Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the Cognizant Technology Solutions Third Quarter 2021 Earnings Conference Call. All lines have been placed on mute to prevent any background noise. After the speaker's remarks, there will be a question- and- answer session. If you would like to ask a question at that time, please press star one on your telephone keypad. A confirmation tone will indicate your line is in the question queue. You may press star two if you would like to remove your question from the queue. For participants using speaker equipment, it may be necessary for you to pick up your handset before pressing the star keys. Thank you. I would now like to turn this conference over to Mr. Tyler Scott, Vice President of Investor Relations. Please go ahead, sir. You may begin your presentation.
Thank you, operator, and good afternoon, everyone. By now you should have received a copy of the earnings release and the investor supplement for the company's Third Quarter 2021 Results. If you have not, copies are available on our website, cognizant.com. The speakers we have on today's call are Brian Humphries, Chief Executive Officer, and Jan Siegmund, Chief Financial Officer. Before we begin, I would like to remind you that some of the comments made on today's call and some of the responses to your questions may contain forward-looking statements. These statements are subject to the risks and uncertainties as described in the company's earnings release and other filings with the SEC. Additionally, during our call today, we will reference certain non-GAAP financial measures that we believe provide useful information to our investors.
Reconciliations of non-GAAP financial measures, where appropriate to the corresponding GAAP measures, can be found in the company's earnings release and other filings with the SEC. With that, I'd like to turn the call over to Brian Humphries. Please go ahead, Brian.
Thank you, Tyler. Good afternoon, everyone. We executed well in the third quarter, delivering revenue of $4.7 billion, up 11.8% year-over-year or 11% in constant currency. Bookings growth, a key leading indicator, accelerated to 24% year-over-year growth in the third quarter. Our book-to-bill ratio of 1.2 times revenue on a trailing 12-month basis underscores our commercial momentum. I'm grateful to our teams around the world for their resourcefulness in meeting our client commitments despite a challenging labor market. We delivered solid sequential adjusted operating margin expansion in the third quarter as we offset the cost of increased hiring with cost discipline elsewhere. I'm also pleased with the progress against our key strategic initiatives. For example, third quarter digital revenue grew 18% year-over-year. Digital represents 44% of our overall revenue mix.
We expect this percentage to grow in future periods, positioning Cognizant for both top-line momentum and margin expansion. Moreover, the intimacy of our C-suite engagement increases as we serve clients in their digital transformations. Better-than-expected growth in our non-digital business impacted our digital mix progression, but is nonetheless a welcome outcome. During the third quarter, we saw continued strong top-line momentum in our digital business operations practice, reflecting our differentiated offerings for digital natives, our BPaaS leadership position in healthcare, and our strength in intelligent process automation solutions. We recently announced Cognizant Neuro, a simpler and more effective way for clients to achieve the full potential of intelligent process automation and speed time to results. Everest Group, a leading industry analyst firm, recently recognized Cognizant Neuro as an exciting development to enable automation at scale. Moving to industry segments.
Financial Services ongoing recovery continued with growth of 4.3% year-over-year in constant currency, in line with our expectations. We posted strong double-digit growth year-over-year in constant currency in Products and Resources and in Communications, Media, and Technology. Within Products and Resources, we continued to deliver excellent growth in manufacturing, logistics, energy, and utilities, as well as across retail, consumer goods, and travel and hospitality, which have recovered to pre-pandemic levels. In Communications, Media, and Technology, we continued to lead with our digital engineering capability to win transformation deals while leveraging our alliances to be a premier cloud transformation partner. In Healthcare, we had another solid quarter, achieving 9.8% constant currency growth. Momentum in Life Sciences continued.
Demand across payers remains strong, and we're beginning to see an uptick in demand across providers as they look to digital technologies to help reduce operating costs and strengthen new channels for delivering care. Our products business saw continued double-digit growth in Q3. We're expanding our footprint in the healthcare market and adding new growth members on our platforms. We're also well underway with our digital transformation of our products, including the launch of our connected interoperability solutions to help clients provide secure real-time data access and meet compliance deadlines. We're proud of the work we're doing in partnership with clients like Parkland Community Health Plan. Parkland was looking for better ways to meet the growing needs of its medically underserved populations in Texas and to better manage its health insurance claims, member transactions, and network of physicians and hospitals.
Our TriZetto QNXT core administration platform, delivered in a BPaaS model, is enabling delivery of care management, claims processing, member services, provider services, and quality on a single platform, thereby enhancing care coordination and member experiences. Our healthcare business is a hugely strategic asset. I'm pleased with the progress we've made accelerating growth in healthcare, and I'm optimistic in our future prospects as healthcare companies modernize their business to address the need for enhanced client experiences, including virtual care solutions. Let's turn now to strategy, including our digital ambitions. I remain bullish on both the macro demand environment and Cognizant's growing momentum in digital. Clients continue to accelerate their investment in digital operating models to improve their customer and employee experiences and modernize their operations through data, automation, and cloud. While most companies have launched digital initiatives, few have made the shift to a fully digital operating model.
Cognizant is now one of the few global firms that can serve clients across all stages of their digital transformation, from modernizing their technology foundation to implementing agile workflows. This is, in part, a result of investing approximately $3 billion in mergers and acquisitions over the past few years to broaden our portfolio while strengthening our relationships with hyperscalers and key partners. Good client example is Cabot Corporation, a global leader in specialty chemicals and performance materials, who recently engaged us to help transform their digital operating model. We'll be providing application development and maintenance as well as infrastructure and operations services, and enabling Cabot to create an enhanced digital experience that drives value for its customers and employees. Scaling our international operations is another strategic priority.
During the third quarter, we grew bookings and revenue solidly in both Europe and rest of world, with the highlight being 19% constant currency revenue growth in the United Kingdom. We remain optimistic on our international market prospects and aim to accelerate growth as we invest in our talent, brand, partnerships, and operations. Global biopharma leader Sanofi has selected Cognizant as a strategic partner to deploy an omni-channel customer engagement model. The solution will enable their customer-facing teams to engage with healthcare professionals via new digital channels, provide them with personalized content, and also suggest next best actions. Cognizant deployed the cloud-based CRM, integrated marketing automation, and intelligence data platform to the first 18 markets in just eight months.
At Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs, the U.K. government's tax authority, we're providing broad technology expertise across its Pega technology stack and enabling Pega application development and operational support that will facilitate case management and customer service applications. Moving on now to the intensifying competition for talent across multiple industries. The demand-supply imbalance in our industry remains particularly acute. Third quarter voluntary attrition reached 33% on an annualized basis or 24% on a trailing 12-month basis. As a reminder, when we measure attrition, we count the entire company, including trainees and corporate across IT services and BPO. Despite elevated attrition, we increased our net headcount in Q3 by over 17,000 sequentially, which speaks to the tremendous work and effectiveness of our recruitment team. Given our focus in recent years on accelerating fresher hiring in India, we've made meaningful progress on addressing our pyramid.
In the fourth quarter, we expect to make offers to 45,000 new graduates in India for onboarding in 2022. Retention and recruitment have our leadership's full attention. We are continuing our comprehensive program to support our associates' career growth and engagement through a range of initiatives that include committed annual increases, an evolved approach to promotions, job boards so associates can easily explore open leadership roles company-wide, abundant new training and development programs, sustained communication with our commitment to belonging and inclusion across our company and to society more broadly, and the continuing pursuit of an ESG agenda which holds special meaning for our associates. To this point, earlier this year, we published our first ESG report and set out on a path to reduce our emissions and increase our energy efficiency. Last week, we announced Cognizant's commitment to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.
We plan to achieve this net zero goal through ongoing investments in renewable energy, building on our initial success in India, where a quarter of our energy has come from renewable sources since 2020. We will also be investing in new energy-efficient technologies across our offices and data centers globally. In addition, we will extend our expertise in cloud, IoT, and AI to help clients meet their sustainability goals. In closing, while the industry faces an unprecedented competition for talent, during the third quarter we attracted a record number of employees to Cognizant and stayed focused on delivering against our client commitments and our strategic repositioning. We are bullish on the industry and on our growing commercial momentum. Jan and I look forward to discussing Cognizant's future with you at our November 18 investor briefing.
With that, I'll turn the call over to Jan, who will cover the details of the quarter and our financial outlook before we take your questions. Jan, over to you.
Thank you, Brian, and good afternoon, everyone. Our Q3 revenue was $4.7 billion, representing growth of approximately 12% or 11% at constant currency. Revenue growth was led by Digital, which grew 18% and represented 44% of total revenue for the quarter. As Brian mentioned earlier, our Digital Business Operations practice area is also growing strongly. Year-over-year growth includes approximately 300 basis points of growth from our recent acquisitions. Moving on to segment results, where all growth rates provided will be year-over-year in constant currency. Financial Services revenue increased approximately 4%, in line with our expectations. We continue to make steady progress as we reposition this business. We have seen recent improvement in bookings and pipeline. We continue to expect modest growth for this segment for the full year.
Healthcare revenue increased approximately 10%, again, driven by strong performance in both our healthcare and life sciences businesses. Revenue growth within our healthcare business was primarily organic, and demand for our integrated software solutions remains strong. We also remain very pleased with our life sciences business, which grew double digits organically year-over-year. Products and Resources revenue increased approximately 18%, driven by the sixth consecutive quarter of double-digit growth in manufacturing, logistics, energy and utilities. Retail and consumer goods and travel and hospitality also grew double digits year-over-year, with both sectors experiencing healthy demand for digital services as they recover from the impact of the pandemic in 2020. Segment growth also included approximately 600 basis points from inorganic revenue. Communications, Media and Technology revenue grew 19%, of which approximately 500 basis points of growth was attributable to recent acquisitions.
Organic growth was led by our technology business, where our work with digital-native clients has continued to drive growth in our core portfolio. From a geographic perspective, North America grew approximately 10% year-over-year, driven by demand from healthcare, life sciences, manufacturing, logistics, energy and utilities, and technology. Growth in North America also included the benefit of recently completed acquisitions across segments. Revenue outside of North America grew approximately 16% year-over-year in constant currency, led by growth in the U.K. We also experienced strong growth in Germany and Australia, driven in part by our recently completed acquisitions of ESG Mobility and Servian, respectively. Now moving on to margins. In Q3, our GAAP operating margin was 15.4% and adjusted operating margin was 15.8%.
Adjusted operating margin excludes the impact from the legal settlement, which, if approved by the court, will resolve the previously disclosed 2016 securities class action lawsuit. On a year-over-year basis, adjusted operating margin declined approximately 10 basis points. Continued elevated attrition resulted in higher subcontractor, recruiting, and other delivery costs. Additionally, our recently completed acquisitions negatively impacted our margin, and we continue to invest in SG&A to drive and support organic revenue growth and modernize our core IT and securities infrastructure. These headwinds were partially offset by savings from our cost initiatives in 2020 and 2021. Our GAAP tax rate in the quarter was 25.6%, and our adjusted tax rate was 26%, towards the high end of our full year guidance. Diluted GAAP EPS was $1.03, and adjusted diluted EPS was $1.06.
Now turning to the balance sheet. We ended the quarter with cash and short-term investments of $2.4 billion or net cash of $1.7 billion. Free cash flow in Q3 was $897 million, representing approximately 165% of net income and in line with our expectations. Year-to-date, free cash flow of $1.5 billion represents over 90% of net income. DSO of 72 days increased by one day sequentially and is flat with the prior year period. Management remains keenly focused on this metric as it is a key lever for free cash flow conversion in the future. During the quarter, we repurchased 1.3 million shares for $100 million under our share repurchase program and returned $127 million to shareholders through our regular dividend.
Year-to-date, we have returned over $1 billion to shareholders through share repurchases and dividends in line with our previously disclosed capital allocation framework. During the quarter, we also spent cash of $57 million on acquisitions, bringing the year-to-date spend on acquisitions to over $700 million. Turning to guidance. For Q4, we expect revenue in the range of $4.75 billion-$4.79 billion, representing year-over-year growth of 13.5%-14.5% or 13.3%-14.3% in constant currency. Our guidance assumes currency will have a favourable 20 basis points impact and inorganic contribution of approximately 310 basis points.
As a reminder, Q4 2020 revenue was negatively impacted by the $107 million charge related to our proposed financial services contract exit, which is expected to benefit Q4 2021 year-over-year growth by approximately 250 basis points. At the midpoint of our Q4 revenue outlook-
We expect full-year revenue of $18.5 billion, representing 11.1% growth or 9.8% growth in constant currency. With that, we are guiding towards the high end of our prior full-year guidance. Our outlook assumes currency will have a favourable 130 basis points impact and includes 330 basis points contribution from inorganic revenue. Our guidance also assumes continued momentum across Healthcare, CMT, and Products and Resources, and a modest growth in Financial Services for the full year. Moving on to margins. Our full-year adjusted operating margin outlook is unchanged at approximately 15.4%. As I mentioned earlier, elevated attrition is leading to increased costs in certain areas, including recruiting and subcontractor costs, in addition to higher wages for lateral hires.
We also continue to invest significantly in our people through increased compensation, rolling quarterly promotions for billable associates and training. As a reminder, our annual merit increase for the majority of our associates is effective October 1. This will impact our Q4 margin and imply the sequential decline in adjusted operating margin from Q3. To partially offset these headwinds, we continue to moderate the pace of our non-strategic SG&A spend. This leads to our full-year adjusted EPS guidance, which is $4.02-$4.06, compared to $4.00-$4.06 previously. Our full-year outlook assumes interest income of approximately $30 million compared to $25 million-$30 million previously. Our outlook assumes average shares outstanding of approximately 528 million and a tax rate of 25%-26%.
Both share count and tax rate are unchanged from our prior outlook. Finally, we continue to expect free cash flow will represent approximately 100% of net income for the full year. With that, we will open the call for your questions.
Thank you. We will now be conducting a question-and-answer session. If you would like to ask a question, please press star one on your telephone keypad. A confirmation tone will indicate your line is in the question queue. You may press star two if you would like to remove your question from the queue. For participants using speaker equipment, it may be necessary for you to pick up your handset before pressing the star keys. In the interest of time, we ask that you limit yourself to one question and one follow-up. One moment while we poll for questions. Our first question comes from the line of Tien-Tsin Huang with J.P. Morgan. You may proceed with your question.
Thank you so much. I want to ask on the attrition and the gross margin lines and what to think about here going into the fourth quarter. Gross margin this quarter was actually pretty healthy despite the step-up in attrition that you had signalled to us. Look, looking ahead, what should we think about there with attrition and gross margin specifically? And are you able to pass along price increases? Have you seen any delivery execution issues, that kind of thing? Thank you.
Hi, Tien-Tsin, it's Brian, and I'll pass it to Jan maybe directly after this. Look, first of all, attrition is elevated. We knew going into the quarter it would remain elevated. We expect going into the fourth quarter it will also remain elevated. However, we do expect some modest declines in attrition rate, and that is healthy. We look naturally at resignations on a daily basis. We think, as we've hopefully shown in the course of the year, we understand what's going on, what to expect from an attrition point of view. Clearly, while the headline number is high, when you apply the rate of attrition to more industry standard definitions, such as a trailing 12-month basis, we think we're more in line with the industry in the low twenties.
You know, as I think about this, we've spent a tremendous amount of effort to try to address that, both hearts and minds as well as compensation. Hearts and minds has less of an impact on a margin compensation does. Just, you know, when we think about hearts and minds, we're thinking about, you know, a sense of belongingness, celebrating success, career path discussions, training and development, and making sure that we have processes in place where people can actually get promoted more readily internally. We've made a series of adjustments to internal processes to facilitate that. We've also really embraced the bottom of the pyramid after a few slower years between 2017 and 2019.
Our what we call GenC or fresher intake has increased meaningfully, and that is also helping our pyramid and our ability to have upward promotion capabilities this year. As we've said in our prepared remarks, we'll add 45,000 offers. I feel pretty good about what we're doing from an attrition point of view. The reality is, however, we're in an industry that is facing unprecedented competition for talent, and we continue to see attrition in the same areas as we talked about previously, namely hot skills as well as the bottom of the pyramid. On pricing and on margin implications, I'll pass you to Jan.
Yes, Tien-Tsin. Maybe I'll start with the gross margin in the third quarter, which was relatively consistent to prior year. There are obviously a lot of ins and outs. Clearly, we observe the impact of increased compensation on to the margin, but we had also positive effects like, for example, a modest shift in our Digital revenues is helping us. Overall, the acceleration of revenue growth has been a factor of helping our gross margin. A lot of ins and outs and comparisons year over year because of the COVID situation. You should expect in the fourth quarter pressure on our gross margin because we're implementing our compensation increase for the vast majority of our associates, which we have implemented October first. You do see some pressure on the gross margin in the fourth quarter.
Clearly, we're kind of working on all elements of curtailing that, but I think you will see net pressure. Pricing, I wanna do two comments before I pass it back to Brian. You know, of course, that the pricing takes some time to implement since clients have longer-term contracts. When I observe in particular our digital business, I think I can say that our clients start to really see the value that Cognizant is delivering and understand the value that we can bring too. We're pleasantly satisfied or we're really happy with the situation that with our core thesis about our strategy to shift to digital, driving higher growth margin is holding and helping us over the medium term on the gross margin side. Back to you, Brian.
Yeah. Well, actually, you largely touched upon what I was gonna say. I think the implications of digital is of course important from our pricing point of view, but also the competitors against which we're going up enables us to be a very strong challenger brand. We have pricing, I would say, accretion as opposed to dilution. Just one other important point. Over the last few years, many people have asked me how I think about structured deals or captive takeouts. We've naturally heavily embraced digital, and our growth rate in digital has been twice that of the industry over the last two years.
One of the benefit of digital is, of course, the smaller contract durations you get with it, given the nature of the work you're performing, which ensures we haven't actually been locked into multi-year pricing dimensions as part of a five or an eight-year contract. That's actually, in a strange way, worked out to be quite favourable for us going forward. All of this is, you know, heavy lifting we have to get right in the quarters ahead, but we feel that we're on the right track.
Great. No, thank you for the complete answers, guys. Thank you.
Our next question comes to the line of Keith Bachman with BMO Capital Markets . You may proceed with your question.
Hi. Thank you very much. Good evening. I wanted to ask similar questions to Brian, but I'm gonna go out in a different direction. You used the word unprecedented, and I agree it does seem to be unprecedented attrition, but I'm wondering what slows it. You've talked about specific steps that Cognizant's taking, but it's clearly an industry problem. You know, the other side is, does it require a slowdown in revenues across Cognizant and its competitors in order for attrition to come down? But I'm just wondering, you know, what are some of the industry forces that might help alleviate some of this pressure? Then Brian, I'll just go ahead and ask my second question since we're related. As you're facing such unprecedented attrition, how do you think about the trade-offs that you need to make, related to growth versus margins as you look out over the next couple quarters or even the next year?
Hey, Keith. While it's fresh in mind. Look, we've already started making some of those trade-offs on growth versus margins. I think the reality is I'm delighted with our team, and our recruitment engine was really executing extremely well in the last few quarters and will continue to execute well going forward. Hence we've had a net headcount increase sequentially of 17,000, by the way, which excludes subcontractors, which also grew. The reality is we don't have enough headcount to fulfill our potential, and therefore we've been faced with choice points, which clients to serve, which deals to chase, where we walk away, where we're willing to make pricing stances that may put a deal at risk, but it's the appropriate thing to do given the demand, supply and balance.
That is already underway, Keith. I will say in the same vein, we're really delighted with the commercial momentum we have. Bookings growth of 24% in the quarter, which brings year-to-date up to mid-teens on the back of mid-teens bookings growth last year, tells me that we have actually really turned a corner in terms of commercial momentum. Those trade-offs are underway. I'd like nothing more to accelerate hiring from current levels, so that we can really fulfill against our true potential. At this moment in time, despite all the net adds, and there were record levels in the quarter, we have enough attrition, as does the rest of the industry, to mitigate that. With regards to the first question around the industry forces that will alleviate attrition. Look, it's a very difficult question to answer.
The reality is, I don't see immediate line of sight to this. I foresee elevated attrition in the industry in the coming quarters. I think the only winner in times like this is the actual individual employee, because companies like us don't win from this, clients don't win from this. As such, you know, hopefully, this will right itself over time. Hence our focus both not just on a compensation work stream, but we set up a war room from a retention point of view about nine months ago at this stage, and we spent an extraordinary amount of time on the hearts and minds angle.
I personally now spend an hour per day with five groups of five or six employees that are deep into the organization to make sure we're hearing them out, understanding what's on their mind, validating that they understand what we're up to. I will say I like the fact that we're back to double-digit growth more sustainably because that helps us get a little bit more swagger back in Cognizant, and obviously it demonstrates an ability for us to benefit our clients as much as our clients our employees, and talk about the fact that they will have career advancement opportunities and we will have gross margin opportunities to invest in their careers and training and development, et cetera.
You know, time will tell what's gonna happen over time, but we really are doing what we can do, and core to that is also, let's say, the reinvigoration of our fresher program, which had stalled. I think at this stage, we're starting to get our pyramid back into the right shape after a few years of being off-kilter.
Okay. Thanks, Brian.
Our next question comes from the line of Rod Bourgeois with Deep Dive Equity Research. You may proceed with your question.
Okay, great. Thank you. Hey, Brian, when you started your turnaround effort, you made international revenues a big priority, which had been actually something Cognizant had somewhat struggled with over the years. Your international growth is outperforming in these latest results. I wanted to see if you could speak to the levers that you're pulling to help with the international revenue progress. I'd love to get your sense of whether you're sort of sustainably on a path to increase the international revenue mix at this point going forward.
Yeah, it's a great question, Rod, because, you know, we very often spend a lot of time on one of our other strategic postures, which is around accelerating our digital footprint, which isn't relevant just on a total corporation level, but also internationally. Scaling our international capabilities is something I'm 100% focused on. Today, it's just 26% of our revenue, and so if you think about our footprint internationally, our brand internationally and our operations, they are in need of scaling. It's not just revenue scaling, but it's also our delivery capabilities overseas, both in terms of near shore and onshore, that will enable our shift to digital. It also, I would say it's very core to our desire to build a global delivery network where we can provide greater business continuity capabilities for our clients as well.
We're executing well against those initiatives. We've hired and largely refreshed a lot of the international leadership team, very senior hires in the U.K., Australia, New Zealand, Germany, Japan, the Nordics. The people we've targeted are well connected into the local industry. They understand the local market. I would say the impact of that is now becoming more and more evident, not just in strong revenue growth in the third quarter, but also in year-to-date this year across Australia, U.K., Germany in particular. Also as I think about the bookings momentum we have internationally, the year-to-date in Q3 bookings on our international businesses is well above the company average. Now, those people are bringing followership both from a client point of view as well as from an employee point of view.
Our ability to attract talent is relevant there. They also give me confidence that I'm investing M&A dollars behind senior leaders who will take post-merger integration activities seriously. As you've seen in the earlier part of this year, we acquired Servian in Australia, New Zealand, and ESG Mobility in Germany. You know, it goes back to having confidence in a team and having a team who take their responsibility seriously, and a team that's fundamentally connected into partnership ecosystem as well as the client network. Where we are different internationally, Rod, I expect we will continue to double down in that arena too, is the notion of industry alignment. We're very strong from an industry perspective in North America. Healthcare is obviously a great example of that in the payer provider space.
As we scale into Europe and Asia, our largest country is the U.K., where we are aligned by industry. Actually, some of the country leaders that we've hired now are embracing more of an industry alignment in those countries as well. Perhaps not across all industries in every country, but there are major industries that we are aligning behind, and I think that is the way to go to get after these market opportunities internationally. Not just am I expecting Rod to maintain this level of growth, my hope is to accelerate our growth internationally in the years ahead, and we'll certainly talk more about that on November 18th at the Industry Summit.
Very helpful. Hey, I wanna ask across the pipeline, particularly about large deals, and I guess I'm wondering, are you significantly pursuing extra large deals in your sales pipeline, or are you focusing more on mid-size and smaller deals? I'm really asking to see if you are somewhat biased away from the mega deals given sometimes the risk that they entail, and given that there's a lot of other deals out there right now, given the breadth of demand that exists.
Look, I've made no qualms about the fact that my priority was to expose Cognizant to higher growth categories, notably digital and international markets. If I focus on digital, the nature of the work we do ends up positioning us against smaller contract durations. From my perspective, I agree with the inference in your question. This is a resource-constrained environment, and putting valuable resources against digital is much more interesting for me than putting them against captive or structured deals where you may have an apples-to-oranges comparison for one year or two, but thereafter you're in a book of business that you have to work very hard to grow. I will say, you know, when I think about our bookings, our win rates and our pipelines, I have nothing but good thoughts. Bookings were balanced by industry, by geography.
If I think about even within the digital work we are doing, we have actually seen a little more momentum in the $50 million+ category on a year-over-year basis, and I expect that to continue in the fourth quarter as well. That's different from $500 million or $1 billion deals. These are very healthy digital-type deals for us. All of this has led us to be in a position now with bookings growth of 24% year-over-year in Q3, to have a book-to-bill ratio that is now solidly in the 1.2 range. I feel good about that. I will say, as a CEO, the enemy is when you have clients that are indecisive. That is not the case at this moment in time.
Pipeline velocity is strong, it's fast. That's why I feel very good about our position. I think the strategic choices we made a number of years ago were the right choices. We're executing against that, and I think we'll bear the fruit of that labor in the coming years.
Our next question comes from the line of Lisa Ellis with MoffettNathanson. You may proceed with your question.
Oh, terrific. Thanks a lot, guys. Good stuff here. Brian, I'll give you a break from talking and ask Jan a one-year in kind of question. You've been in your seat as CFO now at Cognizant for a little over a year. Can you just give a quick look back from the CFO seat, what you feel like has been going well in the last year, and then what your personal priorities are for the CFO organization going forward? Thanks.
Yeah, that's an unexpected question, actually, Lisa. The
Well, I can go back to asking about attrition if you'd like.
No, I actually quite appreciate it. I do appreciate the question. The translation of our four strategic priorities into operational measures and control processes is obviously a big endeavour for a multinational organization like Cognizant, and the finance organization was really laser-focused in supporting those four strategic priorities that Brian has been talking about. I'll give you examples. When you scale and expand your sales force and distribution capabilities, more effective measures on the effectiveness and results of that sales force are required, and I think you have seen this with improving disclosure on our bookings growth. You just see the surface of the effort that behind that to drive improved transparency, not only for us, but also for the street.
Similar initiatives have been underway for supporting our pricing and analytics capability relative to driving relevance to clients and ensuring that we deliver value to our clients, et cetera, throughout the four. I don't want to delve into all four initiatives of what we're doing, but that has been really the primary focus of the work. I have to say, I'm pleased because in the outcome you have kind of experienced Cognizant as a reliable that has made good in the last couple of quarters on our promises and that's how I measure ourselves really in the end. Can we fulfill the financial commitments that we make to our shareholders?
In terms of fulfilling our expectations, that has worked out with a lot of work pretty well, I think, particularly in the last half year here where we have faced really the changed industry with the high attrition rates. I remain personally excited about that opportunity. It's a company that is changing, that is winning in the marketplace, and you can feel that the energy is visibly accelerating over time. It's fun to be part of that team.
Okay, good. My follow-up is on the technology partnership side. I think, Brian, you've mentioned the hyperscalers as a priority, a number of times. Can you just give a sense for some of the other priority areas that you guys are focused on in terms of building technology partnerships?
Yeah. Lisa, look, some of the hyperscalers are obviously omnipresent, extremely powerful, and the platform scales into various different technologies. Cloud migration immediately gets you to data modernization, AI, machine learning, IoT, et cetera. Beyond that, we have some of the traditional partners we've had for years, some of which were stronger than others, the Oracle, the SAP, ISVs of the world, but we've certainly put a huge focus as well on what I would call next generation leaders, companies like ServiceNow, companies like Salesforce, Workday. As a reminder, in the last year and a half, we acquired Collaborative Solutions to scale our Workday practice. We've also done three acquisitions in Salesforce. We have meaningfully changed our position with Salesforce.
I was in a recent QBR with the Salesforce leadership team, and they were singing our praises in terms of how our position in Salesforce has exponentially grown. You know, we'll continue to do acquisitions in those areas as well that are aligned to our higher growth categories. We've also set up three business groups behind the hyperscalers, so it's not lip service. It is true organizations. We take it very seriously. I actually see the hyperscalers now focusing more and more towards industry alignment, and Cognizant's historic strength, particularly in healthcare and financial services, is naturally of interest to those. Now, there are individual cases where you have industry-specific plays. It could be Pega, Guidewire, Temenos, Duck Creek, et cetera. Naturally, they are relevant to individual industries within Cognizant, but on a more horizontal nature is the companies I've referenced.
Of course, in our operations business, which I'm very proud of, which done a fantastic job over the last two years as we've exited content moderation and frankly got the business back to mid- to high-teens growth, they have very strong partnerships across some of the IPA players, in particular Automation Anywhere, UiPath, Blue Prism, et cetera.
Our next question comes from the line of Bryan Bergin with TD Cowen. You may proceed with your question.
Hey, good afternoon. Thank you. On margin, can you give us a sense of the magnitude associated with some of the larger strategic investments that you've had to step up in 2021? Specifically, I'm referring to things like the incremental recruiting infrastructure, increased S&M campaigns, the M&A dilution pressure, because trying to frame the level of catch-up investment in the business this year that may not require such an uptick as we think forward.
Yeah. I want to be careful in giving you too much detail that it's gonna be hard to interpret over time. Of the margin pressure that we have seen through the growth in the SG&A, approximately 50% or so is due to M&A activity. This could be upfront deal costs, this could be deal-related expenses and a higher SG&A load that some of the M&A transactions carry with them. That has been a meaningful pressure for us, let's say maybe in the range of around 100 basis points or so. The rest of the pressure that we have seen is kind of split evenly between three major areas, I would say.
Area number one is our IT modernization that's clearly starting to stabilize and that has put pressure on it. We had investments into our HR and recruiting organization in order to scale our hiring activity. Thirdly, our investments into our sales force and marketing capabilities. Those would be kind of roughly in even buckets, I think it's a fair amount to say. Some of those are now starting to anniversary. That's kind of what we are starting to anticipate and plateau. We do not wanna reduce those expenses obviously, because they are important to us, but we have found, I think, levels that are allowing us to have a more moderated SG&A development going forward.
You will see more detail around that obviously in our November meeting, but the third quarter is a little bit of an indication of what's happening here, basically, because we still have growth in these strategic investment areas, but we have started to curtail growth in more traditional SG&A areas to offset that. You can see that the curve has started to bend a little bit. More work to be done, but it really developed as I would have expected in the third quarter.
Okay. Thank you for that. That's good detail. Just follow up. On the better non-digital business performance, can you just dig in on what you're seeing, you know, as a reason for that? Is it sustainable?
Bryan, there are multiple elements at play there. One of the bigger ones, from a weighted impact is actually our business operation, digital business operations business, which has been growing in the strong teens. Within that, we have elements that we classify as digital and are in our digital mix, and there are elements that we don't classify as digital. We have tended to be quite disciplined. We changed the definition of digital over two years ago at this stage, and we've maintained that ever since. There are other areas, including a non-digital element of our AI and analytics portfolio. Again, we're being disciplined. There are elements that we view as digital and elements that we view as more traditional, business intelligence, et cetera.
On top of that, we have elements within some of our enterprise applications business and CIS business that have grown as well. Our goal, to be very honest, on a multi-year basis, is to mitigate the risk of declines in the non-digital business and hopefully maintain some growth in the non-digital business. If we manage to do that, which requires us to be very disciplined from a pricing, from a renewal point of view, that will frankly complement what we expect to be very strong growth in digital and therefore it's goodness for the entire corporation. At this moment in time, that is something that I think you've seen in competitive earnings as well.
If you extrapolate the digital growth they have versus the total company growth, particularly for those who suggest have a very large portion of their revenue that is digital, you will be able to surely extrapolate that they are seeing declines in their legacy businesses.
Okay, thank you.
Our next question comes from the line of James Faucette with Morgan Stanley. You may proceed with your question.
That's great. Thanks for all the detail today. You know, certainly pleased to see the control on margins, et cetera, in spite of a very odd environment, right? I'm wondering on the control around SG&A, and I know you've kind of addressed this, but-
Mm-hmm.
I'm wondering, is there a point at which, you know, trying to control for those margins, et cetera, starts to cut into the proverbial muscle and you know, I think, Jan, you mentioned a few areas where you've shown improvement, but are you all the way where you wanna be in areas like recruiting, et cetera, so that you really can continue to march forward even if you're controlling a little bit more judiciously expenses?
No. Look, it's, I think Brian explained it earlier in the call and reiterated. We are keenly focused on accelerating our growth rate, you know. We see momentum organically and we see we wanna continue with our capital allocation program as we have announced it. The acceleration of revenue growth is front and center in our view. We have ample of opportunity. As such, we have made decisions to, of course, support the opportunities that we promise to our clients with staffing. HR will be funded as needed. We're actually very proud about the amount of scaling that we achieved and the amount of change in policy of
Accelerating the hiring of freshers, optimizing our perks, scaling training programs. At our size, it's a really important and complicated effort that team executed well, and I will, of course, or the company will provide the funding for that. That is part of our growth engine. There are other elements that lend themselves more naturally to scale. You know, certain IT components, certain marketing components, certain finance and classic support functions in the SG&A do lend themselves for scaling. We're gonna continue to fund, obviously, our sales force. In the distribution area, I'm actually pretty pleased. We have a good combination of growth in resources, but also of improvement in productivity in those sales forces.
We have been busy at work to optimize our go-to market strategies, and I think we have more opportunities in that space. But also, we will be funding our organic growth appropriately to capture those opportunities. I'm not too religious here relative to what the exact percentage growth of SG&A is, but you get the philosophy kind of in my answer.
Yeah, no, for sure. Then, you know, as we're trying to model things out, and I realize, like, it's a super dynamic world, but, you know, how are you planning for things like timing and impact of return of T&E, what that'll look like? I'm just trying to make sure that at least we understand kind of what your planning assumptions may be like going into the next couple of quarters.
Yeah, I'd be excited about talking about the next year and the next quarter and I'm not expecting any meaningful increase in my travel expense for this quarter. To be a little bit more forthcoming, obviously the decisions on the return to work are gonna be affected by really a myriad of factors, our client needs, our associates' preferences, the health situation by country, and it is really dynamic. We are evaluating this basically on a monthly basis. At the current point, we are still, as our competitors are, largely in a virtual environment, which has worked actually pretty well for us. We're planning to think about this as a strategic opportunity that meets the needs of all those stakeholders going forward.
I have to say that it's a work in progress that we're really evaluating, and it will be a gradual decision to the new business model, and will be different than the historic business model.
Thanks for those comments, Jan Siegmund.
Our next question comes from the line of Moshe Katri with Wedbush Securities. You may proceed with your question.
Hey, thanks for asking for letting me ask a question here. Congrats on very strong booking numbers. Two questions. One, digital was up 18% I think you said. It's still kind of trailing some of the pure play digital names. Brian, what do you need to do to get to those growth levels of some of your peers? Then on the attrition side, are we at a point where we're feeling comfortable that you know the employees that we're losing are not at the senior level? Because we just had some you know in the past, as you know, you've had some high caliber kind of departures from the company. Thanks a lot.
Yeah, listen, I think we've got a great senior leadership team these days. Most of the senior changes are behind us. I would view it to be very much in business as usual these days. Retirements, internal promotions, some performance orientation, but this is kind of classic Fortune 200 company land at this stage. I've gotta say I'm delighted with the leadership team we have around us these days. We're getting back into a growth trajectory after a few years where our backlog and our pipeline hadn't been, and bookings hadn't been as strong as they needed to be. I think you see a united leadership team here, orienting the company towards an evolved business model, both geographically as well as the offerings that we ultimately solution and deliver. That's not a concern of mine anymore.
Of course, there will always be press articles about individuals who, with a company with 320,000 employees, please don't get distracted by that. I'm not. With regards to digital, you know, of course, it all depends on the portion of the portfolio you look at. Our digital growth is 18% within our portfolio. If I look at our digital engineering business, our growth rate is equivalent to the pure plays that are announcing their results. If I look at our IoT business, the digital growth is as fast as the pure plays out there. Same for our cloud business or digital experience business. As I said, we try to be extremely disciplined in the definition of digital, and in many ways we've penalized ourselves.
As a broader company within the categories we look at, and I'll talk a little bit to this in the November 18th Investor Summit, we have some gems in our portfolio that are growing at significant rates, and ultimately that will continue to drive the growth rate of the company forward. A little bit, the mix shift this last few quarters that has been hanging around in the mid-40s% is somewhat reflective of numerator, denominator, where the non-digital business has actually had some better growth than anticipated.
Thanks. Good job.
Our last question comes from the line of Ashwin Shirvaikar with Citi. You may proceed with your question.
Hey, Brian. Hi, Jan. I just wanted to get a little bit deeper into sort of the digital business. You know, for example, that you're doing very well with digital engineering, digital experience. Speaking with some of your competitors, they often bring up more so application modernization as an area. From your perspective in the areas that you are not quite growing as fast in the digital arena, is that choice or is that? I mean, you know, are the modernization deals you just necessarily have to go after, you know, large carve-out type stuff and that's not what you want. I mean, could you talk a little bit about sort of the strategy versus availability of talent versus where you are?
Well, I just think again, it goes back to the definitions that companies have for digital. We've been quite intentional and been restrictive in what is digital, including in our digital businesses, our TriZetto platform business, which, you know, is growing at a very healthy double-digit pace these days, significantly up from prior years. But it's not growing at the rate of maybe a digital engineering company pure play because it's not at all the same business or business model. It's important to recognize that everybody's definition of digital and what is within that differs. I would say I'm very pleased with our momentum in digital. We can always do better. We strive to do better. Our exposure to digital exposes us to higher growth categories as a corporation, ultimately higher margin categories as a corporation.
It puts us up against a different set of competitors where we have pricing dynamics that will be favourable for Cognizant's pricing. Ultimately, most importantly for me, it makes us much more relevant to clients because we are becoming much more intimate with them as we become part of their transformation journey. As I go around and speak to clients around the world, when we articulate our strategy and what we're doing and start sharing some of the references we have, invariably clients are very open to proceeding with the next meeting to better understand what we have, so they have optionality versus some of the incumbents. I feel ultimately that we're in the right spaces. We will continue to double down.
Of course, there are certain industries where digital is a higher portion of our mix than others, and there are certain geographies where I want to accelerate our digital capabilities, not just back to Rod's question earlier, the international markets where our digital mix is lower than it needs to be because historically we spent a lot more of our focus on structured deals in those geographies. Also, the delivery capabilities, both near shore and on shore, to fulfill any demand that we create in our commercial teams internationally. We need to further extend our capabilities there. We're working on a number of things that hopefully we can announce in the foreseeable future that will hopefully give you confidence that we're doing the right thing in that regard as well.
Maybe I add numbers for illustration that could be helpful. As you know, of course, our digital revenue is exceeding our overall company growth, and we're gaining share in digital revenues. For me, a good example of the value of strategic focus is also our focus on the four digital battlegrounds that we have really identified. Those are the data monetization, the cloud business, our IoT and digital engineering businesses. Those prioritized areas within digital actually also meaningfully outgrowing our overall digital revenue growth. I think for a company to establish that focus and then execute against those focus areas in a thoughtful way is a good sign. Example opportunities to expand those things for the long run, but at least we're seeing in our numbers really the results of exactly what we wanted that strategy to be.
Very, very good to know. Maybe, you know, a little bit of a symmetrical end to the call. Attrition question. Any details you could provide? I think in the past you have indicated, for example, that geographically it was higher in India, Eastern Europe is fine. Any details by either level or vertical or geography that you could provide to kind of help understand attrition better?
Yeah, look, it's. I would say, you know, if I think about where it is, voluntary attrition is highest at the mid to junior levels of the pyramid, primarily in India. It's not just in one location in India, it's broad-based. Also, against certain skills, whether it's cloud, here we're talking hyperscalers or leading SaaS players like Salesforce, digital engineering, full stack engineers, Java, .NET, Angular, or just across data, AI and ML technologies. I mean, we're seeing significant attrition in those areas. It's just a hot labor market, you know, extremely consistent, I think in the commentary you've seen from our peers in the industry. As I said earlier, we're working very hard to mitigate that.
We do expect attrition to fall sequentially on a year-over-year basis from where it is in Q3 based on the net resignations we've seen and based on what we're seeing following the efforts we've had around hearts and minds on compensation. But at this moment in time, we're still anticipating elevated attrition in the coming years. To the question that we received earlier, we're funding in our P&L what it takes to mitigate that, those compensation measures as well as our recruitment team who've been, you know, doing an incredible job for us. Frankly, we expect to meaningfully scale our headcount in the coming year.
Okay. Thank you very much.
Thanks, Ash. I look forward to connecting with everyone on November 18th.
This concludes today's Cognizant Technology Solutions Q3 2021 Earnings Conference Call. You may disconnect your lines at this time. Thank you for your participation. Enjoy the rest of your day.