensive solution. This prompted the client to also select us to build next-generation analytics and telematics solutions that are expected to be key to their long-term leadership.
In the second quarter, we combined our healthcare and life sciences operating segments into a single operating segment called Health Sciences, a natural evolution given the market conversions across these industries. Health Sciences grew 7.6% year-over-year in constant currency, with growth driven by pharmaceutical clients and sustained momentum in our TriZetto product portfolio. Commonwealth Care Alliance, an integrated care system serving over 60,000 members across numerous U.S. states, illustrates our momentum in TriZetto. Our end-to-end business process innovation, powered by TriZetto Solutions in a BPaaS engagement, is fully integrated from enrollment and billing through claims. Through our partnership, Commonwealth Care now has the tools needed to compete in the digital health ecosystem and support value-based, personalized care for its members.
We've also signed a new multi-year agreement with Organon, a global women's health company, to help improve the delivery of healthcare products and crucial medicinal supply chain management. We'll help Organon scale its healthcare business by delivering full-stack industrial technology support for its global pharmaceutical manufacturing sites in the U.K., Netherlands, Belgium, and Indonesia. We continue to see excellent growth in products and resources, where revenue grew 11.6% year-over-year in constant currency, driven in part by strength among automotive, logistics, retail, and consumer goods clients. As a strategic partner for digital, we're helping Albertsons Companies, a $70 billion grocery retailer, make their move to a cloud-based infrastructure model, enabling innovation and improved customer experiences, both in-store and across last-mile delivery. In communications, media, and technology, we had another quarter of excellent growth.
Revenue grew 19.5% year-over-year in constant currency, driven by technology clients and new client acquisition. DocuSign is an example of a new logo win. They selected Cognizant as the preferred partner for global customer support operations across all products and services, from their flagship e-signature product to newer contract lifecycle management products. DocuSign turned to us because of the distinctive solution proposed by our intuitive operations and automation practice, including cutting-edge omni-channel customer support and outcome-based commercial models. A quick word on a recently announced organizational evolution. In July, we announced the combination of our practice areas with delivery practices, which simplifies our model by bringing Cognizant in line with industry norms. This enables us to have end-to-end accountability across four integrated practices from vision, roadmap, offerings and capabilities, including M&A and post-merger integration, through to pre-sale solutioning and delivery.
I believe this will assist our industry teams to be more successful with our clients as we sell solution and deliver client outcomes. I also believe that our industry capabilities provide differentiation, and we can unlock value for clients at the intersection of industry use cases and technology. Moving now to the demand and pricing environment. While we are carefully monitoring the potential impact of a worsening economy on our pipeline, to date, we've not seen any significant slowdown for IT services demand. That said, as we serve some of the largest clients in the world, we are aware that should they see slowing earnings growth, non-essential projects or those with longer ROI may be paused. I am confident that the breadth of our portfolio enables us to serve our clients' needs for higher levels of agility, innovation, resilience and indeed efficiency.
Regardless of what the coming quarters bring, our value proposition to clients remains. More generally, digital transformation has become so essential and foundational to most companies, regardless of their industry, that despite some macro demand uncertainty in the short term, I remain optimistic on IT services growth prospects in the medium to long term. In fact, the bigger challenges we are faced with as an industry are the demand-supply imbalance on key digital skills, elevated attrition, and labor cost inflationary pressure. I would like to thank our associates around the world who've been working hard to navigate these challenges, all while trying to optimize fulfillment and pricing.
Achieving the perfect balance is not always easy, and in the second quarter, while I'm pleased that we drove both year-over-year and sequential margin expansion, I suspect that our focus on fulfillment optimization and pricing marginally impacted top-line performance and hurt bookings momentum. Second quarter bookings declined 3% year-over-year, below our assumptions entering the quarter. While we continue to have a robust book-to-bill ratio of approximately 1.2 times revenue on a trailing twelve-month basis. By better balancing the factors just mentioned, we aim to accelerate bookings growth in outer quarters, while nonetheless achieving our committed margin expansion. Just a word now on pricing. Market pricing dynamics remain consistent. Clients, through their vendor exposure and their internal teams, are privy to demand-supply imbalances across key digital skills and labor cost inflationary pressure.
This, coupled with the pent-up demand for digital transformation, means clients are more predisposed to engage in price increase discussions. Clients are willing to pay for skills and innovation, with efficiencies, including automation and optimized delivery mix, are expected to mitigate cost increases. We continue to execute against a pricing initiative to offset labor cost inflationary pressure, with benefits starting to be felt, but greater impact expected in the coming quarters, recognizing that pricing power stemming from talent shortages will lag behind talent-related cost increases. Let's move now to labor market dynamics, including attrition and inflationary pressure. Second quarter voluntary attrition rose 5 points to 31% on an annualized basis, or 32% on a trailing 12-month basis. This increase was slightly above the seasonal uptick we anticipated entering the quarter, impacting second quarter revenue performance.
While we have seen some signs of improvement in July resignation rates, we continue to expect elevated attrition for the remainder of the year. As I've mentioned on prior calls, attracting, retaining, and rallying our talented employees is one of our top priorities. In the past year, we've invested record levels in compensation, overhauled our promotion process, invested heavily in our learning and development initiatives, and introduced a series of other measures, including educational programs and returnships. Our internal job moves program, which facilitates ongoing upward mobility in the company, is one factor that enables us to mitigate the need for, and indeed the cost pressure of, lateral hires, all while improving morale. We'll also recognize how important flexibility is to our associates and have therefore communicated a hybrid model will define our approach to work.
Our priority is to be a welcoming, inclusive, equitable company for everyone, no matter their work location. Our client and associate-centric company aims to strike a balance between how clients want to interact with us and the flexibility we seek, all while maintaining a focus on employee engagement, collaboration, our values, and a culture of continuous learning. I'm pleased to see that our efforts on employee engagement are working. In recent weeks, we completed our annual engagement survey that showed significant increases in our engagement scores, positioning us above industry benchmarks. In closing, as we execute our strategy, we are operating with three clear priorities. First, execute our vision to become the preeminent technology services partner to the Global 2000 C-suite. Second, rally and engage our associates around the world. Third, drive profitable growth.
Despite some near-term macro demand uncertainty and the challenges of navigating today's labor markets, let's not forget that we are in the early stages what we expect to be a massive digital build-out. Thanks to our portfolio and our talented employees around the world, we believe that we will be a strategic beneficiary as companies embrace digital operating models. Finally, as we reposition Cognizant towards selling, solutioning, and delivering industry-aligned solutions enabled by targeted advisory capabilities, our margin potential will be strengthened in line with our brand repositioning to higher value services. With that, I'll turn the call over to Jan, who will cover the details of the quarter and our financial outlook before we take your questions. Jan, over to you.
Thank you, Brian, and good afternoon, everyone. While our Q2 revenue growth was slightly below the midpoint of our guidance range, we delivered sequential margin expansion in line with our expectations while continuing to invest into our talented people. We remain focused on profitable revenue growth. Moving on to results. Q2 revenue was $4.9 billion, representing an increase of 7% year-over-year or 9.5% at constant currency. Year-over-year growth includes approximately 110 basis points of growth from our recent acquisitions and a negative 60 basis points impact from the sale of Samlink completed February 1. In Q2, digital revenue as reported grew 13% year-over-year and included FX headwinds of approximately 250 basis points, consistent with the total company.
At quarter end, digital represented approximately 50% of total revenue, up three points from the prior year period. In addition to the FX headwinds, slowing of digital growth reflected lower inorganic contribution and elevated attrition, in particular in North America. Despite these headwinds, we were pleased with the growth across our digital battlegrounds, which outpaced the total digital growth. As Brian mentioned, Q2 bookings declined 3% year-over-year. This resulted in trailing 12 months bookings of $23.2 billion, which represented a book-to-bill of approximately 1.2, unchanged from Q1. Despite the softer than expected growth, we continue to believe this book-to-bill provides us a healthy opportunity to support our revenue growth outlook for 2022. We expect to improve bookings growth in the quarters ahead.
Moving on to segment results for the second quarter, where all growth rates provided will be year-over-year in constant currency. Financial Services revenue increased approximately 5%. Q2 growth included a negative 190 basis points impact from the sale of our Samlink subsidiary. Our recovery within Financial Services remains largely in line with our expectation, driven by continued strength in our North America regional banking portfolio, growth in the U.K., and steady performance within insurance globally. Health Sciences revenue increased approximately 8%, driven by demand for digital services among pharmaceutical companies. Demand among healthcare clients was consistent with last quarter. Momentum continued in our integrated software solutions. Products and Resources revenue increased approximately 12%, driven by growth across all segments and included approximately 260 basis points contribution from recently completed acquisitions.
This compares to the approximately 500 basis points contribution we reported in Q1 of this year. Based on the current portfolio of closed acquisitions, we expect the inorganic contribution to be immaterial to segment performance beginning in Q3. Communications, media, and technology, or CMT revenue, grew approximately 20%, primarily organically, including growth from new clients. This reflects growing demand for data services and our work with leading digital native clients. We also continue to experience strong demand for our intuitive operations and automation services, which includes our BPO business. From a geographic perspective in Q2, North America revenue grew 9% year-over-year. Growth was led by CMT and life sciences clients.
Our global growth markets, which includes all revenue outside of North America, grew approximately 12% year-over-year in constant currency, which included a negative 240 basis points impact from the sale of Samlink. Growth was led again by the UK, which grew 25% and included strong double-digit growth within financial services, including public sector clients, products and resources, and CMT. We continue to see significant opportunities for growth in our GGM business and do not believe that we are hitting our full potential yet. Now moving on to margins. In Q2, our GAAP and adjusted operating margins were 15.5% as there were no non-GAAP adjustments in the quarter. On a year-over-year basis, operating margin increased by approximately 30 basis points in line with our expectations.
This included improvement in gross margin, driven in part by a balanced execution and our focus on profitable revenue growth. We also experienced a benefit from the depreciation of the rupee against the dollar and a modest benefit from our recent pricing initiatives. Additionally, we were pleased with the SG&A leverage we drove in the quarter. Our GAAP tax rate in the quarter was 24.2%, and adjusted tax rate in the quarter was 22.2%. Which benefited from a discrete tax benefit related to our unrepatriated accumulated foreign earnings, driven by the depreciation of the rupee. Q2 diluted GAAP EPS was $1.11, and Q2 adjusted EPS was $1.14, up 14% and 18% year-over-year, respectively. Now turning to the balance sheet.
We ended the quarter with cash and short-term investments of $2.3 billion, or net cash of $1.7 billion. Free cash flow in Q2 was $485 million, representing approximately 84% of net income, in line with our expectation. This brings year-to-date free cash flow to $671 million. DSO of 74 days increased by 2 days sequentially, driven in part by seasonality, and by 3 days year-over-year. We expect to improve DSO in the second half of the year. During the quarter, we repurchased 4 million shares for $300 million under our share repurchase program, and returned $141 million to shareholders through our regular dividend. This brings total capital return to shareholders through share repurchases and dividends to over $1 billion through the first half of 2022. Turning to guidance.
Our outlook for the remainder of the year assumes that we will continue to balance margin performance and revenue growth. For Q3, we expect revenue in the range of $4.98 billion-$5.03 billion, representing year-over-year growth of 5%-6% or 7.5%-8.5% in constant currency. Our guidance assumes currency will have a negative 250 basis points impact as well as an inorganic contribution of approximately 50 basis points, which reflects the lower than anticipated M&A activity compared with our assumptions in prior full year guidance.
For the full year, we are lowering the midpoint of our constant currency revenue growth guidance by about 1%, which reflects in part the impact we have had while navigating the current industry supply-demand imbalances, elevated attrition, and softer than expected hiring, particularly in North America. However, we are maintaining our margin expansion guidance, which reflects prioritization of profitable growth, pricing initiatives, and the rigor that we have put around SG&A. Our full-year revenue. We still expect inorganic growth to contribute approximately 100 basis points to growth, unchanged from prior guidance. This assumes an immaterial contribution from future unannounced acquisitions in Q4. Our reported revenue outlook now assumes a negative 220 basis points impact from currency versus 180 basis points previously.
This leads to a revised reported revenue guidance in the range of $19.7 billion-$19.9 billion, representing 6.3%-7.3% growth, or 8.5%-9.5% growth in constant currency. This compares to our prior guidance of $19.8 billion-$20.2 billion, which represented growth of 7.2%-9.2%, or 9%-11% in constant currency. Our longer-term capital allocation framework is unchanged. Today's uncertain macroeconomic backdrop has the potential to create a mismatch of valuation expectations between buyers and sellers, as well as challenging synergy assumptions. Despite these dynamics, our pipeline remains active, and we expect to announce deals towards the end of this year. However, these factors have led us to deploy less capital than anticipated on M&A.
Therefore, we are revising our capital allocation plans for the remainder of 2022. We now expect to return at least $1.2 billion through share repurchases for the full year, up from our commitment of at least $600 million last quarter. As always, this remains subject to market conditions and other factors. Given the strength of our balance sheet and expected free cash flow generation, we do not expect liquidity will restrict our ability to execute against our M&A pipeline for the remainder of the year. As I mentioned earlier, our adjusted operating margin outlook is unchanged, and we continue to expect approximately 20 to 30 basis points of expansion versus 2021. Our outlook for operating margin continues to assume industry supply-side constraints, the elevated attrition for the remainder of the year.
Headwinds to operating margin include increased compensation costs, T&E, and a return to office costs, which we expect to offset through delivery efficiencies, digital revenue mix, pricing, and SG&A leverage and discipline. Our guidance assumes continued sequential margin expansion in Q3 before the impact of our annual merit cycle in Q4. Our full-year outlook assumes interest income of approximately $35 million versus $25 million previously, reflecting higher interest rates. Based on our increased share repurchase activity, we now expect average shares outstanding of approximately 519 million versus 522 million shares previously.
We also now expect a tax rate of 24%-25% versus 25%-26%, reflecting lower year-to-date performance. This leads to our full-year adjusted EPS guidance of $4.51-$4.57, up approximately 9%-11% year-over-year. This compares to $4.45-$4.55 previously. Finally, we are still targeting full-year free cash flow conversion of approximately 100% of net income. With that, we will open the call for your questions.
Thank you. We will now be conducting a question-and-answer session. If you would like to ask a question, please press star one on your telephone keypad. A confirmation tone will indicate your line is in the question queue. You may press star two if you would like to remove your question from the queue. For participants using speaker equipment, it may be necessary for you to pick up your handset before pressing the star keys. In the interest of time, we ask that you please limit yourself to one question and one follow-up. One moment while we poll for questions. Our first question comes from the line of Rod Bourgeois with DeepDive Equity Research. You may proceed with your question.
Okay, guys. Hey, so thank you for the update. On the revenue progress and outlook, you've provided some updates here for us. How much of the revenue challenge versus the plan that you had three months ago and even earlier this year is due to supply challenges? It sounds like a lot of it is supply versus macro challenges that are being faced within your client base and potential that the macro challenges are starting to ramp up.
Hey, Rod. Brian here. Thanks for the question. Look, it's very much related more towards the demand supply and balance that we see in the markets. You know, we gave guidance in November around the revenue target range of 8%-11% over the coming years, with about 2 points from M&A. Today, we reported 9.5 points of growth, so within that range, and even the guidance we gave is within that range. My hope, obviously, is that with better demand supply situation, Cognizant would have better headcount and be better able to get after the revenue opportunity while also, you know, I feel pretty good about where we are on margin these days.
It really for us now is about getting, continuing to evolve the business portfolio, if you will, to higher growth categories, making sure we get the headcounts right, both in terms of increasing retention and, making sure we even get better throughput in terms of our recruitment. And then of course, targeted M&A, which tends to be accretive to our revenue CAGR, some targeted larger deals that may or may not come ultimately in the years to come, but we'll be selective on those, as I've always said. And in some regards, today's margin profile, I think, is also indicative of the fact that in recent years, we haven't made big bets that may have been wrong in terms of attrition assumptions or margin or cost assumptions. It's really about those things, Rod.
Macro, you know, we've seen some impact in terms of pipeline progression, but it's been more modest. We haven't seen anything meaningful in terms of slowdown in demand. You know, I'm still certainly of the opinion that while we'll have to keep an eye on the earnings cycle of our major clients and understand how they think about larger projects or ERP roll-outs or projects with, you know, ROI timelines, at the end of the day, I'm very optimistic about IT services growth prospects in the medium to long term, and we'll continue to shape the portfolio to make sure we were able to show up and add value to clients.
Okay. Well, that's helpful that demand is not being significantly impacted, it sounds like, by macro. On pricing, you made some comments on pricing, and just to follow up on that, are you feeling that your pricing progress is consistent with the expectations that you had, you know, three and six months ago? Or is the macro factors also creating more challenges in getting prices realized?
Yeah. Rod, I'll jump in. The pricing environment we would still overall characterize as consistent, and we feel we do have pricing opportunities for us that we are realizing and working hard to achieve. We see better opportunities in our digital opportunities, where the demand is really difficult to supply and value is high. Our newer digital type services, we see better opportunities. We talked in last quarter about our initiatives to drive pricing across our entire client portfolio, and we're making progress. We always anticipated that this would be a multi-quarter endeavor.
Some of these negotiations are ongoing, but we do see early results, and that's why I mentioned in my commentary that we do see some modest contribution from pricing, not only to gross margin, but obviously to our overall margin development.
Great. Thank you, guys.
Our next question comes from the line of Jason Kupferberg with Bank of America. You may proceed with your question.
Hey, guys. Just wanted to switch over to bookings. I know you mentioned they were below your expectations for the quarter. Wondering if you can quantify the shortfall there and maybe just talk about what you think some of the root causes might have been. Obviously they can be lumpy quarter to quarter, but you know, I'm guessing the bookings are kind of less affected by the supply-demand imbalances that you just talked about as it relates to revenue. We'd just like to get a little bit more color there. Do we start to see improvement in the bookings growth trajectory in Q3?
Yeah. Hey, Jason, it's Brian. You know, you said it right. Bookings can be choppy, which is why I've always been an advocate of looking at bookings on a rolling twelve-month basis. On a trailing twelve-month basis, our bookings are still quite strong with a book-to-bill of 1.2. But within any given quarter, you'll have dynamics at play. This was a quarter where we knew, you know, we had to go focus on resource fulfillment, given where we were from an attrition and resource point of view. But also we wanted to make sure, given labor inflationary trends, we were able to address pricing discussions with clients.
that may have had even a psychological impact on our commercial team as they are, you know, focused on fulfillment and focused on pricing discussions and perhaps concerned about selling the next thing if they're worried about being able to fulfill against it. It's not quite as clean as you suggested, but fundamentally, we'd expect this to pick up in Q3 and Q4. Demand is there, as to the question that Rod asked earlier. We feel pretty good about our portfolio these days. We are repositioning the brand and repositioning how Cognizant shows up to clients and the kind of work we want to engage in. It's maybe a question of balance. That's perhaps the word of this quarter's earnings.
We're very proud that we're an outlier in the industry in the sense that we were able to drive margin expansion year-over-year and quarter-over-quarter. We obviously want to accompany that with revenue growth and bookings momentum, and that's what we're setting out to achieve, obviously on a go-forward basis.
Just on the supply side, is attrition or is hiring the bigger challenge right now? Do you think Q2 will more or less be the peak on attrition? I know you said you expect it to remain elevated, but just wondering what other actions, you know, the company might take to improve that metric.
We've taken significant actions from an attrition point of view, both in terms of compensation, significant investments in career path and overhauled our promotion process, significant investments in learning and development, and then a whole host of other activities around education, returnships and whatnot. I will say there's some, you know, opportunities here that we have. This is seasonally in line with, I guess, expectations, although it was a little above what we had assumed going into the quarter. You know, we are somewhat confident that the actions we're taking are really kicking in. Employee engagement, as I suggested in my prepared remarks, showed increases year-over-year across all eight categories that we measured. We're above industry benchmarks, by the way. We have seen progress in terms of the actions we've been taking the last 18 months.
It has really improved our relative compensation position across key markets, including India. While it's only one month of the quarter, the resignation trends we've seen in July, which isn't just about Q3, it's also about Q4, have been improving. We have good success on this internal job moves program, which is creating a much more dynamic promotion process. Those are good leading indicators, I'd say, in terms of retention. On the recruitment side, I think it's fair to say the industry has been faced with almost this musical chair situation where people show up with multiple job offers. The macro dynamics may actually start becoming more favorable. Early indications are that offer-to-joiner ratios have recovered a little bit in recent weeks, and I dare say for us, perhaps for others as well.
You know, we're looking forward to hopefully being able to build our headcount more aggressively on a go-forward basis and therefore be able to achieve our true top-line potential on the back of increased operational rigor and margin discipline that we've evidenced this quarter.
Okay. Thank you. I appreciate it.
Yeah.
Our next question comes from the line of Tien-Tsin Huang with JP Morgan. You may proceed with your question.
Hey, thank you so much. I know Jason asked about your confidence or visibility on bookings improving, but just thinking about your headcount changes a little bit here, it did slow down quite a bit sequentially after a period of strength. Just trying to read into that is, are you? I'm assuming you're gonna focus a little bit more on utilization here at this point of the cycle. Just trying to reconcile those two things.
Yeah. Maybe just as a quick reminder, our second quarter is typically a higher attrition quarter that has to do with some of the bonus payments that we issue in the end of March. We knew that we would have increased attrition that we don't expect to continue throughout the year. That's number one. It did turn out to be a little bit higher, maybe also for the revenue impact that we identified it had. It did tick up a little bit higher and had a little bit more impact in North America than the core of our operation in India.
From a medium-term perspective, I would think we still have elevated attrition levels, although not at the level that we have seen in the second quarter. The other thing, you know, I'd just add to that as well is of course, you know, all headcount is not the same. We've seen a shift of our delivery to offshore in the last few years. I think where we have to put a little bit more effort in place is to continue to build our onshore headcount, particularly in North America.
We've gone through a pretty extensive effort in the last three years to reduce visa dependency in North America, but hand in glove with that, we have to continue to scale campus hiring, lateral hires, and obviously headcount in North America, while maybe having a lower margin rate, can actually give us more dollars per head on both revenue and indeed gross margin. That's an important factor as well. You know, we're all over this, and you can imagine it's got our full attention, both in terms of the recruitment throughputs, offer joiner ratios that we track, as well as, you know, what we're doing from a retention point of view.
No doubt. No, I'm sure you're focused. Just a quick follow-up, you know.
Obviously, the employee satisfaction, employee engagements survey results were very pleasing to see. It's good to see the progress we're making.
Thank you for that. Just quickly on for my follow-up, the 1.2 book-to-bill being stable. I heard that, but is there a way to look at annualized backlog as well or some other metric thinking about that trend, assuming that there's some short-term project work and maybe some of the bookings have converted just on duration or ACV is another metric? I know you don't give it, but any interesting observations there?
We don't really get into those details. You know, our average contract duration actually increased quarter-over-quarter and year-over-year. Some of that is because we had a little bit more momentum in larger deals, and some of it is because of the situation that in a resource-constrained environment, we were quite selective in terms of the deals that we go after, with a view to ultimately aligning our resources in line with our business model evolution. That business model evolution is around aligning resources to our targeted customer segments, aligned to selling solutioning and delivering client outcomes, as opposed to simply being a provider of resources for clients. You know, if you're simply a provider of resources for clients, you can skew to lower end deals and being in the mode of staff augmentation.
Our strategy informs our actions. This quarter, obviously, with the cards we had, which was a resource-constrained environment, we obviously had the luxury of being able to make choice points that were both beneficial to our strategic direction as well as beneficial to our margins.
Understood. Thank you, Brian. Thank you, Jan.
Thank you.
Our next question comes from the line of James Faucette with Morgan Stanley. You may proceed with your question.
Thank you very much. I wanted to ask quickly on the competitive environment. Seems like your strategy that you've characterized as balanced seems different or at least a divergence from what we've seen from some of your peers in their early reporting, especially as it relates to share and margin dynamics. Can you just give a little bit more color on how you're thinking about that balance strategy? What's driving that, how you view that to be or why you view that to be the appropriate one, and how you think it plays out from here.
Yeah, I'll start and Jan, by all means, jump in if you want to embellish this as well. I think at the end of the day, James, we go back to the multi-year framework we laid out in November, not that long ago, at the Analyst Day when we talked about, you know, a revenue CAGR aspiration coupled with margin expansion over multiple years. I would argue that's still the right way to think about Cognizant. Nothing has fundamentally changed. The results we announced this quarter, 9.5% constant currency growth with significant margin expansion year-over-year and quarter-over-quarter, unlike the rest of the industry, I think fits within that mode, and so too does our guidance.
Clearly, the more resources we have, the more we'd be able to go on the attack more from a top-line perspective. What we've been really focused on is making sure we put a good operational discipline in place in terms of how we think about pricing, how we think about mix, delivery pyramid, et cetera. That's been a multi-year effort. We've also made investments, by the way, in the company that are starting to bear fruit now, and of course, we get financial leverage the more we grow sequentially. It's not really fundamentally different from what we outlined back in November, and that's how you should think about us going forward as well.
As we are better able to make progress on our retention trends, we'll have the luxury to be able to hopefully accelerate growth and get the balance a little bit better than this quarter.
Yeah. Maybe I'll add the component of the business mix that we have been adding in our growth. We had gotten these questions in past calls. We have been absent from large and mega deals in the past and in the last couple of years. Arguably that had slowed our revenue growth, but it allowed us to much better control our balanced portfolio of the revenue growth within the corridors that we outlined, plus the margin expansion, which is just our fundamental belief will build compounding the most quality type business over time.
Jan, can I just ask a follow-up as you've formulated the outlook? Obviously, a lot of moving parts between pricing, attrition, wage inflation, as well as the macro itself. Can you give a little bit of color in terms of as you formulated that outlook, what of those key components are you expecting to improve as we go through the second half of the year versus steady, or versus any that may deteriorate?
Yeah. Look, I think we are really, year to date, quite close to the path that we had anticipated for the year. I would point out the trajectory that we definitely look forward to improve is our bookings growth, and obviously on a relative basis also our employee attrition, because that combination will allow us to drive a revenue growth acceleration, basically, within the framework that we have outlined and deliver against our bottom-line commitments. I think those would be the two factors that we'll be working hard. I tried to outline the opportunity that we see is not an enterprise-wide unfocused. We can, with focused actions, drive improvements. For example, in my script, I mentioned the North American situation.
I think we're gonna pay extra attention to drive our North American staffing. That will have good revenue impact. It will strengthen us. That would be good action. We'll be very careful encouraging our overall a love for revenue growth and bookings throughout our distribution and sales capabilities. The rest feels to me is in relatively good shape. We have our SG&A now as we had committed to in a good and controlled environment, and we are able to drive that margin balance through this combination. It is a number of factors that come too, by shifting towards our digital mix, which is accretive to our overall gross margin by making continued progress on our pricing action, that will help to drive top line growth and the sustainability of our modern profile.
It's kind of a balance that we have kind of the foundations in a relatively good shape from my perspective, so that we're now addressing selective areas of improvement for the rest of the year.
Appreciate that color, Jan.
Thank you.
Our next question comes from the line of David Togut with Evercore ISI. You may proceed with your question.
Thank you very much. With financial services being your largest vertical, you drill down into demand trends and financial services in the second quarter, you know, across your range of services, digital versus legacy, and how you expect demand to evolve in this industry segment in the balance of the year?
Yeah. Hey, David, it's Brian. Look, I would say no major concerns in terms of demand curves in the financial services sector generally and within banking. We certainly had a good quarter, I would say, in commercial banking, which was stronger than retail and cards and payments, and indeed stronger than capital markets. You know, what we see there is frankly some more of a selective approach from Cognizant as we have repositioned ourselves with some of the larger banks, a shift away from staff augmentation and a shift towards trying to show up and help them with their transformation programs, and really their innovation agenda.
It's been an evolution of how we the teams we have in front of clients and what they are about to sell and hopefully solution and deliver, but also educating clients to think about Cognizant differently. I don't see any fundamental issues in terms of macro concerns in the banking space. Insurance, we seem to have done well in the quarter as well. Generally, most of our insurance business, the vast majority is in the United States, and we had, I would say, a reasonably strong quarter there too, and no major concerns either from a macro perspective there.
Maybe I'll just add some obvious things. Keep in mind that the reported results still reflect the impact of our disposition of Samlink. That is about 200 basis points impact on the growth rate. In substantiation of Brian's comments, we do see, for example, digital revenue and revenue shares catching up to our company average and making progress on that mix. Brian gave you the cut by our sectors. We have also regional success. Our regional banking portfolio, for example, continues to perform really in a nice growth rates, and from that perspective, we see that continued what we call a moderated improvement throughout the year to continue.
Appreciate that. Just as a follow-up, what action steps do you need to take to win more transformation business from the bigger banks? Do you need to add more in the way of management consulting capability? What, you know, what are the key pieces you're focused on?
Yeah, we've definitely been strengthening our consultancy business, but also I would say more broadly than Cognizant Consulting, we've been trying to make sure that our client-facing teams holistically are more consultative. That's a separate point, but nonetheless similar in terms of the end product. In parallel, I've personally been spending a lot of time on the road in the last three months in front of the C-suite of some of the larger banks, many of whom we haven't been able to serve in recent years, and trying to make sure we have the opportunity to show up and be on their preferred vendor lists and evidencing to them that the progress we've made with our portfolio and our strategic direction and how we think we can help them be successful in their own right.
A little bit of that has been hunting. For those that we currently have, it's obviously been farming and making sure we have the right engagement teams, more advisory capacity to your point, and then obviously educating clients to think of us differently as well. We're making progress. I think it's a paced recovery. It's ongoing, and you know, we've continued to articulate that this business will likely grow slower than the company average rate, but yet we're confident we're doing the right things to get it in the right space.
Understood. Thanks so much.
Our next question comes from the line of Lisa Ellis with MoffettNathanson. You may proceed with your question.
Terrific. Thank you. Good afternoon, guys. First one, I was just hoping that you could elaborate a little bit on what's going on in the M&A environment that's caused the slowdown in your pipeline there that you've seen sort of throughout this year. Given, you know, given the tightening macro environment and, you know, some, you know, the private markets tightening up a little bit, I would have thought it might get a little bit more fertile, actually. So can you just give a sense for sort of what you're seeing out there and why that has dried up a little bit? Thank you.
Yeah. Lisa, I'll jump in. Thank you for that question because it's important for us to reiterate that really our overall strategic framework of capital allocation is unchanged. We still believe M&A is an important tool that we have to enhance the competitiveness of our company to add and augment skill sets and industry focus and geographic focus for us. What we see here is really purely an operational and timed delay, a timing delay of M&A that happens when you develop pipelines and when you pursue deals to do so. It's also a little bit of consequence of a disciplined approach, which we're trying to signal in our prepared remarks. We are thoughtful about how we want to allocate that capital.
In this uncertain environment, coming off very lofty valuation expectations, I think it is fairly typical that you have sellers having higher expectations than buyers are willing to do as we see the world through different lenses. We observe that a little bit, as we also think about how do we justify the expense of M&A in a rational way. We are optimistic overall that we will continue with some M&A in the second half of the year. We have an active pipeline, but there are always the vagaries of closing those transactions coming to mutual agreement. It would be really purely due to the, I think, the practical situation that we are faced with at this point in time of economy and buyer-seller expectations, outlooks, et cetera.
Got it. Okay. For my follow-up, apologize for asking yet another question about this topic, but just a clarification on this supply fulfillment challenges that you mentioned have affected your revenue outlook for the year. Just looking at your utilization numbers, they're pretty running fairly steady, I guess not seeing that they're running really hot. Can you just clarify, like, is this like a skills issue or, you know, just maybe give a little bit more elaboration on what causes that sort of supply-demand imbalance, given that the utilization numbers are still kind of running at more normal levels?
Yeah. Yeah, Lisa, yeah, it is, keep in mind then, number one, for clarification, our revenue performance was really to a very small amount off our expectations. We are now in the fine-tuning of the sausage-making a little bit around what happened in the quarter. Your observation is correct that we have consistent utilization performance over the last couple of quarters. We have overlapping impact. For example, our utilization is negatively impacted by our increased intake of college grads. They tend to have warm-up times till they become fully productive, and it weighs on our utilization metrics in a simplified way. Whereas where we have other tight skill sets that have led to high utilization and lost revenue opportunities.
This is in particular the case in North America, where we had higher revenue carrying gaps in our capacity for delivery. This localized effect basically is balancing out and created basically some missed revenue opportunities.
Perfect. Super helpful. Thank you.
Our next question comes from the line of Bryan Bergin with Cowen. You may proceed with your question.
Hi, good afternoon. Thank you. First one I got is on booking. I'm just trying to understand, are you experiencing pricing pushback and resourcing challenges that are causing more so delays or missed opportunities entirely? I'm trying to get at really whether this is deal cycle extension or competitive loss and cancellation entirely there. Just how are you expecting fiscal 2022 bookings growth to land now?
Hey, Bryan, it's Brian. We'd expect an acceleration in the second half of the year. The book-to-bill ratio remains healthy, as I said, at 1.2, really on the back of Q3 and Q4 last year, where bookings growth of 20% plus in both quarters. Look, some of this is frankly us in a resource-constrained environment, given our headcount opted out of certain lower-end or less strategic opportunities. That's the first point.
The second point I would say is, you know, we did see, during the course of the quarter, I would say pipeline progression be a little slower than prior quarters and some pushouts into outer quarter periods, higher levels than traditional. I don't think it's enough to signify by any means, any concern from a macro demand point of view, because bluntly, the biggest single factor we have is just making sure we get fulfillment right, as opposed to worrying about the macro environment. We see plenty of opportunity from the clients I see, and frankly, I've probably visited a few hundred clients in the last quarter alone.
It's much more around our fulfillment capabilities and about the choice points we are faced with and that we take in a resource-constrained environment. As I said earlier, the average contract duration is a little bigger because we've stepped away from some lower-end staff augmentation deals, and we've had a little bit more success in 50 million-plus category. That's the dynamics I would articulate.
Just on margin, maybe can you quantify or just talk about some of the larger underlying swing factors in the second half assumptions that you have? I see in 2Q, absolute dollar level of SG&A spend was roughly flat year-over-year despite the higher revenue base. Maybe can you talk about where exactly you're leveraging this and to the tune of, are you cutting more so around corporate or are you also throttling sales and marketing related spend as well?
Yeah, I guess that comes to me. The margin performance in the first half has been driven by multiple factors, by a balanced set of contributors, and I'm anticipating that to continue throughout the year. Pricing had a modest contribution, and we expect our pricing initiative to build on this and will slightly increase in importance for it. We had really seen good contributions from the strategic measures that Brian talked about, delivery pyramid optimization.
All these factors of a higher intake of college grads, the careful use of subcontractors, the shifting towards offshore delivery, et cetera, all contributed that the delivery organization grew actually and could offset a large chunk of the compensation pressure that we're still facing and we anticipate to face throughout the year. I would say we had actually slight growth. I think we had 3% SG&A growth in the quarter quarter-over-quarter. We will be funding the growth that we need for our company as is a priority, so SG&A will not be in the way. Our cost controls on SG&A won't be limiting our investments into growth.
We are seeing also good progress in other corporate functions to drive efficiencies, and simplify our operation, things that you would expect us to do. It's the multitude of these factors and, well, it's a kind of a little bit of an art of how it react to actual results within the quarter and emphasize one more than the other, to drive the result. Maybe on the margins. The third quarter is traditionally our highest margin quarter, so we expect actually a sequential increase in margin in the third quarter. Then as you know, in the fourth quarter, our large compensation measure for the broad delivery organization takes place. We expect some pressure in the fourth quarter and then deliver our guidance for the full year.
I just wanna touch upon the other question around the commercial team. Now we're absolutely committed to the commercial team. The multi-year guidance that we gave in our November annual state, that became part of the 2022 revenue guidance, is really about participating in growth markets, orienting the portfolio to higher growth categories and making sure we have world-class client-facing teams that are consultative in nature and that are productive in nature. As many of you know, we've really built out a strong sales operations function here in recent years. We started showcasing to you the bookings position we have. We changed our variable compensation program for our commercial team. With a few years of data now, we continue to hone in on opportunities around commercial productivity.
I would say the sales roster or the commercial roster is fundamentally similar to where it was in recent months and quarters, and we continue to want to invest in our commercial team and will invest in our commercial team in the years to come.
Okay. I've just got one follow-up. Apologies here. Just how much of the business mix is typically comprised of shorter-term deals or maybe project-based work that would have experienced the missed opportunities or the choices you made due to the supply tightness?
I don't think we really give much detail on this. As Brian mentioned on the bookings performance, where we saw the softness in bookings was disproportionate on what we call shorter-term deals, which makes exactly sense as Brian had explained. That portion was affected, but again, our variation from expectation is really a relatively small percentage numbers, you know. We did see a little bit more pressure on the shorter-end deals compared to the longer-term deals.
Okay. Thank you.
Our last question comes from the line of Rayna Kumar with UBS. You may proceed with your question.
Good evening. Thanks for taking my question. I just wanna dig in a little more to your 3Q revenue guide. It assumes a slowdown right in revenue growth from 2Q to 3Q. Are there any specific verticals or geography that you would call out that would cause that deceleration? And then second, your CMT revenue was very strong at 20% in the quarter. Any one-time items there, and how should we think of that growth going forward for the remainder of the year? Thank you.
Yeah, I would not really narrow in on specific drivers by industry. Some of our industry groups have a little bit more difficult compares year-over-year, and you can kind of see that when you look at our tables. Overall, I think in the short term for the third quarter revenue guidance is impacted by our year-to-date booking performance to some degree, and then our gradual improvement of our attrition rates kind of lead us to a certain revenue forecast that we have given you in our guidance.
Understood. Thank you. Just on the, you know, growth in CMT in the quarter, any call-outs?
I wanted to leave that to Brian because it's a great story, and so Brian can take it.
Look, it's, as you'll see in the SEC filings, the communications, media, and technology business for us is actually our most profitable industry segment externally. We have tremendous momentum there, a strong team who've been driving good momentum with digital native companies, fully leveraging our intuitive operations and automation business group as well. We have strong client relationships. We've been executing well. Delivery excellence is very strong. I know a lot of these clients personally. They speak to our differentiated offerings and differentiated delivery. This has been a business we've been investing in for many years as we've made the portfolio a little bit more diverse beyond healthcare and FSI.
Products and resources in CMT have been growing double digits for many, many years, and CMT is one of the showcases, I think, of our success in that regard, both in the United States as well as internationally. Nothing fundamentally that concerns me in terms of, you know, underlying currents there. We just have good momentum and a strong team.
Great. Thank you.
All right, with that, thank you everybody for joining our call. Look forward to catching up next quarter.
This concludes today's Cognizant Technology Solutions Q2 2022 earnings conference call. You may now disconnect your lines at this time.