Good afternoon, and welcome to Mind Medicines fourth quarter and full year 2022 financial results and corporate update conference call. Currently, all participants are in a listen-only mode. This call is being webcast live on the Investors and Media section of MindMed's website at mindmed.co. The recording will be available after the call. For opening remarks, I would like to introduce Rob Barrow, CEO of MindMed. Please go ahead.
Thank you and good afternoon, everyone. Welcome to our 4th quarter and full year 2022 financial results and corporate update conference call. The press release reporting our financial results is available in the Investors and Media section of MindMed's website, and our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31st, 2022 will be filed today with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Joining me today is Schond Greenway, our CFO, Dr. Dan Karlin, our Chief Medical Officer, and Dr. Miri Halperin Wernli, our Executive President. During today's call, we will be making forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, statements about potential, safety, efficacy and regulatory and clinical progress of our product candidates, financial projections, and our future expectations, plans, partnerships, and prospects. These statements are subject to various risks that are described in the filings made with the SEC, including the most recent annual report on Form 10-K.
You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which are made as of today, March 9, 2023. MindMed disclaims any obligation to update such statements, even if management's views change. We are extremely pleased with the progress and transformational growth that propelled our business forward over the past year. With our strong financial position and cash runway into the first half of 2025, we are well positioned to execute on our corporate objectives and to reach multiple value-driving milestones. This year, we expect key data readouts from our phase IIb trial of MM120 for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, or GAD, as well as from our phase IIa proof of concept trial of repeated low dose MM120 in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD.
Additionally, we expect to present preclinical efficacy data on MM402 in a model of autism spectrum disorder in the first half of 2023, and then to initiate our first clinical trial of MM402 later in the year. Before we dive further into our R&D and financial updates, I would like to take a moment to reflect on the extraordinary evolution that we have completed at MindMed over the past year. We have been able to attract high caliber individuals with deep experience in the pharmaceutical industry to join our management team, such as Schond Greenway, our CFO, Dr. Francois Lilienthal as our Chief Commercial Officer, Dr. Rob Silva as our VP of Clinical, and Bridget Walton as our VP of Global Regulatory Affairs.
We have also made significant changes to strengthen our board of directors, including with the addition of Dr. Suzanne Bruhn and Dr. Roger Crystal late last year. Besides personnel changes, we have also streamlined our pipeline, focusing our resources on the programs where we think we have the best chance to deliver novel treatment options to address major unmet medical needs. It is important to add that at every turn, the executives and board members of MindMed remain steadfastly committed to our mission, pursuing a course that represents the long-term interests of our shareholders and of the patients we seek to help. Our employees work tirelessly toward our mission, and I believe we have one of the most talented, nimble, and efficient organizations in our industry.
I continue to be amazed by the dedication of our team. I am confident that over the course of the coming year, our approach and execution will stand unmatched, as demonstrated by the efficiency of our progress, the thoughtfulness and conviction of our scientific approach, and the continued adherence to our mission. We remain deeply committed to advancing our organization and delivering new life-changing treatment options to the many patients living with brain health disorders. I will now turn to updates on our R&D programs, starting with our lead program, MM 120. MM 120 is a proprietary pharmaceutically optimized form of lysergide tartrate that we are developing for the treatment of GAD and ADHD.
GAD is an often debilitating mental health disorder that affects approximately 6% of U.S. adults in their lifetimes, though there has been very little innovation focused on the treatment of GAD over the past several decades. Symptoms of GAD include excessive anxiety and persistent worry, which can lead to significant impairment in social, occupational, and other functioning. In August 2022, we initiated patient dosing for our phase IIb trial of MM120 in GAD. Enrollment is currently underway with 20 active sites. Top line results are expected later this year. The trial plans to enroll a total of 200 participants who will receive a single administration of up to 200 micrograms of MM120 or placebo.
The primary objective of this study is to determine the reduction in anxiety symptoms for up to 12 weeks after a single administration of MM120 across the five treatment arms, with the primary endpoint measured at four weeks post dosing. The results of this trial will guide the dose selection and development strategy for MM120 in GAD, as well as deepen our scientific understanding of its clinical effects and its underlying functional mechanisms of action. We are also evaluating MM120 for ADHD and also expect to report top line data for our phase IIa trial in ADHD later this year.
The phase IIa trial is being conducted in collaboration with University Hospital Basel in Switzerland and Maastricht University in the Netherlands, and is designed to evaluate the therapeutic utility of re-repeated sub-perceptual doses of MM120 in adult patients with ADHD. Notably, this is the first modern study in which lysergide has been administered outside of a clinical setting. The trial expects to enroll a total of 52 participants who will receive a 20 microgram dose of MM120 or placebo twice weekly for six weeks. The primary endpoint for this study is the mean change from baseline in ADHD symptoms as assessed by the AISRS after six weeks of treatment.
We look forward to driving this proof of concept trial forward as part of our broader comprehensive MM120 development strategy, which seeks to explore both session-based administration that harnesses the perceptual effects of serotonin agonism and innovative repeated administration models that harness the neuropharmacological effects of recurrent serotonin agonism. With respect to advances in our intellectual property strategy, our patent portfolio includes 26 pending U.S. applications and 12 pending PCT applications. These include applications covering compositions, dosing, dosage formulations, and methods of treatment, among others, with projected expiration dates beginning in 2041. As a reminder, MindMed currently owns and retains all clinical data and manufacturing rights for MM120, and we are aggressively protecting and expanding our intellectual property portfolio.
As we progress toward patent prosecution milestones in 2023 and beyond, we look forward to sharing in greater detail how the significant strategic advancements we have made since 2021 differentiate our product candidates and offer strong opportunities for marketing exclusivity and protection. I would like to turn to MM402 or R-MDMA, which is a synthetic enantiomer of MDMA that has been preliminarily shown to impart pro-social effects with a favorable tolerability profile. MM402 is in development for the treatment of core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder, or ASD, a disorder that is characterized by atypical social communication and interaction, repetitive patterns of behavior, and restricted interests. Despite its significant and growing prevalence, there are no therapies approved to treat the core symptoms of ASD.
MDMA is a synthetic molecule that is often referred to as an empathogen because it is reported to increase feelings of connectedness and compassion. The mechanism of action of R-MDMA is believed to involve increased engagement of the serotonin system and secretion of prolactin, resulting in feelings of increased social-sociability and interpersonal emotional connection. Preclinical studies of R-MDMA demonstrate its acute prosocial and an empathogenic effect. While its diminished dopaminergic activity suggests that it could exhibit a preferable tolerability profile compared to racemic MDMA or the S- enantiomer. Our aim for MM402 is to demonstrate its ability to enhance social engagement and interaction rather than having a sedating or blunting effect, which is often a result of currently used off-label medications in the ASD population.
Over the course of 2022, we made significant advancements in the MM402 program, hitting key preclinical milestones that are required to enable our first human clinical trial. Additionally, we made important preclinical progress to explore the activity of MM402 in animal models of certain brain health indications, including ASD, and plan to report comprehensive preclinical data of MM402 in an ASD model in the first half of this year. In parallel to our research collaboration with University Hospital Basel, in 2022 we initiated and are currently enrolling healthy volunteers in a comparative PK/PD study of R, S, and racemic MDMA. This study is designed to evaluate the tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and acute, subjective, physiological, and endocrine effects of the three molecules. We believe its successful completion will accelerate our understanding of the pharmacological profile of MM402 as we advance into later stage clinical development.
We are also extremely excited to initiate our phase I clinical trial of MM402 later this year. This trial is intended to characterize the tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of MM402, we continue to explore all opportunities to generate early signs of efficacy as soon as possible in development to support our approach in targeting core symptoms of ASD. Moving on. With an aim towards accelerating our R&D efforts, we've continued to collaborate with leading research organizations around the world that provide valuable opportunities to advance novel treatments for brain health disorders. The discoveries that emerge from these collaborations could position us for potential expansion of our development pipeline and offer insights into the potential lifecycle management of our existing programs.
We collaborate with the Liechti Lab at University Hospital Basel in Switzerland and have exclusive global rights to data, compounds, and patents associated with their research program evaluating lysergide and other psychedelic compounds. This includes data from numerous completed and ongoing investigator-initiated trials in both healthy volunteers and patient populations. Our collaboration has been useful in de-risking and informing our drug development pipeline and has generated a number of patent applications to date. As we continue to make strong progress advancing into later stages of development, I would also like to take a moment to discuss our view of the commercial opportunity for our product candidates. We have many reasons to believe that there are significant commercial opportunities for MM402 and MM120. Each program seeks to advance novel mechanisms of action in disorders that represent significant unmet medical needs.
I'll start by discussing the commercial opportunity for our lead asset, MM120, for the treatment of GAD in a session-based dosing delivery paradigm. There's been a noted increase in the incidence and prevalence of individuals diagnosed with GAD in the U.S. and Europe over the past several years. The number of patients who try and are not adequately treated by available therapies is also increasing. This is a product of the low rate of remission from and the multiple safety and tolerability challenges of the current pharmacological classes such as SSRIs, SNRIs, antipsychotics, and benzodiazepines, and the absence of true innovation targeting GAD over the past decades.
The research we have conducted with patients and healthcare practitioners in the U.S. and Europe tells us that there is a significant demand for new pharmacological class that could offer faster, more profound, and more durable efficacy responses, as well as favorable safety and tolerability profiles. This is particularly true in the large segment of the market of patients who have been on available treatments for years and having exhausted all available options, continue to experience intolerable anxiety. The innovation of MM120 and its session-based delivery approach is driven by its mechanism of action as a potent serotonin receptor agonist, which leads to profound psychological effects. Extensive research over the past decade, as well as more recent well-designed clinical studies, have highlighted the potential of this approach to generate rapid and sustained reductions in anxiety symptoms after acute dosing.
It is important to remember that in this model, we believe MM120 will be delivered as a single-dose pharmacological intervention that will only require occasional administration. This approach is intended to allow us to disrupt the current model of care for people living with GAD, which is needed now more than ever. We recognize the potential challenges in commercializing a product with such a revolutionary delivery profile and have embarked on a robust pre-commercialization plan seeking to convince all external stakeholders of the clinical and economic value of MM120. This is why one of our key priorities in 2023 is to develop a market access strategy, document the clinical and socioeconomic burden of GAD, and advance the generation of health economics and outcomes research data required to build a superior value proposition for payers.
Another key priority for this year is to examine care models that were developed to enable the delivery of innovative products and other novel approaches in brain health disorders. There are many successful examples in the fields of autoimmune disorders and oncology in which injectable administration of new treatments require the evolution of existing care models or the introduction of new ones. Similar efforts have also been undertaken in other therapeutic areas, including psychiatry and neurology. That said, our approach of studying session-based administration is only one part of a broader strategy, which seeks to harness both the psychological and neurobiological activity that are driven by the serotonin system. We anticipate that our programs that are neurobiologically oriented would leverage well-established commercialization models similar to those that are used for currently available products.
As we progress our pipeline across these delivery paradigms, we look forward to providing greater clarity on the commercial model and path forward for each program to maximize the reach of our novel product candidates. Moving to our digital medicine update. Our drug development strategy is closely complemented by a suite of digital medicine programs that have the potential to facilitate adoption, use, and access to our product candidates. Our digital medicine programs are oriented towards applications during two primary clinical periods, activities during a treatment session referred to as intra-session, and activities between treatment sessions, which we refer to as inter-session. Each digital medicine program consists of a platform that contains separate underlying components, some of which we anticipate will be within the scope of the FDA's definition of medical devices.
For these components that we believe qualify as medical devices, we plan to continue engaging with FDA and other regulatory authorities to receive guidance along our development pathway towards a potential submission for regulatory clearance or approval. The ultimate goal of our digital medicine platform is to develop applications that overcome frictional points in care delivery, seeking to make our product candidates the easiest and most user-friendly for patients, providers, and payers to adopt. I will now turn the call over to our CFO, Schond Greenway, to discuss our financial results. Schond?
Thanks, Rob, and thank you all for joining us today. We will now turn to our financial results for the fourth quarter and fiscal year ended December 31st, 2022. As of December 31st, 2022, our cash and cash equivalents totaled $142.1 million compared to $133.5 million as of December 31st, 2021. We believe that our cash and equivalents positions us to accelerate our preparation for moving quickly into our pivotal program for our lead product candidate, MM120, and will be sufficient to meet our operating requirements beyond our key development milestones in 2023 and into the first half of 2025.
Our net cash used in operating activities was $50.1 million for the year ended December 31st, 2022, compared to $45.8 million for the same period in 2021. Research and development expenses were $36.2 million for the year ended December 31st, 2022, compared to $34.8 million for the same period in 2021, an increase of $1.4 million. This change was primarily due to increases of $2.9 million in expenses related to clinical research for MM120 and $5.4 million in internal personnel costs as we continue to hire talent to build a world-class drug development team, as mentioned by Rob earlier in this call.
These expenses were offset by a decrease of $5.6 million related to our MM110 program and a decrease of $2.4 million of expenses in connection with various external R&D collaborations. General and administrative expenses were $30.2 million for the year ended December 31st, 2022, compared to $59.1 million for the same period in 2021, which represents a decrease of $28.9 million. This decrease was primarily due to a reduction of $27.4 million in non-cash stock-based compensation expenses, primarily related to the modification of stock option awards and RSUs recorded during the prior year. Our net loss for the year was $56.8 million, compared to $93 million for the same period in 2021.
The decrease of $36.2 million was primarily due to a lower operating loss of $27.6 million and an increase of $1.9 million in interest income and a 2022 financing warrant revaluation gain of $7.8 million. Lastly, I wish to reiterate that we are continuing to execute on a very efficient operation in terms of quarterly cash burn and headcount when compared to our peers in the space. As we have highlighted during our prior business update conference calls, we intend to continue to be thoughtful with our cash while also focusing and prioritizing our support for our most precious R&D activities directed towards our key value drivers. More specifically, we will review our discretionary expenses on a constant basis to ensure that we are seeking to capture value from operational efficiencies where we can.
I will now turn the call back to Rob, who will provide some closing comments.
Thank you, Schond. Following a year of strong execution, our significant progress in 2022 has set the stage for what we expect to be a transformational 2023. We remain laser focused on driving our key programs forward, which includes advancing our MM120 product candidate in GAD and ADHD to phase II clinical readouts, as well as initiating our first clinical trial for MM402. Additionally, our early R&D activities are progressing, and our collaboration with University Hospital Basel continues to offer the opportunity to generate early clinical evidence to inform our pipeline progression. We have a highly talented and deeply committed team here at MindMed who have continued to execute on our mission to advance novel treatments for brain health disorders. I could not be more excited for what the year ahead holds.
With that, I'd like to thank you all again for being here today. I'm happy to take any questions.
Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, we will now conduct a question and answer session. If you have a question, please press star followed by the number one on your touch tone phone. You will hear a one-tone prompt acknowledging your request. Your first question comes from the line of Charles Duncan from Cantor. Your line is now open.
Hey, good afternoon, Rob and Schond. Thanks for hosting the call and congratulations on the progress last year. I had a couple of questions on MM120 and then possibly one on MM402. Quite intrigued with the MM402 program, but I'm not sure I'll get to that with all my questions on MM120. With regard to MM120, can you give us a little bit more color on patients being enrolled? I know that you're probably hesitant to say the actual number, but then also if you could clarify on the study that you're doing, is this a parallel group study in which different patients are exposed to different doses or is it a sequential cohort design?
Yeah, thanks so much for the question, Charles. On the first question in terms of patient enrollment, we're very pleased with the progress in the study. We have not reported or announced publicly the exact enrollment numbers at this stage, but we do remain on track for a readout late this year. We've seen, as mentioned during the call, 20 active sites. Really our team has done an incredible job of bringing all of the sites online, driving interest in the study. We've seen at some of the sites there's been national and local news coverage of what's happening with this program. That itself has catalyzed a huge interest in patients who have been approaching the clinic.
We've been very pleased and are very optimistic about the path forward to get that readout later this year. As far as the study design, it is a parallel randomization model. Patients are randomized to receive one of the five treatment arms. There is no sequential multi-phase dosing in this study. Patients, 200 patients total, 40 patients per arm would receive one of the five doses that we're testing, which are placebo, obviously 25, 50, 100, or 200 microgram dose of LSD.
Okay. Then with regard to top-line data by the end of the year, I guess you're probably assuming that would be the four-week primary endpoint, or would you have some patients or all the patients by then, I guess, getting through 12 weeks?
Certainly in terms of the primary endpoint at a bare minimum, is what we would anticipate seeing at four weeks. Certainly, there are a number of endpoints that we'll be assessing over the duration of follow-up, which is a 12-week follow-up in this study. In terms of top-line results, we would certainly be releasing any announcements on the primary endpoint, which is again, the change in the Hamilton Anxiety Scale at four weeks post-treatment.
Last quick question, then I'll hop back in the queue. You know, there's a little company out of Canada that's saying that they're going to develop 2-Bromo-LSD. I guess I'm wondering if you have perspective on that. In part, they're saying that, you know, they don't need a hallucinogenic experience. To me, it seems like that is part of the efficacy profile of MM120. I'm just wondering if you could wax philosophical about that.
I certainly can't comment necessarily about other organizations' programs, particularly ones that we're not closely acquainted with.
Yeah.
Certainly, historical evidence and the data that our colleagues from UHB released earlier in 2022, suggests a high degree of correlation between the acute perceptual effects and the clinical outcomes. I think it's important to focus on the fact that with the molecules we're developing, in particular MM120 program, this is one of the best study, if not the best studied drug in this class. When you go back in time, in particular, there's been more studies and more patients dosed with LSD or lysergide than any of the other drugs in the class, psilocybin included.
Given that historical context, given the modern evidence we have and all that we know about this molecule, we certainly feel extremely optimistic about the likelihood of success and the efficiencies we can have because we know so much about the molecule and its performance already.
Very good. Thanks for taking the question.
Thanks, Charles.
Your next question comes from the line of Brian Abrahams from RBC. Your line is now open.
Hey, guys. Thanks so much for taking my questions. I guess first off on maybe a question on development investment. Maybe Schond, can you talk a little bit about your expectation. I guess how we should be thinking about the cadence of near-term operating expenses over the course of this year? Maybe for Rob and the team, just curious your latest views longer term on the level of infrastructure build out that may ultimately be required for MM120 and how that thinking has evolved as you continue to watch uptake of ketamine since SPRAVATO. I have a follow-up. Thanks.
Sure. I can start off. Well, we have not provided any forward guidance as of yet, on a quarterly basis. What I would say is that, I think if we look at the historical trend in the quarters, we've typically ranged somewhere around that $15 million quarterly, plus or minus, say, roughly 20% or so, depending on, you know, various progress. That said, we're continuing to be very efficient from a spending standpoint. Where there are areas where we can capture some form of operational efficiencies, we certainly look to do that. Again, from a forward standpoint, we haven't provided any intricate detail from a quarterly basis. Historically, that seems to be a good barometer.
That's something we'll probably look to.
Thanks, Schond. Yeah, and thanks so much, Brian, for being here with the question. You know, when we look at the infrastructure build out and we particularly obviously have, I think people generally are focused, on analogous commercial rollouts and, the most directly relevant because it is in psychiatry, I think everyone looks to SPRAVATO. I think one of the big caveats that we would note for the rollout and uptake of SPRAVATO is the fact that, it doesn't appear to perform all that differently in terms of response or duration than racemic ketamine. When we look at the opportunity and the uptake of SPRAVATO, we really look at the ketamine and its enantiomers altogether.
Because they are used very, very much in a similar way, even though ketamine is used very frequently off-label, and SPRAVATO of course, is indicated for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression, I think it's really important that we look at both the infrastructure build out and the uptake of both racemic ketamine and SPRAVATO together. In that instance, when we look at the broader landscape, the number of clinics, the number of prescribers, the number of patients who are accessing ketamine or esketamine, we have seen an incredible uptake. The infrastructure has been built out, and we certainly feel quite optimistic that that could be replicated at even greater scale, with our molecules and the drug class more generally.
I think one of the other things I would highlight really briefly is the fact that we certainly have a view that there will need to be these molecules and our product candidates will need to be administered in a healthcare setting, or at least those that are focused on the session-based delivery model. But exactly what that healthcare setting is, the connection between prescribers and providers is an important element. Everything from the supply chain down to where and which offices and which degrees are required, if any, to be monitoring a patient and supporting a patient during a treatment session. While certainly we anticipate a connectivity to, of course, prescribers and psychiatry.
We do think that the infrastructure is such that it could be incrementally improved upon to enable adoption. We certainly don't think it requires an entirely independent build-out that would require, you know, both physical infrastructure and the growth in human capital. There's gonna be an element of training and growth that is needed, but we're already seeing that uptake, you know, driven by ketamine, but also by some of the other therapies that are currently coming to market and will be coming into market over the next several years.
Got it. Great. Thanks. No, that makes sense. Maybe just as a quick follow-up, you know, there have been some recent changes at the FDA in terms of leadership with regards to neuroscience. We've also seen, I think, what seems to be greater permissiveness and flexibility on the part of the FDA around neuropsych drugs of late. I guess I'm curious if you had any perspectives, you know, on that and just how some of the evolving regulatory dynamics might be impacting the how you think about future development. Thanks.
Yeah, it's a, it's an interesting point, and certainly, when long-tenured individuals at FDA leave, there's, you know, a dynamic there, and you're always looking to see who is going to take over in that role more permanently and ultimately how that's going to shape FDA. You know, I think one of the great things about working with FDA, though, is the institutional continuity that we see over time, particularly within a division and the fact that division directors tend to have a high degree of discretion. We've certainly seen a lot of productivity coming out of the Office of Neuroscience and the Division of Psychiatry in particular.
We have not seen directly any impact on our programs, and I feel quite optimistic about our engagements so far with FDA and the path forward.
Great. Thanks again.
Right.
Our next question comes from the line of François Brisebois from Oppenheimer. Your line is now open.
Hi. Thanks for taking the questions. Congrats on the, on the progress. Just a couple here. I was wondering, any thoughts behind, this came up in terms of hallucinogenic dosing and maybe the relationship to efficacy. I'd love to hear your thoughts on the approach of doing the repeat low dose at sub-hallucinogenic levels for ADHD and why you think that's a better approach for ADHD versus GAD.
Yeah. Thanks so much, Frank. One of the, I think, key concepts here that we want to highlight when we talk about the multiple mechanisms we're seeking to target, all of this is driven by engagement of the serotonin system, in particular with MM120. The magnitude of dosing and exposure certainly dictates the magnitude of those acute perceptual effects. But it's not lost on us that non-hallucinogenic, non-perceptual engagement of serotonin is a common theme with many of the drugs in psychiatry. I mean, the SSRIs, SNRIs all engage the serotonin system in some way to drive a treatment benefit.
When we look at opportunities to explore other ways of delivering these molecules, the dosing model that was being studied in ADHD, was one that was historically been looked at, and one that we found particularly of interest. In terms of the differences between ADHD and GAD, I think one of the key highlights is that in anxiety and mood disorders, we've seen a lot of evidence recently where it did demonstrate that correlation between acute perceptual effects and clinical response. It seems to be driven by acute dosing that has rapid and sustained benefits long outlasting the exposure to the drug.
One of the things, again, that we think, in conditions and disorders like ADHD and perhaps some of the other indications we have been looking at, together with our collaborators, is that the on-drug activity may be important and that the mechanism of action may not be driven by an acute exposure in anticipation that clinical response long outlasts that exposure. When we look at these models of more recurrent administration, it's simply another dosing paradigm and could have relevance to a number of indications. For the ADHD program, we thought it was particularly appropriate to start exploring, utilizing and studying the psychological mechanism and ultimately generating some proof of concept data to inform where we take that program from there.
Great. Thanks. If I sneak in another one, in terms of the autism, I think a very interesting program. Can you just talk about maybe the variability in, you know, autism and the spectrum and the impact that that would have on your patient selection and maybe efficacy here? Just, you know, if you could touch in also in the first half 2023, that's kind of, you know, coming up slash right now, what should we be looking for in terms of the preclinical data for MM402?
Yeah. Thanks so much for the question. We agree. We think the MM402 program is, you know, particularly interesting, especially because there are no approved therapies for autism spectrum disorder. Also because of the pharmacodynamic effects of both racemic MDMA and preclinically, what we see with our MDMA suggests that again, the on-drug effects could be very closely aligned with what treatment benefit could look like in the core symptoms of ASD, which are deficits in social communication skills.
As we approach that program, we are, you know, are very interested early in development, very early in development, even in phase I, looking at healthy volunteers and, as early as we can in the development program, looking at individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder to determine if we are getting those acute on drug, pharmacodynamic type effects that we think could be correlated or predictive of a clinical response, in larger, longer term studies. That's been the overall, the general approach and what gets us excited about the ability to generate that very early signs of efficacy and inform future development.
In terms of the patient population, we haven't released yet the specifics of the protocol of the patient population that we would, you know, be enrolling in that program. There will certainly be some engagement, you know, across the board, key opinion leaders, FDA, that we at the appropriate time would be announcing and discussing at greater length. It is certainly a spectrum disorder, one that has a high degree of variability and severity, and one that we obviously wanna make sure that we're appropriately approaching so that we're both being ethically responsible and that we're approaching it in a way that gives us the best opportunity for success.
Ultimately the most important opportunity to demonstrate a treatment benefit in the patients that could benefit from it in that population. More to come on the specifics of patient selection and where in that spectrum and severity we would be targeting. Certainly, a lot of optimism for seeing some early signs that could be supportive of where we're going.
Great. Thanks.
Your next question comes from the line of Elemer Piros from EF Hutton. Your line is now open.
Yes. Hi, Rob. Can you hear me please?
We can. Hi, Elemer.
Okay. Hi. Are you content with the 20 clinical sites that you have for the anxiety program, or are you looking for it to expand to more sites at this stage?
We're very happy with the number of sites we have active. We're always, you know, exploring for future studies, for current studies, good clinical sites. Right now we started targeting 20, and we have 20 sites active, so we're very pleased with where we are.
Okay. Okay. Do you have any visibility on when some of the composition of matter patents would be published, whether it's first half or second half of this year?
We don't have pre-precise dates of when those publications are. We haven't announced pre-precise dates when those publications would be happening, but certainly a lot of progress. I think certainly as we progress through the year, there will be much more clarity in terms of the patent prosecution, but also in terms of where those patents are aimed and how we're approaching the marketing exclusivity and ultimate protection of our market.
Thank you. The dosing in ADHD, I think it's at 20 microgram level. I know it's a little bit forward-looking question, but how are you thinking about potentially controlling the distribution of this drug? If you take five pills, you're already in a trip, so to speak.
Yeah. I think it's a correct point. I think it's also an opportunity, as so many times when we're working on drugs in this class to zoom out and look at other molecules as well. While it's absolutely true, there are many drugs that are distributed widely, in a variety of populations where if you take too many of them, you'll have severe harm or people can die from taking too many.
While certainly we would seek to explore distribution and control and dosage forms and everything that would enable a responsible rollout, it's also not lost on us that I think often the profound nature of the acute effects, the perceptual effects of psychedelics, perhaps distort the view of the relevance to the real world here. When we think of things like psychostimulants that are out distributed widely, when we think of the benzodiazepines, when we think of a number of medications that if you were to take more than is prescribed or recommended, you would have very bad outcomes. You know, I think that gives us some degree of comfort that this has been done many, many times before.
While there absolutely have to be appropriate controls in place, that is something that can be done. Notably in our phase IIa study, it's also been quite interesting because in that study we're able to administer 20 microgram doses in Switzerland outside of a clinical setting and actually demonstrate safety from, you know, evidence of that that can be done.
As we conclude the study and as we have those data and as we were able to ultimately engage with regulatory authorities to discuss the path forward, you know, we think it's important to monitor that and pay very close attention to responsible rollout, but it shouldn't be perceived any differently than any other drug that could have a risk of overdosing and have an effect at those levels.
Yeah. To your point, I once almost overdosed on caffeine. Yes, to what extent University Hospital Basel studied the PK/PD studies, the gatekeeping guide them and the results of it for your internal trial in ASD patients?
It's not a gatekeeping trial in any manner. It is something that will be advanced in parallel and has different aims. The results from those studies should certainly, while we don't control directly the timelines of investigator-initiated studies, you know, I think we certainly feel like those results would be coming at an appropriate time in development that could give us a lot of insight in terms of we're going to take the program. I think really importantly, it's nice to highlight that because we are doing a comparative study, it will also, we view, be an opportunity to demonstrate the differentiated profile from racemic MDMA from sMDMA, and ultimately demonstrate that the relevance is the population of interest.
Mm-hmm. Thank you very much, Rob.
Thank you, Elemer.
Your next question comes from the line of Patrick Trucchio from H.C. Wainwright. Your line is now open.
Thanks. Good evening. I have a few follow-up questions on MM120 and GAD. First, just with the understanding of the blinding in the phase IIb trial, I'm wondering if there have been any reports of severe adverse events or any other adverse events that have been unexpected or unusual based on your expectations going into the trial. Secondly, I'm wondering if you can discuss the expected dose response in the trial and whether there's a particular dose or doses that would be beneficial bring forward to a potential phase III program from a safety or efficacy perspective based either on the literature or your work you've done, you know, with your collaborators.
Yeah. Thanks so much. Thanks so much for the question, Patrick. To take the latter question first in terms of dose response. There has been, as I mentioned earlier, you know, evidence that the degree of acute perceptual effect has been correlated with clinical response. It's really important to highlight that while there has been a number of studies looking at dose response in terms of self-reported pharmacodynamic type endpoints and pharmacokinetic endpoints, including from our collaborators in Switzerland, there has not been a robust dose response study conducted. We certainly believe that this is the most extensive, most robust dose optimization, dose response study ever conducted with psychedelics in a patient population.
That's what we're looking to really drive the insights about the appropriate dose selection. One of the reasons we chose this design and one of the anticipated, you know, findings here is going to be to identify differences in both the acute magnitude of response and the durability of that response over the course of the 12 weeks that we follow patients, which could inform both directly the dose we choose for our pivotal program, but also other underpinnings of the functional mechanisms of action. The doses we chose correspond to different levels of that perceptual activity, and we do have good PK/PD characterization of these doses from some of the historical studies in healthy volunteers.
Our overall view here is simply to determine which of those doses is best suited to take forward into a pivotal program. Certainly, there's always an interest to find the dose that drives the kind of ecstasy we're anticipating and desiring to see. The lowest clinically effective dose is one thing that's quite important for any program to identify in development.
Just in terms of, you know, just with the enrollment, where it's progressed to date, have there been any reports of unusual, you know, adverse events or anything that was unexpected going into the trial?
Yeah. Certainly nothing that would warrant any sort of public disclosure. Otherwise we certainly would have announced that. We've been very pleased with the progress and, you know, our team monitors all of the adverse events in the study. Given that this is a blinding study, excuse me, a blinded study, that we wouldn't be able to disclose whether there's any sort of relevant changes or responses or adverse events in any of the dosing cohorts at this point.
Got it. Then just to follow up on the commercialization strategy, some of the comments from earlier in the call. Our understanding is that earlier this month, the AMA published details regarding a Category III CPT code that could serve to facilitate future healthcare services tied to psychedelic therapeutics. It is also our understanding that, although certain drug sponsors pursued that code, it's available to all those involved in psychedelic drug development who could eventually benefit from it. I'm wondering if you can talk more about, from the payer or reimbursement perspective, more about these codes or other aspects of the payer landscape regarding psychedelic medicines.
Can you talk about these codes in more detail or perhaps how having some of these other compounds like MDMA or psilocybin entering the market ahead of MM120 may help facilitate the launch if the drug is eventually approved?
Yeah, thanks. It's a great question, Patrick. Any part of the infrastructure, certainly there's a lot of focus on human capital and the personnel that are going to be required to deliver and oversee the delivery of this drug class, the physical infrastructure. It's often overlooked that there's many other steps in the commercialization distribution process. There are a variety of approaches that have been and can be taken to overcome that. It includes models for reimbursement, models for distribution of the drug, REMS. If any of these drugs ultimately have a REMS in place, different approaches for how to administer that REMS. Certainly there's going to be that physical and structural infrastructure that's going to be required.
CPT codes are certainly an aspect that could come into play there, right? When there are some developments in this industry that are not competitive and that if we had overnight an infrastructure build-out, that would likely benefit many of the organizations and those organizations that are going to be some of the first movers. We feel very, very pleased with where we are and the fact that we will have our unique approach, which we certainly believe will be, as I mentioned earlier in the call, you know, that will be aimed at making the adoption and utilization of our therapies the easiest, most user-friendly among providers, among patients, among payers to reimburse. That's our aim.
Some of those underlying infrastructure in terms of CPT codes, in terms of distribution and all of that is gonna be required. It is, again, something I think we feel quite excited to work on collaboratively with the field.
Great. Thank you very much.
Thank you, Patrick.
Your next question comes from the line of Charles Duncan from Cantor. Your line is now open.
Hi. Yeah, thanks for taking the follow-up. Actually, one of my questions on the CPT code was just addressed, so we look forward to seeing when these drugs become available, if the codes will apply broadly. The second question that I had was on 402, and like I said earlier in the call, I'm quite intrigued with that. I'm wondering if a racemic or a not racemic R- enantiomer MDMA has any activity that specifically you think would be better evaluated in an ASD patient population versus a PTSD patient population. What is it about the R- enantiomer that you think is gonna result in a pharmacological profile that's differentiated than, say, a racemic?
Yeah. It's a great question, Charles. There is some historical evidence and really preliminary mechanistic studies with RS racemic MDMA. What we've seen in those early studies, both in terms of target engagement and in terms of preclinical models, is that the R- enantiomer appears to maintain or even enhance the prosocial effects that are observed with racemic and noted widely with MDMA's administration. The S- enantiomer seems to drive much more of the dopaminergic response, less of the interpersonal connection and prosocial activity. We see more stimulant-like activity from S- MDMA and more of the prosocial and empathogen kind of qualities from R- MDMA.
Given that profile, our anticipation would be that R-MDMA would, if we can enhance or maintain the prosocial benefits and mitigate some of the less desirable effects that might be either dose or duration limiting, that would be, you know, offer significant opportunities to pursue this enantiomer and a new dosing paradigm that would be quite distinct from racemic MDMA's use. At a sort of target engagement level, we do see really quite discrete pharmacology between the R- and S-enantiomers of MDMA, which is of course a not uncommon phenomenon with isomers of a drug. Those preclinical data, we certainly have some insights from historical literature, a lot more that we have developed internally.
We feel quite, you know, quite positive on the selection of the R-enantiomer and its appropriateness to drive increases in serotonin levels, engagement of serotonin 2A and release of prolactin, which all seem to be related with that prosocial engagement and ultimately, we'll drive a response in ASD.
It sounds like it may be differentiated in terms of therapeutic window. I guess that gives me the question that I'm wondering why you wouldn't look at a patient population which MDMA has been shown to be useful already, and with yours being a, call it a second generation or best in class or next in class drug. PTSD.
Yeah. It's, you know, it's a good question, Charles, and I certainly would say that we actively explore opportunities for a number of indications, a number of CNS indications with all the molecules we're developing. We're certainly exploring other avenues. As we progress and as we share more data preclinically and as we get into the clinic and look at some of the clinical insights, you know, we certainly, with any of these programs, would not restrict ourselves and say we're only going to position for a single indication over time.
Okay. Thanks for taking the question, Rob.
Thanks so much.
This concludes the question and answer portion of the call. I will now turn the call back over to MindMed CEO, Rob Barrow, for closing remarks. Rob?
Great. Thank you, operator, and thank you everyone who joined us today. Before we conclude, I just wanted to also thank the extended Mind Medicine team, our investors, our board, and many people who have been supportive to the company along the way, including all of our study participants and their families. We really are excited about the year ahead and look forward to sharing more about our continued progress over the months ahead. Thank you again for being here, and we'll look forward to reporting those results as we progress.
Ladies and gentlemen, this concludes today's conference call. Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect.
Thank you.