Welcome everyone. We went public just over a year ago, as part of that process, I wrote a letter to lay out my vision for what this company will do. It was a short letter, and the whole thing said this, I'm just gonna read it. "The main thing you need to know is that I plan to dedicate my life to building a future in which, through technology, every person on this planet has access to the best quality of education. And not only that, but a future in which people want to spend their time learning. Duolingo is the platform for building that future, and we are just getting started." Since I wrote that letter, we have made a lot of progress towards that vision. We have increased our user base substantially. When we went public last year, we had about 9 million daily active users.
Now, we have over 13 million. We had about 38 million monthly active users, now, we have nearly 50 million. We had less than 2 million paying subscribers, and now we have 3.3 million. In the first half of last year, we had about $130 million in bookings, and in the first half of this year, we had nearly $200 million. As these numbers show, we've executed well and achieved or surpassed our targets. The spirit of my IPO letter was that we are at the beginning of our journey, and I believe in that message now more than ever. We want to build a company that is iconic and durable. We want to build a company that lasts a hundred years.
While we pay attention to the near term macro environment, we always stay focused on the long term and on the future. With that, I'll turn it over to Matt to talk about our financial outlook.
Thank you, Luis. We delivered strong results in the second quarter, beating expectations. We grew the top line at over 50%, and we were profitable on an adjusted EBITDA basis. It was also our fourth consecutive quarter with accelerated user growth. This gives us the confidence to increase our full-year guidance while remaining appropriately prudent given the current uncertainty in the macro environment. Our guidance for Q3 2022 is $94 million-$97 million in total bookings, $93 million-$96 million in revenue, and an adjusted EBITDA of -$4.5 million to -$1.5 million.
For the full year 2022, we are increasing our guidance to $404 million-$410 million in total bookings, $361 million-$367 million in revenue, and an adjusted EBITDA of $4 million-$7 million. Our full year bookings guidance reflects 37%-39% year-over-year growth, up from the 32%-35% year-over-year growth that we guided to on our last earnings call. I also want to discuss foreign exchange rates and how they impact our guidance. We estimate that on a constant currency basis compared to Q2 of last year, our Q2 2022 bookings would have been just over 4% higher.
This is a result of the dollar strengthening nearly 9% over the past year against the basket of currencies that make up our bookings, and the fact that just over half of our bookings come from outside the U.S. Our updated guidance takes into account the strengthening in the dollar in the first half of the year and assumes current prevailing foreign exchange rates. Note that every 1% increase in the value of the dollar versus our basket of currencies would have about a $1 million impact on total bookings in the second half of the year. We continue to manage the business with fiscal discipline as we have since our founding. In the second half of 2022, we anticipate that R&D, as a percentage of revenue, will increase, starting in Q3, as it does most years, as we bring on new university hires.
Sales and marketing will increase slightly as a percentage of revenue in Q3, and then in Q4 will settle back down to where it has been year-to-date. We should start seeing some slight leverage in G&A in the back half of the year. Finally, I want to note that we are on track to hit our dilution guidance of 2%-3% for the year, and that we ended the quarter with approximately 47.4 million fully diluted shares outstanding using the average Q2 closing price. Now, I'll turn it back to Luis.
Thank you, Matt. Before we take your questions, I'd like to express my gratitude to our talented group of employees, who put their collective hearts into our mission every day in order to serve our learners and change their lives through education. I guess I'm also supposed to remind everyone to do their Duolingo lessons today. I got it. Okay, we're gonna do our lessons. Okay. Anyways, I'd also like to remind everyone to watch Duocon on August twenty-sixth, which is our annual conference for all things Duolingo. Now, we would be happy to take your questions. I'll turn it back to Debbie to manage the queue.
All right. Thanks, Luis. Your first question comes from Andrew Boone of JMP Securities.
Hi, guys. Congrats on those strong results, and thanks for taking my questions. Can we just start with the outperformance in MAU and DAU? I'd love to understand that. Then just stepping back as we think about kind of growth on a go forward basis and we start to look at 2023 with a little bit finer-pointed pencil, is it fair to think about 20%-25% for DAU growth and kind of 10%-15% for MAU growth, which I think was kind of the soft guidance at the point of the IPO?
Well, thank you, Andrew, for your question. I'll talk a little bit about our current outperformance, and then I'm gonna let Matt talk about our guidance. For the outperformance, I mean, look, it's a number of factors, but I think, you know, if you ask me, the main factor is just something we've said from the time we IPO'd, which is we're still in the early days of our journey. We're still in the early days of our DAU growth. We're still in the early days of our revenue growth. We're still in a nice part of the curve. There's that.
I should say one thing, which is that, you know, the macro environment, we have seen no weakness in our numbers whatsoever, and we expect, you know, pretty strong numbers. You know, things are crazy and, you know, I can't tell you that we're gonna be immune forever to whatever is going on in the macro environment. So far, no weakness in our numbers.
Yeah.
I don't know, Matt, if you wanna talk about.
Yeah
the guidance.
Yeah, for sure. Yeah, Andrew, we don't guide to MAU or DAU explicitly. When we went public, we did mention that historically, looking back, MAU grew between 10%-15%, and DAU grew between 20%-25%. As you've seen earlier this year, we've outperformed those numbers. Those numbers are pretty long dated time-series data. I don't think that those numbers are fundamentally changed. We've had nice outperformance here, but I you know, again, we're not gonna guide formally to it, but if you just look at the long time series of data, those numbers are certainly in the range.
You guys now are live again in China. Can you just speak to the opportunity there and what that could possibly mean for the business over maybe, you know, three-five years, right? Not near term, but kind of more medium. Thanks so much.
Yeah, thanks for the question about China. You know, we said it in the shareholder letter. We're back live in China. What happened in China was that we were taken down from the app stores, you know, a few months ago. What that meant was that current users could still use Duolingo, but new users couldn't download it. We are back in the app stores, and we're back to the DAU and revenue levels that we had before we had been taken down. Now, China is an interesting country.
It's a lot of potential with China, but it's still a small market for us, and it's about 1%-2% of our DAUs and MAUs and a little under 1% of our revenue. You know, I think the thing to say about China is it's, of course, it's the largest language learning market in the world, in particular for learning English, but it is very hard for Western companies to do well there. You know, the way we see it is we're investing in it. We're not betting the company on it, and you know, it, my guess is as good as yours about what's going to happen with a you know, Chinese landscape.
Okay, great. Your next question comes from Eric Sheridan of Goldman Sachs.
Thanks so much for taking the question, and great to see everyone. I'm always intrigued when you put the stuff in the letter on the A/B testing. Anything to highlight there where you've seen elements of the A/B testing move out of testing mode and into the app that you're the most excited about, either driving on the usage side or the monetization side? Just can we get a better sense of some of the bridging from testing into implementation in the business? That would be number one. Number two, any update on Math as a product, both on the investment cycle behind it and how you think about launching it more widely, you know, as we move on into future quarters? Thanks so much.
Thank you. Thank you, Eric, for the questions. Okay. First of all, in terms of A/B testing, you know, as we mentioned in the letter, we run about 500 A/B tests per quarter. We're really testing all kinds of things. Some things are pretty tiny. Some of the A/B tests are just, like, one word of change in some button, and some are pretty large features. Two that we highlighted in the letter that I'm particularly pretty excited about, one is the Quests tab. It's a whole tab in the app that's basically going to induce users to do certain actions and generally gets them to use the app more. The thing about using the app more is they use it, you know, more days in a row.
Every day that they use it, they spend more time on it, and we know that people who use the app more also are more likely to subscribe. We really like that. That's one that we're really excited about. Another one that we mentioned in the letter that also I'm particularly excited about is this thing called Side Quests, which are in the new home screen of the app. You're gonna be able to tap on the animated characters, and that's gonna give you kind of these fun little mini games to obviously practice your language.
Now, to play them, you're gonna have to pay with gems, and the gem economy on Duolingo is something that we're very excited about because it's gonna help us with in-app purchases, which is something that we're gonna be investing on for the next, you know, the next few years. Right now, our revenue for in-app purchases is relatively small. It's a couple percentage points, but we think we can grow that quite a bit, and we think that's pretty interesting, particularly in certain geographies where people don't love, you know, paying for recurring subscriptions. That's kind of an A/B test. Now, you know, you asked about Math, and thank you for the question. That's something that we're very excited about.
I, you know, when people ask us about Math or Duolingo ABC, which is our literacy app, I like to remind everyone that for the foreseeable future, I mean, certainly this year, next year, and even the year after that, we are primarily a language learning company. I mean, language learning is a massive opportunity. We're still really only scratching the surface. The majority of our investment and the majority of our revenues are gonna come from language learning for the next, call it, three-five years. Now, with the Math app, we, you know, have it on my phone. I use it every single day. It turns out it's pretty fun. It turns out practicing third and fourth grade math is pretty fun, at least for nerds like me.
We have it. The plan is still going according to plan, and we're gonna put it out. We're gonna put a beta version of the app to the whole world this year. It's still, like, going according to plan, and I'm particularly excited about it.
Okay, great. Your next question comes from Ralph Schackart of William Blair.
Great. Thanks for taking the question, and also good to see everybody. Just two, if I could. You know, just in terms of the home screen, you know, talking about the excitement there to really improve engagement, maybe just an update, what you're seeing there with the testing. You know, just an additional question on regional pricing. How is that effort going? You know, what are you learning from your tests? What are you trying to see to, if you price regionally, also the willingness of some of these other geographies and other willingness to pay? Thank you.
Thank you, Ralph. Okay. You asked. The first question was about the home screen. The home screen is just to remind everyone, we are completely changing the home screen of Duolingo, which is a pretty large change. The home screen used to be this thing that we call the tree, where users had a lot of options about what to learn next to a linear path that, you know, where we're basically gonna be guiding users what to learn next. You know, we've talked about this. This is something. It's currently still being tested. We're being very careful with such large changes. We usually are pretty careful with them.
We're testing it, but it's currently live for a fraction of our users on iPhones, Androids, and web. On all our platforms, it's currently live. The results so far are great in that it's exactly what we expected. Just to remind everyone with what we expected with these results, this is a brand-new version of the home screen. The previous home screen was there for years. I you know, I don't know how many years, five, six years or something like that, and it was hugely optimized. This new version is a brand-new version that hasn't been optimized, and all we were looking for when we put this there is parity of metrics.
If we're able to achieve parity of metrics with an unoptimized home screen versus the highly optimized sort of local maximum thing that we had before, then this is a really good position to be in because we can take the unoptimized one and then optimize it like crazy. So far it's looking like that. So far it's looking like the metrics that we have pretty much parity in metrics. It's exactly what we wanted. I, my estimate is that we're gonna be rolling it out to all our users, like really, basically, there will be no users that don't have it by the end of the quarter. That's my estimate. We're looking pretty good with the home screen. The regional pricing, again, this is something else just to remind everyone.
When we IPO'd, we had the same price in every single geography. That really was the price that was a good price for the United States and maybe Western Europe, but it was not a great price for most countries in the world. Over the last year, we've basically changed the prices in most countries. We've regionalized prices. It took us a while to do this because when we run the experiment to change the prices, we really are trying to measure what that's going to do for our long-term bookings. Kind of we've been looking for like lifetime value of users, and we're trying to see what it does for re-ups of the subscriptions or renewals and everything.
It took us a while to do this, but by now, the prices are pretty good for most countries, as in they are what you would expect given the GDP of each country, for example. Now what that did is, for countries like the U.S., the prices didn't change all that much, so that's good. Most of the big changes were usually for poorer countries, the prices went down quite a bit. We see that as a first step of many that need to be taken to monetize other poorer countries. You know, we obviously monetize countries like the U.S. or Western Europe. We monetize a lot better there than we would monetize in a country like Brazil or like Peru or Vietnam or something like that.
In order to really monetize well in those countries, in the poorer countries, I think just a number of things need to happen. The first step is that your price needs to be right. We did that. That was a win, and it increased, and you know, it was an increase in bookings, but it wasn't like a 10x. Like sometimes people think, "Oh, now you have the right price, so you're just gonna 10x bookings in Brazil or something." That's not what happened, and we didn't expect that to happen because a number of other things need to happen in places like Brazil or like India or something like that. For example, just people are not as used to paying for recurring digital subscriptions.
Another thing that we need to do is probably need to work on on kind of more à la carte in-app purchases to improve that. We also need to probably improve forms of payment that sometimes, you know, people just don't have the right form of payment. There's just a number of things that we need to do, and this was step number one.
Thanks, Luis.
Thank you, Ralph.
Okay, your next question comes from Ryan MacDonald of Needham.
Thanks for taking my questions. Luis, I wanted to first start with the Duolingo English Test. Obviously, some really strong growth that accelerated on a year-over-year basis. I'm curious what you're seeing there between whether it's just a mix of stronger international enrollments or in the U.S. domestically, or if this is a result of sort of the increase in number of universities that you have on the platform.
Yeah. Thank you for asking about the Duolingo English Test because it's a project that is very near and dear to my heart, and it's something that we're very excited about. Just to kind of again to set the stage and to remind everyone, because not as many people know about the Duolingo English Test. This is our second-largest product. Most people know us for our language learning app. The Duolingo English Test is our second-largest product. It's a standardized English proficiency exam. You know, you go to a website and you take a test, and it tells you how good your English is. Turns out those are used for a lot of things, standardized English exams.
One of the main uses, not the number one use, but one of the main uses for standardized English exams is university admissions, so for foreign students. When people wanna come to the U.S. to study, you know, at, say, Stanford or Duke or something, they have to apply, and they have to prove that they can speak English, so they can take the Duolingo English Test to prove that they can speak English. That business is growing really, really nicely for us. The main place where it's growing is just we're just getting a lot more adoption of institutions accepting our test. It's mainly universities.
Historically, we started with U.S. universities, and by now, depending on, you know, how you measure, but about 80% of U.S. universities are accepting our test. We are increasing our efforts in the U.S. obviously to get to 100%. That's what we'd like to get. We're increasing our efforts in other big markets of English proficiency exams. That's Canada, the U.K., and Australia, and those we're increasing again. The combo of just a lot more institutions accepting our test is what has led to more people taking the test. The other thing that has led to that is now in the U.S., we just have quite a bit of acceptance.
If you apply to the U.S., for example, the top 25 universities in the U.S., in terms of international student enrollment, 100% of them, 25 of the top 25 accept the Duolingo English Test. By now, if you're applying to the U.S., it is likely that those universities will take the Duolingo English Test. The other thing that we're doing is just getting the word out that this is the case, and this has helped quite a bit. In countries like India or China, which is where most of the test takers are, just getting the word out that we are as accepted as the other tests has helped quite a bit, and I think that that'll continue happening.
Super helpful color, and then maybe just from a follow-up perspective, on the core language learning app, obviously it's great to see no macro negative impacts thus far, but as we think about potential recession or tightening up to consumer discretionary budgets, do you do much research on where your users are coming from? And I ask the reason of, you know, is there potential here of seeing an acceleration in the shift from offline language learning to online? You know, given that, you know, it's $30-$60 an hour for a language tutor in person versus, you know, obviously that's nearly the price of an annual subscription. Just curious your thoughts there. Thanks.
Yeah. That's a really good hypothesis, one that I wish were true. You know, I don't know if it's gonna be true or not. I mean, because we just haven't really hit the recession, or at least for that. I think we believe that. We believe that not just the recession. I actually think over time, we believe that the market is going to shift more online. Just to remind you in terms of the language learning market, the language learning market is about $60 billion a year. The vast majority of it is still offline, where people are basically paying to take night classes in Brazil to learn English or something like that. Like, that's the majority of the market.
Over the years, we've seen a slight shift online and, you know, by the way, we've basically helped a lot with the online shift. We're hoping that this, you know, that this will continue happening. You know, it's a good question about whether the recession is gonna help with that, just because offline language learning is a lot more expensive. The honest answer is, I don't know if that'll be the case, but it stands to reason that it will. I'm just I don't know.
Thanks for the color. Congrats again.
Yeah. Thank you.
Your next question comes from Justin Patterson of KeyBanc.
Great. Thank you very much. For us, as a variant of Eric's question, it looks like there's been a lot more iteration on more products, consumer user-facing features recently. You know, I'd love to hear about just how the pace of innovation has improved as that DAU and MAU base has. Has it facilitated more A/B tests? And then secondly, you know, you mentioned Duocon, Luis. Anything you're particularly excited about coming up? Thank you.
First in terms of the pace of innovation. Two things affect our pace of innovation. One is the number of users that we have to experiment with. As they increase, we can run more experiments at a time. That helps. The other thing that helps, of course, is the number of people working on the product. You know, the number of engineers, the number of product managers, and the number of designers that we have working on the product help us run more experiments. That's basically what's happening. You know, we are hiring more and more people. Of course, we are hiring prudently. You know, you're not gonna see us, you know, doing layoffs or anything like that. We're hiring pretty prudently as we have the whole time.
That's basically what increases the pace of innovation. You are right. We are running more A/B tests. Every quarter is pretty much the case that every quarter we run more A/B tests than the previous quarter. It's just we have more people working on them. That's the A/B testing. You know, in terms of Duocon, you should just you know, tune in. There's a lot of really cool stuff coming up.
You'd miss a great opportunity for Duo to just walk in behind you again.
Duo has a very hard job. It's like Santa Claus. He has to be everywhere at once, reminding everybody to do their lessons. I don't know where he is.
Thank you.
All right, the next question comes from Aaron Kessler of Raymond James.
Great. Thank you. One, you showed some nice marketing leverage in the quarter. Can you just talk about that? Should we expect a little bit of maybe deleverage in the back half on the marketing side and maybe with kind of ad rates are apparently coming down a bit? Just wondering if that's helping you on the marketing efficiency side. On the other hand, are you seeing any negative implications on your advertising revenues from kind of lower performance-based advertising that we've seen this quarter? Thank you.
Yeah, I'm happy to take that. Part of the advertising leverage this quarter was driven by just a shift in spend. We were gonna spend it this quarter, we're gonna spend it next quarter. That's about. It'll shake out to be between around $1 million-$2 million. There's some of that. In the back half of the year, you know, we would expect to see some deleveraging in Q3 because of what I just said, that shift. Then in Q4, it should be right back to kind of where it was, you know, this quarter-ish. Nothing kind of seminal or crazy going on in the S&M line. The second part of your question is true.
We did see average revenue per DAU go down on the marketing side of the business. Just like I think other folks who are taking in marketing dollars saw. The good news for us was that if that went down, you know, in the order of 10%, because DAUs went up so much, you know, the net effect turned out to be that advertising dollars still grew relatively nicely for the quarter. So we're still monitoring that. That does seem to be something that's, you know, could persist throughout the rest of the year, is that average revenue per DAU going down. But like I said, with user growth, we can offset that.
By the way.
Thanks
Average revenue per DAU on advertising.
On advertising. Yeah, exactly.
Great. Thank you.
Your next question comes from Mario Lu of Barclays.
Great. Thanks for taking the questions. The first one's on the bookings fee in the second quarter. I believe you beat your guide by 11% at the midpoint. Just wondering if you could provide some color into what were the main drivers for that outperformance, any user acquisition channels you can call out that outperformance?
Yeah. Yeah. The beat on the guide was driven in part by the fact that, when we issued that guide, you know, we were early on in the quarter, there was a lot of macro uncertainty, and so we were being, you know, appropriately prudent. There was also outperformance, even over internal expectations on certain metrics, like user growth. We performed really well on conversion and retention. So those were really the core components of what led to the bookings beat. So, you know, and then when we look to guidance going forward, we're taking all those outperformance into account for the rest of the year. We're still layering on, you know, a prudent outlook, given there is so much uncertainty, as Luis mentioned.
Got it. Thank you. Just a follow-up on the Side Quests and Quests. Those both look very exciting. I guess, you know, just at a high level, you said Side Quests is increased revenue, Quests is increased engagement. But I guess, you know, in terms of being a language app, I guess, can you remind us, you know, what incentive users have in order to kind of spend more gems, or is that still being tested?
In terms of spending more gems, it's just the whole gamification of Duolingo, people really get into it, and it's a pretty complex ecosystem. One of the things that happens is, the usual user journey would be something like this. A user is using Duolingo, and they get really into the leaderboards. The leaderboards, by the way, are these kind of groups of people, of 50 random people, you're there, and if you're in the top. Well, it's actually 30 random people, and if you're in the top 10 you increase to the next league, et cetera. They get really into that, and then they're really trying to figure out how to get more and more XP per minute, more points per minute.
Then it turns out that things like Side Quests give a good number of XP. People try, you know, try them, and then they really enjoy that. They enjoy it, and also gives them a lot of XP, so that will get them to spend gems. It's stuff like that that gets people to really do this. It's basically a kind of a tight gamification loop.
Great. Well, just don't make it too much pay-to-win like some games.
Don't worry, we spend a lot of effort on that. We really do wanna make sure that everything that we do is really good for learning in the end too. I mean, we spend a lot of effort making sure that the Side Quests, you know, basically when you're earning XP, we try to make it so that you're learning proportional to how many XP you're getting.
Great. Thank you.
All right, the next question comes from Arvind Ramnani at Piper Sandler.
Hey. Thanks, guys. Just a couple of questions. You know, certainly this is the first time you're talking about potential impact of macro, and I'm not sure if you'll have seen this prior sort of macro cycles or maybe when you did, you were a different company or private company at that time. Assuming that we see some impact on the business from a macro perspective, do you think the impact will be more on the mid-teen top of the funnel growth or more on the conversion to paid subs? Where do you anticipate kind of the first sort of hit to be?
Arvind, great question. I don't know. I mean, this is very hard to know. I mean, so far we have seen no weakness in our numbers, so it's hard to know. You know, I could think about it and theorize about it. For example, my guess is that basically our free user growth is going to continue equally, and then probably you know, if people are having really tough time economically, they may be less likely to subscribe. Now, one thing that I should say is that you know, this is just hypothesis, by the way, about why we are a little less immune to this. But I don't know if this is true or not.
you know, the fact that we're a freemium model and that our free product is so good, what that means is that already the people that are paying or the people that are not paying, a lot of them, or the people that are having trouble, sorry, paying, a lot of them anyways were just using the product for free. That may be the case, you know. We have users everywhere in the world. In poorer countries, a country like India or something, just very few people are paying us, and they're just using Duolingo for free. Now, we don't mind that because you know, that's actually good for us because people tell their friends, and this is how we grow.
Also, when people use Duolingo, we have more users, and we can run more A/B tests and make the whole product better, et cetera. We don't mind that. But it's, you know, ultimately it's just very hard to know what's gonna happen. So far we have seen no weakness in our numbers though.
Terrific. From a pricing perspective, you know, you like you can go back two years when you were private. Y'all had kind of one pricing model. Now you have, you know, multiple. You're starting to introduce more pricing models. I think kind of the Family Plan is kind of probably the newest pricing model. How should we think of your pricing models? Are there gonna be, like, additional ones coming about? Like, you know what I mean? As you anticipate potentially some macro headwinds, are you being a little bit more creative on pricing? Should we expect some of that over the next six months or so?
You know, the first thing to say about pricing is that we're always experimenting, not only in terms of pricing and in different geographies and in terms of, you know, packages. What is the relative price of the Family Plan versus the individual plan versus, you know, the yearly versus the monthly? We're always experimenting. You're gonna see us continue experimenting, and if we see something that wins, and by the way, wins means not just short-term wins, but long-term. Whenever we do the experiments, we really try to see that they actually increase the lifetime value of users. Whenever something wins, you'll see us change it. You know, it's very hard to say what will happen in the next six months.
I don't think you'll see any new fundamentally different packages because we're not working on anything like that. I mean, the actual packages that we have, there's the monthly, the yearly, and annual plan, which, you know, could be monthly or yearly. I don't think you're gonna see any fundamentally new thing, but you may see kind of different prices and it's just very hard to say what will happen because we're just gonna continue to experiment.
Great. Just last question. You know, suddenly you'll have, I think, you know, 450-500 A/B sort of testing. Of those, which one do you think has sort of the biggest potential to impact your revenue or your margins?
Out of all the 500 tests that we're running, which do you think the single one has the most potential? I don't know.
Okay.
I mean, the two that I'm most excited about are the ones that I put in our shareholder letter.
Okay.
I'm most excited about those two, Side Quests and the Quests tab. You know, I am sometimes good at predicting what's gonna be really big, and sometimes I'm actually really bad at predicting what's gonna be really big. Those are the ones that I put there that I liked.
All right. Terrific. Looking forward to seeing you later at the Duocon. Or tuning into the Duocon, rather.
It's gonna be good.
Yeah, I'm sure. Thanks.
Thanks, Arvind.
All right. The next question comes from Mark Mahaney at Evercore.
I'll ask two questions, please. One on where you think penetration rates can go for subscribers as a percentage of MAUs. I ask the question because I think at the time of the IPO a couple years ago, maybe you thought it could, looking at some of the dating apps, maybe it could get to double digits. I don't know if you said that or the market certainly thought something like that. If you look at that chart, you know, that you have in your shareholder letter, that curve looks pretty darn good. Like, I don't know. My guess is that it may even be going faster than you would have thought. I don't know, just new thoughts you may have on where that penetration could go long term.
Secondly, I just want to ask about two markets, China and India. I know somebody already asked you about India, but I want to phrase the question this way. The risk reward there seems so asymmetric to me. I don't think you know, when I think you've talked about country launches before not necessarily being dramatically capital intensive. You know, you've had viral growth in so many markets, but the number of potential MAUs and subscribers out of China just would seem to be dramatic, especially for what you're offering. I wanted to just, you know, ask you to talk about that a little bit. I understand all the volatility about, you know, being allowed and not allowed in, but just seems so asymmetric, the opportunity there.
Just give us a quick update on India, where things are, because I think that's been one of your better markets. I also think growth markets, but I also think you may have had some regulatory issues there, so any update on that. Those are the three questions. Thank you.
Great. Okay. Penetration. You're right. I'd say our penetration of the fraction of paying subscribers to MAUs has definitely outperformed what I thought would happen. When we IPO'd, we had been seeing kind of a 1 percentage point growth per year. You know, each year it would go from like 3% to 4%, from 4% to 5%. The last couple of years, you know, since IPO, it seems to be we're up to about 2 percentage points per year. It is more than I expected. You know, I think that we're very happy with that. You know, your question is, you know, how high can it get? We still don't know.
I don't see a reason why that can happen. But it's been a thing which I think a lot of people, you know, percentage of paying subscribers versus MAUs. This is not a metric that we inside the company operate against. We don't have a team trying to improve this metric. We're not trying to do that. Part of the reason is because what we're really trying to improve is kinda long-term bookings. For some stuff, you know, one easy way to increase that metric, for example, is to lower our price significantly. That metric could go up quite a bit, but we may be making less revenue. It's not clear exactly what will happen.
You know, there's some experiments. Certainly, when we did a regional pricing, that probably made it go a little faster because we lowered our price in many countries, and that made it go a little faster. Stuff like that. But it's not something that we necessarily obsess about, but it is something that it seems like certainly Wall Street seems to care about, so we talk about it.
Just to jump in.
Go ahead, Matt.
Yeah, one second on that penetration rate. Mark, part of that acceleration that you're seeing, and it is an acceleration, came from the fact that we have a higher mix of annual plans now. Over the past four quarters, we've increased the annual plan mix because of what Luis mentioned, which is we view that as two times as big LTV as the monthly plan. Part of that penetration rate going from 1% to 2% was the natural impact of that mix shift. Over time, since we're now, you know, almost at 90% annual plan, you would expect that to trend back towards the middle of that 1%-2% range.
I think that's an example of what Luis is talking about, which is the metric we care about is LTV, and it has these derivative effects which are, you know, increasing the paid penetration. But the metric is LTV.
Great. Your next question was about China and India. Let me talk about India first because I think it's a little easier. We haven't had any regulatory issues in India. That's just not something that we've ever had in India. India has been very nice to us. India is very interesting market for us. It is one of our fastest. At times it is the fastest. I don't know if today it is the fastest, but at times it is the fastest growing country in the whole world for us in terms of daily active users. It keeps growing. It is now one of our top five markets. A while ago, it wasn't even in the top 20. There's just a ton of people in India.
Now the thing with India is that it has been great for user growth, free user growth in particular. For revenue, we have not monetized this, and in fact, for a while, we actually had revenue turned off in India. We're in the process of turning it back on, and I'll tell you the reason why we had turned it off. It just turns out that the Indian consumers are just not very used to freemium models. When we would give the offer to subscribe, they thought that it was a hard paywall, and they would stop using Duolingo. They're like, "We're getting out of here." What we did is temporarily turn that off, and we were making no money from India for a while. We're back.
You know, we're either we're already back or we're about to be back. This is one of those things we're experimenting on to be making money in India. So far, I think it's a lot of users. There's a lot of great opportunity, and I think the challenge with India is just you know getting people to pay is you know I think a lot of companies have a hard time with that. That's India. China. We have an office in China. We have an office in Beijing. They are very high-performing. The reason we originally opened that office was to grow in China, and they did a really good job.
I mean, we really started growing quite a bit in China before we got turned off in the app stores. China was our fastest-growing market. The other nice thing about China is that consumers actually also pay, and it is the the largest English learning market in the world. It is something we're gonna continue investing in, but you know, we're prudent. I mean, I think it would be foolish for us just having seen what has happened to all you know, the majority of Western companies that invest a lot in China, I think it would be foolish for us to suddenly invest $200 million to grow in China. It's just, that's just unlikely to happen. We're gonna continue investing, and it'll continue growing.
Now, the nice thing about Duolingo is that it grows organically, so you know, we haven't needed to go and spend $50 million in a given market to grow or anything. We just do something where we spend maybe $1 million on some influencer marketing or something, and then from then on, the flywheel takes over. The nice thing is we don't have to spend that much, and then we're gonna see it, you know, we're hopefully gonna see it grow. I think it's a pretty nice, you know, we're very excited about China, but we're cautious about it. I think it would be foolish not to be cautious about it.
Thanks, Mark.
Thanks, Luis. Thanks, Matt. Thanks, Debbie.
Great, and it looks like there are no other questions, so I'll just turn it back to Luis.
Well, I think that's it. Thank you so much. Thank you for all the questions, just once again, please watch Duocon on August twenty-sixth. Remember to do your lessons, otherwise Duo's gonna come back here and kidnap my family.