I would like to welcome everyone to the Greystone Housing Impact Investors LP, NYSE ticker symbol GHI, fourth quarter of 2022 earnings conference call. During the presentation, all participants will be in a listen-only mode. After management presents its overview of Q4 2022, you will be invited to participate in a question and answer session. As a reminder, this conference call is being recorded. During this conference call, comments made regarding GHI, which are not historical facts, are forward-looking statements and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause the actual future events or results to differ materially from these statements. Such forward-looking statements are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words like may, should, expect, plan, intend, focus, and other similar terms.
You are cautioned that these forward-looking statements speak only as of today's date. Changes in economic, business, competitive, regulatory, and other factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the projections or forward-looking statements made today. For more detailed information about these factors and other risks that may impact our business, please review the periodic reports and other documents filed from time to time by us with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Internal projections and beliefs upon which we base our expectations may change, but if you do, you will not necessarily be informed. Today's discussion will include non-GAAP measures and will be explained during this call. We want to make you aware that GHI is operating under this SEC Regulation FD. Encourage you to take full advantage of the question and answer session.
Thank you for your participation and interest in Greystone Housing Impact Investors LP. I would now like to turn the call over to Ken Rogozinski, Chief Executive Officer.
Good afternoon, everyone. Welcome to Greystone Housing Impact Investors LP's fourth quarter 2022 investor call. Thank you for joining. I will start with an overview of the quarter on our portfolio. Jesse Coury, our Chief Financial Officer, will present the partnership's financial results. I will wrap up with an overview of the market and our investment pipeline. Following that, we look forward to taking your questions. For the fourth quarter of 2022, the partnership reported net income of $0.09 per unit and $0.15 of cash available for distribution per unit. For the calendar year 2022, we have reported net income of $2.62 per unit, which exceeds the 2021 fiscal year net income per unit of $1.53 by 71%.
Similarly, our 2022 cash available for distribution of $2.37 per unit exceeds our reported $1.88 per unit for the 2021 fiscal year by 26%. We also reported a book value of $14.31 per unit on $1.57 billion of assets and a leverage ratio as defined by the partnership of 73%. On December 19th, we announced a quarterly distribution of $0.67 per unit, which consists of a regular quarterly cash distribution of $0.37 per unit, a supplemental distribution payable in the form of additional units equal in value to $0.20 per unit, and an additional supplemental distribution of $0.10 per unit payable in cash.
The supplemental buck distribution was paid at a ratio of $0.0105 bucks for each issued and outstanding buck as of the record date. These supplemental distributions reflect the partnership's continuing intent to distribute the majority of the partnership's recent gains on the sale of its Vantage investments. The payment of a portion of the supplemental distribution in the form of bucks allows Greystone Housing Impact to retain additional capital to fund future investment opportunities at a low cost and is non-dilutive to current buck holders. In terms of the partnership's investment portfolio, we currently hold $1.27 billion of affordable multifamily investments in the form of mortgage revenue bonds, governmental issuer loans, and property loans. $116 million in joint venture equity investments and $37 million in direct real estate investments.
As far as the performance of the investment portfolio is concerned, we have had no forbearance requests for multifamily mortgage revenue bonds, and all such borrowers are current on their principal and interest payments. Physical occupancy on the underlying projects was 94.5% for the mortgage revenue bond portfolio as of December 31, 2022. Our joint venture partners sold three Vantage properties during 2022, generating a total of $659,000 in preferred return and $39.7 million in capital gains for the partnership upon sale. Additionally, two Vantage properties were sold in January 2023, and the partnership estimates that it will recognize $244,000 of preferred return and $15.2 million in capital gains in the first quarter of 2023.
Excluding the two Vantage properties sold in January 2023, our remaining Vantage joint venture equity investments consist of interest in eight properties. Three where construction is 100% complete, and the remaining five are either under construction or in the planning stage. For the three properties where construction is 100% complete, we continue to see good leasing activity, with one property having achieved at least 90% physical occupancy as of December 2022. We continue to see no material supply chain or labor disruptions on the Vantage projects under construction. As we have experienced in the past, the Vantage Group, as the managing member of each project-owning entity, will position a property for sale upon stabilization. In addition, we have executed two commitments with the Freestone Development Group, one for a project in Colorado and one for a project in Texas.
Both properties are in the planning phase. Finally, earlier this month, we executed an $8.2 million commitment to fund the construction of Volage Senior Living Carson Valley, a 102-bed seniors housing property located in Minden, Nevada. This is our first joint venture equity investment in the seniors housing market segment, and we are pleased to be working with Integral Senior Living, ISL Ventures, and their partner on this transaction. Integral Senior Living currently manages over 12,000 units of independent living, assisted living, and memory care across more than 100 communities nationwide. In December 2022, we sold our 100% interest in the entity that owns the 50/50 student housing property in Lincoln, Nebraska, to an unaffiliated nonprofit entity that specializes in student housing as their charitable purpose.
As part of that transaction, the nonprofit assumed all of the property's existing indebtedness. The partnership took back a subordinate note in the amount of $4.8 million. Our single remaining student housing property at San Diego State continues to have strong occupancy level. Pre-leasing for the 2023/2024 academic year has begun. In December of 2022 and January of 2023, we closed on approximately $208 million in new MRB investment commitments, more than half of which were immediate full fundings. In addition, we continue to advance funds for the construction of affordable multifamily properties, securing our existing mortgage revenue bond, taxable mortgage revenue bond, governmental issuer loan, and property loan investments.
With that, I will turn things over to Jesse Coury, our CFO, to discuss the financial data for the fourth quarter of 2022.
Thank you, Ken. As Ken mentioned, we declared a supplemental distribution in December 2022, payable in additional units at a ratio of 0.0105 units for each outstanding unit as of the record date. All unit and per-unit metrics that I will discuss have been adjusted to reflect this bucks distribution on a retroactive basis. Earlier today, we reported earnings for our fourth quarter ended December 31. We reported GAAP net income of $3.2 million, or $0.09 per unit, basic and diluted, and we reported cash available for distribution, or CAD, of $3.3 million and $0.15 per unit. Our book value per unit as of December 31 was, on a diluted basis, $14.31 per unit, which is an increase of approximately $0.57 from September 30th.
This increase is largely a result of an increase in the fair value of our mortgage revenue bond portfolio caused by the modest stabilization of the municipal bond market during the fourth quarter. We mark our mortgage revenue bonds to market quarterly. However, such gains or losses do not impact our cash flows or reported net income, except in the case of impairments, if any. As of market close yesterday, February 22, our closing unit price on the New York Stock Exchange was $18.77, which is a 31% premium over our net book value per unit as of December 31. We regularly monitor our liquidity to both take advantage of accretive investment opportunities and to protect against potential debt deleveraging events if there are significant declines in asset values.
As of December 31, we reported unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $51.1 million, and we also had $34.5 million of additional availability on our secured lines of credit. At these levels, we believe that we are well positioned to fund our current investment financing commitments. We regularly monitor our overall exposure to potential increases in interest rates through an interest rate sensitivity analysis, which we report quarterly and is included on page 74 of our Form 10-K. The interest rate sensitivity table shows the impact to our net interest income given various scenarios of changes in market interest rates and other various management assumptions. These scenarios assume that there is an immediate rise in interest rates and that we do nothing in response for 12 months.
The analysis based on those assumptions shows that at an immediate 200 basis point increase in rates as of December 31 that is sustained for a 12-month period will result in a decrease of approximately $1 million in our net interest income and cash available for distributions, which is approximately $0.043 per unit. The projected decrease in net income in CAD from this analysis at a +200 basis point scenario is significantly improved from the $0.23 per unit result as of December 31, 2021, which is due primarily to our execution of interest rate swaps during 2022.
We believe this level of exposure is very low in comparison to our year-to-date net income of $2.62 per unit. I'd now like to share some current information on our debt investments portfolio consisting of mortgage revenue bonds, governmental issuer loans, and property loans. These assets totaled $1.27 billion, which is an increase of approximately 16% from September 30th, and such investments represent 81% of our total reported assets. We currently own 77 mortgage revenue bonds that provide permanent financing for affordable multifamily properties across 13 states. Of these mortgage revenue bonds, 37% of our portfolio value relates to properties in Texas, 26% in California, and 17% in South Carolina.
The fair value of our mortgage revenue bond portfolio increased by $104 million from September 30th to December 31 due to approximately $85 million of net principal advances during the quarter, with the remaining increase due to increased unrealized gains. We currently own 13 governmental issuer loans that finance the construction or rehabilitation of affordable multifamily properties across six states. Alongside a governmental issuer loan, we will also commit to fund an additional property loan that shares the first mortgage lien. Our property loan is typically funded after the funding of the governmental issuer loan is completed. During the fourth quarter, we advanced funds totaling $30.4 million for our governmental issuer loans, taxable governmental issuer loans, and related property loan commitments.
In total, our mortgage revenue bond, governmental issuer loan, and related debt investments have outstanding future funding commitments of approximately $394 million as of December 31. As these commitments are funded over the next 30 months, they will add to our income-producing asset base. On the accounting front, I would note for the audience that we will be adopting Accounting Standards Update 2016-13, or the CECL standard, effective January 1, 2023 for assets within the scope of the guidance. The CECL standard requires a transition from the current incurred loss model to an expected credit loss model, which will generally result in higher credit loss reserves than our current GAAP accounting. We are finalizing our assessment and implementation of CECL and will provide transitional disclosures in our first quarter 2023 Form 10-Q. Turning to our joint venture equity portfolio.
The portfolio consists of 12 investments as of December thirty-first, one of which is reported on a consolidated basis. The carrying value of our joint venture equity investments totaled approximately $116 million as of December 31, exclusive of the one investment reported on a consolidated basis. We advanced additional equity under our current funding commitments totaling $10.9 million during the fourth quarter. As Ken previously mentioned, two of the Vantage properties were sold in January 2023 at significant gains, which continues the trend of significant returns on joint venture equity property sales. We use debt financing facilities to leverage our investment assets, and such debt financing facilities had an outstanding principal balance totaling $1.06 billion as of December 31 .
This is up from approximately $963 million as of September 30 as a result of leverage on funding of our existing investment commitments and new investment commitments during the fourth quarter. We manage and report our debt financings in four main categories on page 64 of our Form 10-K. First category is fixed-rate debt associated with fixed-rate assets and represents $263 million or 25% of our total debt financing. As both the asset and debt rates are fixed rate, our net return is not generally impacted by changes in either short-term or long-term market interest rates. The second category is variable rate debt associated with variable rate assets and represents $403 million or 38% of our total debt financing.
Variable rate indices and floors will vary. We have effectively synthetically fixed our net interest spread against rising interest rates without the need for separate hedging instruments. Third category is variable rate debt associated with our fixed rate assets that have been hedged via SOFR-denominated interest rate swaps. These interest rate swaps limit our exposure to increased funding costs resulting from rising short-term interest rates. This category accounts for $230 million or 22% of our total debt financing. The fourth and final category is variable rate debt associated with our fixed rate assets with no designated hedging, which is where we are most exposed to interest rate risk in the near term.
This category represents only $166 million or 16% of our total debt financing, and we regularly monitor our interest rate risk exposure for this category and may implement hedges in the future. We entered into three interest rate swap transactions with maximum notional amounts totaling $193 million in the fourth quarter. In addition, we entered into two additional swaps in January 2023, with notional amounts totaling $20 million. In both instances, our swaps were executed to take advantage of the inversion in the yield curve and to synthetically fix our interest costs for new debt investments.
On our capital side, we continue to pursue exchanges of our existing Series A Preferred Units for newly issued Series A-1 Preferred Units to maintain our access to non-dilutive, fixed rate, and low-cost institutional capital. We have successfully exchanged $37 million of our initial $94.5 million Series A Preferred Units held by financial institutions for new Series A-1 Preferred Units to date. This has extended the earliest optional redemption date on the exchanged units to 2028 or 2029. February 2023, we received our first redemption notice for $20 million of Series A Preferred Units to be redeemed in August 2023. We are pursuing exchanges for the remaining $37.5 million of Series A Preferred Units that are nearing their optional redemption dates.
In February 2023, we also issued $8 million of additional Series A-1 Preferred Units to an existing investor under a separate offering. We continue to pursue additional preferred unit issuances under our active offerings for both our Series A-1 and Series B Preferred Units. I'll now turn the call back to Ken for his update on market conditions and our investment pipeline.
Thanks, Jesse. Last year was one of the most difficult years for fixed income assets in my memory, especially for municipals. The Bloomberg Municipal Index was down 8.5% in 2022, with the high yield municipal index down 13.1%. This correlates with the $70 million decline in the unrealized gain of our mortgage revenue bonds during 2022, or approximately 9% of the value of the portfolio. 2022 saw a record $150 billion in muni mutual fund outflows according to Refinitiv Lipper data. The only silver lining was $30 billion in inflows into muni bond ETFs. This year is off to a much better start. In January, the Bloomberg Municipal Index posted a total return of 2.9%.
The high yield municipal index generated a total return of 4.4% in January. From a market technical perspective, while fund flows were still negative in January, -$2.5 billion for the month, the pace has slowed significantly from 2022. January's issuance was a modest $22 billion. The past two weeks have seen over $3 billion in muni fund inflows. As of yesterday's close, 10-year MMD is at 2.6%, and 30-year MMD is at 3.58%. Roughly 70 and 50 basis points lower in yield respectively than at the time of last quarter's call. With the inversion of the yield curve, 10-year MMD is actually the low part of the current muni yield curve. The 10-year muni to treasury ratio is approximately 66%, at the lower end of its historic range.
Continued volatility in rates, the magnitude of interest rate increases in the past 12 months, particularly in the short end of the curve, and cost inflation have presented challenges to our developer clients on new transactions. The interest cost of new construction financing at 30-day SOFR plus 350 basis points now exceeds 8% after the latest Fed rate hike announced earlier this month. Our affordable housing developer clients are needing to rely more and more on governmental subsidies and other sources of soft money to make their transactions financially feasible. We will continue to work with our clients to deliver the most cost-effective capital possible, especially the use of Freddie Mac tax-exempt loan forward commitments and associated with our in association with our construction lending.
Given the average 2.8x multiple of invested capital return we realized on the three joint venture equity investments that were sold in 2022, the Vantage at Murfreesboro, Vantage at Westover Hills, and Vantage at O'Connor properties, as well as the strong gains realized from the sale of the two Vantage assets in Omaha just announced in January 2023. We will continue to look for other opportunities to deploy capital in this strategy. We are evaluating opportunities to expand beyond our traditional investment footprint in Texas through seeking other experienced JV partners, expanding into other markets, or exploring other asset classes in order to achieve more scale in the joint venture equity investment segment of our portfolio. The Volage at Carson Valley JV equity investment that I mentioned earlier is a perfect example of us implementing that approach.
Jesse and I are happy to take your questions.
Thank you. We will now be conducting a question and answer session. If you would like to ask a question, please press star one on your telephone keypad. A confirmation tone will indicate your line is in the question queue. You may press star two if you would like to remove your question from the queue. For participants using speaker equipment, it may be necessary to pick up your handset before pressing the star key. One moment please while we poll for your questions. Our first questions come from the line of Jason Stewart with JonesTrading. Please proceed with your question.
Hey. Thank you, everybody. I wanted, Ken, to start with how many opportunities you're seeing just given the volatility in rates on the MRB side.
I think, Jason, the easiest way to answer that question for you is sort of take a look at that press release we came out with earlier this month about the $118 million of MRB investments that we closed in December and January of this year for four acquisition rehab projects in South Carolina. Those were all transactions where the nonprofit borrowers had projects under contract with their sellers. In all four cases, they had hard money deposits up with those sellers. The originally planned execution there was that they had retained an investment banking firm to make a best efforts offering on some unrated tax-exempt bonds to the market, and they were not able to close on those transactions as a result of the market opportunity or the market volatility.
That presented a great opportunity for us to be able to step into those situations, work collaboratively with those borrowers. We were fortunate in the fact that we had form documents from another transaction with the same South Carolina issuer already, and we were able to close those deals relatively quickly and allow those project sponsors to perform on their real estate purchase contracts with their sellers. You know, a long-winded way of saying that, I think that this, you know, continued level of uncertainty, particularly in the muni high yield market, and investor hesitation there has really presented us good opportunities to deploy capital on deals that we think are well underwritten, and are priced at levels that are showing strong accretion versus our dividend.
That's helpful. I'm assuming you don't wanna give an ROE level on those kind of investments, do you?
That's typically been our practice, Jason, is not to give those kind of metrics on a trade-by-trade basis. We did disclose in the press release that the debt structure that we acquired there was a seven-year term loan with a 6.5% tax-exempt interest coupon on that. I think kind of given where the taxable markets are at the seven-year point of the yield curve, at least from my perspective on its face, you can sort of see the level of spread that we're able to generate there on those deals.
Yeah, got it. Okay. My second one is on, multifamily, whether it's Vantage or, you know, pick your, pick your poison there. How are lease-up trends going into what is usually a very strong selling season, lease-up season?
Yeah. I think if you look at the broader market, and there's, you know, been a lot of data published about trends for the fourth quarter of last year and into the start of this year in terms of where certain markets are seeing rent increases versus what happened in 2021 and, say, in the first half of 2022. You know, the velocity of rent increases in our market certainly has decreased. You know, we're not having any longer the double-digit year-over-year rent increases that we had over the past couple of years in a lot of our, particularly our Texas markets like San Antonio and Houston. You know, I think the...
While none of us thought that that party was gonna last forever, I think we certainly enjoyed the benefit of that while it did, it got to rent levels that were far in excess of the original underwriting pro formas on those joint venture equity, investments. You know, that from all the data that we're seeing, has certainly, you know, cooled down to the point where some markets are starting to even report, modest declines in month-over-month or quarter-over-quarter rent levels. We're continuing to monitor the portfolio with the Vantage team on that front. Particularly for the Texas, assets where we're at 100% construction completion, we are coming into, sort of that peak spring leasing season.
We do have one asset that has already reached 90% physical occupancy. This is the time of year when the Vantage guys, you know, do their thing and really work with their management team to optimize the new leasing and the rollovers of existing leases to try to optimize the rent roll and position the property well after the peak leasing season. We expect to see the same process followed here this spring.
Got it. Okay. Thanks, guys. Appreciate it.
Thank you, Jason.
Thank you. Our next question has come from the line of Stephen Laws with Raymond James. Please proceed with your question.
Hi. Good afternoon. Following up on Jason's question, I guess, you know, touching on Vantage, you know, do you think after the two January deals that's likely up for the sales this year, do you think that Conroe that's over 90%, is likely to be sold in this calendar year? Maybe it would help if you could do, you know, maybe bigger picture kind of what's the typical turnaround when we think about the new investments you made during the quarter and then the one senior housing subsequent to quarter end. You know, what's the typical turnaround time from the announcement of the investment to an exit? You know, three years, more or less? Is it different on the timeline or build-out with the senior housing than what we've seen with multifamily?
Okay. Thanks for the questions, Stephen. We're really not in a position to comment on, you know, the likelihood or the potential timing of any Vantage asset sales for the balance of the year. We are a investor member in those entities. The Vantage Group is the managing member, and that is done sort of at their that discretion and based on their timeline. We'll continue to keep in dialogue with them. You know, I think looking at the occupancy level there and knowing where we are in the leasing cycle in Texas, I think that's something that they're gonna be keeping a close eye on as the year goes on.
In terms of the normal life cycle that we've seen on the, on the multifamily, Vantage assets. Historically, that's ranged anywhere from 30-50 months from closing of our initial equity investment to closing. The average has been roughly 37 months on that front. On the, on the new seniors housing investment in the Carson Valley, the real difference there between seniors housing and multifamily is typically the length of the lease-up period. You know, the construction is very similar. The project is actually physically smaller. It's 102 beds versus sort of our normal 288-unit Vantage style of garden apartment project.
That, you know, the leasing velocity is much slower on those assets, as opposed to the traditional multifamily. I can only speak to the former that we've looked at in terms of, you know, the kind of the additional life cycle there. It's currently our expectation that we'd see roughly an additional 12 months on that project life cycle, due in large part to the extended lease-up period.
Great. Just appreciate the comments, Ken. Jesse, two questions for you, I guess. First, how should we look at G&A? Apologies on this, any comments and prepared remarks as far as what is in that number. Can you talk to the G&A expenses kind of five and a half million up from really run rate first half this year, about three and a half to four? How should we look at the G&A going forward?
Thanks for the question, Stephen. Three main items I would highlight that came through that Q4 G&A number that are causing a little bit of noise. The first being that we've made a conscious effort to build out our seniors housing and skilled nursing debt investment platform, primarily by hiring of a senior originator that started in October. We've got some upfront costs running through Q4 to get that part of the business started and ready to scale for 2023. We also incurred costs related to the $200+ million of investment commitments that we executed in December. We took some charges related to the upfront costs related to those investment commitments that will yield benefit as those investments are deployed in 2023.
We also incurred some incremental costs related to the legal name change of the fund, as well as the transition to the New York Stock Exchange. I think you've seen a higher amount of G&A in Q4 than I expect we'll see going forward. However, our G&A will increase slightly off of historical levels as the fund grows, and we just become a larger operation.
Understood. Great. Finally, Jesse, CECL sounds like there'll be a little increase in the general reserve when you adopt CECL. Can you talk about the impact of that? Is it going to run through the income statement, your day one provisioning, or is that a mark on the balance sheet? Can you give us any idea of what, you know, what pro forma GAAP book value was, say, at January first, if you assumed adoption of CECL?
Yeah. We're still finalizing our assessment and initial calculations of that initial reserve, and we'll share that in the Q1 10-Q. We've spent a lot of time building out that model. As far as implementation, it'll be a day one reserve that goes through the balance sheet or through equity. Whatever incremental change, based on our assessment of the changes in the market and the portfolio from January first to March thirty-first will run through as a provision in Q1. Not in a position to share any amounts now, look forward to including those transitional disclosures and amounts in the Q1 10-Q.
Great. Appreciate the comments this morning, Ken and Jesse. Thank you.
Thanks, Stephen.
Thank you. Our next questions come from the line of Jade Rahmani with KBW. Please proceed with your questions.
Thank you very much. Can you talk about the process of sourcing new investments, just in terms of the network that's utilized to gain access to that deal flow? How much of it is proprietary, repeat business, that sort of thing? What does the competitive set look like?
Thanks for joining us today, Jade. What I can sort of relay to you about our origination processes, there are really kind of multiple layers that we work through here. You know, the first is the direct origination that's done by the three senior originators who are part of the Greystone Housing Impact team. They have direct client relationships. They are calling on those clients and are originating new debt investments for them, some of which are repeat clients, some of which are new clients. Just as an example, those four transactions that we talked about closing in South Carolina in December and January, those were all for new clients.
Some of the other debt investments that we closed in the fourth quarter, you know, one was for a repeat customer in the Los Angeles area. That's kind of our first primary focuses are the, you know, the direct originations off of our platform. The next layer that we go to then is, you know, given our affiliation with Greystone, is that all of the 100-plus Greystone originators on their platform have access to all of our lending products. There's a centralized site on an internal Greystone website that talks about our products, has related term sheets. There's a daily pricing sheet that's sent out to every originator in the organization.
We see a fair amount of opportunities that come to us from the broader Greystone multifamily and seniors origination sales force. The other thing to go even kind of a further layer down is then you think about some of the activities we have with our joint venture partners. You know, Greystone has the joint venture with Cushman & Wakefield and also the joint venture with Monticello Asset Management. Between those two networks as well, we also do get referrals or inquiries from those platforms for debt opportunities for us.
I think when you kind of look at all those different layers and different touchpoints that we have across the broader developer community, you know, it's really a lot more than just the three direct people on our team. We've got a pretty impressive sales force and a pretty impressive network of relationships that can bring product to us from a debt origination perspective.
Thank you. Can you touch on the competitive set? who are you up against, and what does that look like in the market? Is there a steep level of competition given the unique asset class, or has that moderated with rates?
From my perspective, I really don't see it having moderated with rates. I would put our competitors into kind of three categories. The first is that you have other pools of private capital like us that are out there. I don't believe that any of them are publicly traded. I believe they're all private entities. There are, you know, there are other investors out there who follow a similar strategy as us in terms of acquiring and levering debt associated with affordable housing projects. You know, the other competitor that we see in our markets are the commercial banks. Usually, they view affordable housing lending as a way for them to satisfy their community reinvestment obligations with their regulators.
Particularly on the new construction side, not so much on the permanent financing side, in certain markets, we will see active involvement from the commercial banks who are looking to satisfy their CRA requirement. Finally, even though they are a business partner, Freddie Mac is a competitor of ours as well. I mean, with their tax-exempt loan product, both forward commitment and immediate delivery, that whole network of Freddie Mac Optigo lenders that are out there have access to that product set, and there may be situations where, you know, where we are competing against a different Freddie Mac lender for a particular opportunity.
I think there's a good competitive landscape out there, but I think with our products and the nimbleness and flexibility that we can bring to the table with our dedicated pool of capital, I think we can get our fair share of business.
Thanks for that. In terms of the credit outlook across the mortgage REIT space and even with some of the banks, we're seeing some instances of increased, you know, loan non-performance, whether it be a default or some other issues, and lenders are starting to go through, you know, the process of workout, of modification, of forbearance. What do you feel about the outlook for affordable multifamily? With respect to CECL, does the CECL methodology take into account the affordable sub-sector of multifamily and its unique performance versus overall multifamily?
I'll answer the first part of the question, Jay, and then I'll turn it over to Jesse to discuss the CECL details. I think from our perspective, historically, if you look at the performance of first mortgage debt associated with affordable housing projects, particularly those that have low-income housing tax credits associated with them, you know, there's a strong track record of very low levels of loss and loss given default on those assets. I think the best case in point that we can present is that, you know, since the COVID pandemic started in, gee, almost three years ago now at this point, we've had no requests for forbearance at all on any of our mortgage revenue bond investments.
We've seen no issues with the construction loans that we have funded in terms of lease-up or performance there. You know, I think we've got a, you know, we've got a good track record there in terms of the performance of our assets that we've originated, and feel comfortable about where we are with them. Jesse, do you wanna address the CECL question?
Certainly. The affordable component is a consideration in our CECL model, although it's maybe not as big of a consideration. Given the scoping of what falls within the CECL standard, our mortgage revenue bonds or permanent financing actually don't fall under the CECL standard because they're available-for-sale debt securities that are marked to market.
On a quarterly basis. Our CECL exposure is primarily on the governmental issuer loan and property loan side. Our construction financing investments, where really construction risk is your main risk. We do consider it and we'll consider it as a component of that model, but just for that subset of our investment assets.
Thank you very much for taking the questions.
Thank you, Jake.
Thank you. As a reminder, if you would like to ask a question, please press star one on your telephone keypad. Our next questions come from the line of Chris Muller with JMP Securities. Please proceed with your question.
Hey, Ken and Jesse. Congrats on a strong year. I wanted to start with the senior housing. Fannie Mae increased their credit provisions against their senior housing portfolio pretty significantly this quarter, and they said it was on expectations of higher losses. I know that this is a small part of your business right now, with just your first investment in Nevada. I wanted to ask if you guys have a similar outlook as Fannie does there, and does that caution from some of the bigger players provide an opportunity for someone like you guys to step in in a more meaningful way? Thanks.
Thanks, Chris. We're aware of the sort of the Fannie Mae actions on their senior housing portfolio. You know, some of the points that we took into consideration when we, you know, when we think about making joint venture equity investments in the seniors housing space is the fact that, you know, we have the benefit of having a new construction product that's coming in in a post-COVID environment. Sort of all of the best practices and lessons that were learned, you know, by the ISL management team during the pandemic can be deployed in the design and the execution of this new product.
You know, we sort of have the benefit of starting with that as opposed to, you know, if you're a borrower on a Fannie Mae loan that's five or six years into your loan and you're an older property, and you kinda had a really struggle to get through the pandemic and the challenges that COVID presented to that traditional seniors housing business. I think we're starting at a much different and a much better place from those operators, which from what we're hearing from the Greystone servicing team, is that that seems to be where the real issue is popping up from Fannie Mae on their portfolio.
I think the, you know, the other thing that we're mindful of in the seniors housing category is kind of barriers to entry and choosing markets where we think that there are good natural barriers to entry. You know, unlike the skilled nursing market in a lot of states, you know, there is no state licensing or certificate of need that is needed for the construction of a new independent living or assisted living or memory care facility. You know, if there's a market where there are good demographics, it's gonna draw competitors.
You know, one of the things that we looked at in identifying the market and making the investment in the Minden Village facility was it was a very long process for entitlements on that asset. We sort of saw the barriers of entry that were there from the local government in terms of what a competitor would have to go through in order to get entitled land ready to go. That was a big highlight for us in choosing that market and looking at that.
You know, again, circling back to the Fannie Mae portfolio, you know, that's something that if you're a Fannie Mae lender on a, you know, on a, you know, a 20- to 30-year-old property and you've got some, you know, some new project sponsor who comes in and builds a new facility, you know, that can be a real challenge to the borrower on that loan. Whereas, you know, we sort of don't have a legacy portfolio, you know, the way that Fannie does, where we have to worry about that side of, you know, that kind of market dynamic from a competition perspective. Certainly something we're gonna be mindful of.
As we move into lending from our perspective, in the senior housing asset class, that's certainly something that we're going to be mindful of as we look at facilities, sort of looking at what our attachment point is from a loan-to-value perspective, seeing what we view as potential exit strategies for assets like that. We've got between ourselves and the active Greystone healthcare lending platforms, both on the agency side, but also with Monticello Asset Management on the bridge loan side, you know, we've got people who are active in markets around the country on a lending basis, you know, pretty much 24/7.
We've got some, you know, some really good data that we can draw on and a lot of experienced operators where we can pick their brain, as we do credit decisioning for those new investments going forward. I think we feel pretty comfortable about the, you know, sort of the robustness of our underwriting, and our sponsor and market selection when we're gonna make debt investments in the senior housing space.
Yeah, it's very helpful. Thanks, Ken. Maybe a quick one for you, Jesse. Interest expense is ramping up, interest income was pretty flat quarter-over-quarter. Is that all just a mismatch in floating rate debt and fixed rate assets, or is there something else there that I'm missing? Thanks.
Yes. Two things to mention. On the interest expense side, a lot of that variability is being driven by the mark-to-market on our interest rate swaps. We saw a big pickup in swap valuations during Q1 through Q3 as rates were rising rapidly, and then as they've moderated somewhat in Q4 on the long end of the curve, you saw a little lower pickup on the rate of those swaps. We account for all the mark-to-market change in the swaps through interest expense. I think if you strip that out, it'll be a little more even.
On the interest income side, if you're looking quarter-over-quarter, Q4 to Q3, we did have a fairly sizable pickup in Q3 of about $1.5 million for a discount accretion related to the Cross Creek mortgage revenue bond redemption and some additional interest income pickup from a property loan associated with that product. If you kinda strip out those components, you're actually seeing a decent rise in interest income on that side of the income statement.
Chris, I think the only other comment that I'll make there with regard to our interest rate swaps is that, you know, as we talked about earlier, we did layer in a number of swaps over the course of 2022, and it's really only late in the year that we've gotten to the point now where on a number of our swaps, we're actually a net receiver under those swaps as opposed to a net payer. Going forward, if we continue to see, the, you know, the SOFR index, which is the index on the large majority of our swaps, as we see SOFR continue to go up, we'll become an even larger net receiver on those which will help offset that interest expense number as well.
Okay. That's very helpful. Thank you very much.
Thank you. Our next question's come from the line of Ron Lane with ValueForum. Please proceed with your questions.
Hey. Hey, Jesse. First off, can you hear me okay? I'm on a iPhone speaker.
Yes, we can hear you, Ron.
Okay, great. I've covered most of this in the past with you and Andy, but I wanna just make sure I've got it right. As you already know, I'm with a group called Value Forum, which consists of 600 members. I would say about two-thirds of them are either folks that have already retired or preparing for retirement, and they're trying to make sure that they're financially set to do that. I have a fiduciary who focuses on growth, and my focus is on handling current income. Looking back at my records since we first started with you back in February 2014, it looks like you've been very consistent in paying the end of January, April, July, and October of each year. The January distributions, the dividends, typically have record dates and ex-dividend dates of the previous December.
Am I right so far?
Yes, you are correct.
Okay. Question. I should know this, but I don't spend a lot of time looking at K-1s. We have a talented CPA that does that. The distribution that's received in January that went ex-dividend and record date December. That goes into the K-1 when it went record date, correct? Not when we get the payment. Or is it when we receive the payment?
I'd have to check my records to confirm, but I believe it's based on the payment date for K-1 purposes.
Okay. That's. I should know that, but I spend my time with K-1s just in making sure of some other things, mainly the number of bucks or units are correct, and then I just pass them off because we have too many different MLPs and everything to get bogged down in that. Are you sure on that then? The distribution we received in January 21, 31, which consisted on specials and everything else, that should be, you're thinking right now in the K-1s for 2023.
It should be recognized in your capital roll forward in 2023. However, I will note that on the K-1, it's just part of the capital roll forward from a taxable income expense perspective. The tax implications to our unitholders are based on the income and expenses allocated during the year and not necessarily based on distributions received.
I don't want you to repeat that. Could you make that Keep it KISS. Keep it simple and stupid for me. I'm not sure I understand what you just said.
If we earn income in the fourth quarter, so say we earn income October through December, and then we somewhat tie that to our distribution that we pay in January.
Right.
the income generated in October and through December will still be reported in the current year on your K-1. That is what you will use to prepare your personal tax return.
Again, are you saying that the January distribution that we received is going to be in the K-1 from the previous year in December when it went record date, or it's gonna go into January?
It would only impact your capital roll forward. Ron, why don't.
Yeah.
Why don't I confirm that for you, and I will give you a call.
Okay. Do you mind? I'd appreciate that. I'm trying to get this straight because a lot of folks are very concerned. They don't look at the K-1s. Okay. Typically the next distribution is going to be the end of April. Don't you normally announce end of February, or is it early March, typically?
Our typical timeline would be a mid-March announcement for the.
Mid-March. Okay.
The end of April.
Great. Okay, my friend. Keep doing what you're doing. We appreciate it, Jesse.
All right. Thank you, Ron.
Thank you. There are no further questions at this time. I would now like to turn the call back over to Ken Rogozinski for closing remarks.
Thank you very much. We appreciate everyone joining us today for our fourth quarter 2022 call. We look forward to speaking with everyone again in May. Thank you for your participation.
Thank you. This does conclude today's teleconference. We appreciate your participation. You may disconnect your lines at this time. Enjoy the rest of your day.