Welcome to the Lineage Cell Therapeutics Second Quarter 2023 conference call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. An audio webcast of this call is available on the Investors section of Lineage's website at www.lineagecell.com. This call is subject to copyright and is the property of Lineage. Recordings, reproductions, or transmissions of this call without the express written consent of Lineage are strictly prohibited. As a reminder, today's call is being recorded. I would now like to introduce your host for today's call, Ioana Hone, Head of Investor Relations at Lineage. Ms. Hone, please go ahead.
Thank you, Mandeep. Good afternoon, and thank you for joining us. A press release reporting our second quarter 2023 financial results was issued earlier today, August 10th, 2023, and can be found on the Investors section of our website. Please note that today's remarks and responses to your questions reflect management's views as of today only and will contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of federal securities laws. Statements made during this discussion that are not statements of historical fact should be considered forward-looking statements, which are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. The Company's actual results or performance may differ materially from the expectations indicated by such forward-looking statements.
For a discussion of certain factors that could cause the Company's results or performance to differ, we refer you to the forward-looking statements sections in today's press release and in the Company's SEC filings, including its most recent annual report on Form 10-K and its subsequent quarterly reports on Form 10-Q. We caution you not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which speak only as of today and are qualified by the cautionary statements and risk factors described in our SEC filings. With us today are Brian Culley, our Chief Executive Officer, Jill Howe, our Chief Financial Officer, and Gary Hogge, our Senior Vice President of Clinical and Medical Affairs. With that, I'd like to turn the call over to Brian.
Thank you, Ioana. Good afternoon, everyone. We appreciate you taking the time to join us today. I'm happy to share that I'm feeling very good about how things are going. A lot of the items that I will comment on today reflect a business that continues to be on track with its development plans and has many reasons to be excited about the future. I'm going to kick off, as usual, with OpRegen. In particular, I want to comment on recent developments in the dry AMD space and how I see those events positively affecting our lead program. As you no doubt are aware, there have been safety issues disclosed recently related to the use of Syfovre, the first FDA-approved agent available to treat geographic atrophy secondary to dry AMD.
I'm not going to speculate on the root cause of these safety issues because the story is still evolving, but I am going to highlight that a rare but serious side effect is exactly the sort of thing that can derail a product when it only offers a small clinical benefit. As we all know, the clinical experience to date with complement inhibitors shows that at best, if you actually receive all of your monthly or every other monthly shots in a given year, you may see about a 20% reduction in GA growth compared to your expected growth. In terms of the patient experience, you are unlikely to feel any differently when taking it, and you continue to lose your vision, which is why there was so much debate about whether the product would have enough clinical benefit to be approved.
It did receive marketing authorization, and the early signs were that it was going to be a very successful launch, due of course, to the absence of other choices and the high unmet need in this condition. Drugs with small clinical benefits can be highly susceptible to safety issues. Whether you're the FDA, a prescriber, or an individual patient, the utility of a given drug stems from its benefits and its risks. When the rewards are small and perhaps require years to observe, even rare side effects can be devastating to a product. While the initial launch of Syfovre was compelling and highlighted the extraordinary enthusiasm which exists on the demand side, its Achilles heel may end up being its limited clinical benefit, which is unable to overcome the risks of catastrophic vision loss.
While this risk appears small on an absolute basis, the use case for a product is not limited to its risk, but rather the benefits which must outweigh that risk. I think the key takeaway is that both patients and prescribers care incredibly deeply about vision. The hope for preserving even a small bit of vision, even if that takes several years to be achieved, is capable of driving enormous demand. The risk of losing vision is so unacceptable that the market opportunity may remain unfulfilled until a product is approved for which the gains are more clearly worth the risks. For investors, that means finding a therapy which is safer, more effective, or ideally, both. Overall, I think this most recent chapter in the dry AMD, AMD story highlights three things: First, it has provided prescriber-level evidence of an enormous market opportunity.
Before the risk of vision loss due to vasculitis was disclosed, the early sales of Syfovre were impressive and helped to validate widely held commercial projections in dry AMD. Second. Despite the approvals of Syfovre and now also Izervay, we've heard from prescribers and thought leaders that there continues to be a need for more effective agents to treat dry AMD. These complement inhibitors appear to be temporary and incomplete solutions. More exciting, effective, and infrequently dosed candidates are needed. If you're a regular on these calls, you've heard me talk about the unprecedented clinical benefits which were achieved by patients in our Phase I/IIa trial who received OpRegen cells across substantially all of the area of GA and with a single surgical administration.
As investors begin to look beyond the recent approval of first-generation agents and into the pipeline of future dry AMD programs, we believe Lineage is ideally positioned with a potential best-in-class and first-in-class product candidate with a proposed treatment profile, which in such patients, doesn't merely slow progression, but can in some cases stop or even reverse GA, and do so with an increase in visual acuity starting in weeks and lasting for years. While every product has its benefits and risks, we believe a commercially approved agent with a significantly larger clinical benefit would more easily tolerate a low-frequency risk of adverse events. The third highlight is that this makes us feel even stronger about our partnership with Roche and Genentech. Roche has extensive clinical experience with complement inhibitors, but the development of those assets were discontinued.
Meanwhile, they added a completely new approach to treating GA via the licensing deal we signed for OpRegen. When it comes to treating GA, I believe Roche was right to move on from the complement pathway and embrace agents with larger potential clinical benefits. For reasons I've shared previously, I'm not yet able to provide details about the ongoing Phase I/IIa trial of OpRegen, but Roche continues to enroll patients. A reminder, the primary endpoint occurs just 90 days following each transplant. Roche has nearly two quarters of enrollment experience behind them, and additional sites are expected to come online this year, which you can follow at clinicaltrials.gov.
I'm not able to guide to when top-line data will be available. We continue to be hopeful that the data will show that Roche is able to reproduce the clinical benefits which Lineage reported in the Phase I/IIa trial , that they also will build upon our early success with additional insights into the safest and easiest way to deliver OpRegen. Moving next to OPC1, our spinal cord program. As we expected, we recently received a response from FDA to our Type B meeting submission. This submission was conducted to discuss and clarify the use of a new spinal cord cell delivery device. I'm pleased to share with you today that based on the content of that response, we do not need to conduct additional back-and-forth discussions with the agency on this topic.
Our next step will be to submit the IND amendment for this new system. Through that amendment, we will be permitted to provide some final content and clarifications that were requested in the FDA's response. The agency also said that the clinical design seems acceptable and tentatively agreed that no additional non-clinical in vivo studies would be needed. In light of this feedback on our proposed trial, we remain on track to submit the OPC1 IND amendment in the fourth quarter. Assuming no further comments arrive in the 30 days following that submission, that will permit us to proudly bring OPC1 back into clinical testing by initiating the dose study in subacute and chronic patients. Related to OPC1, I briefly want to provide a follow-up on the first annual Spinal Cord Injury Investor Symposium, which we created and hosted in June.
The event brought together therapeutic area experts, researchers, corporate representatives, individuals with lived experience, caregivers, advocacy organizations, investors, analysts, and members of the public and the media. Alongside presentations and panel discussions, we heard from people who have participated in SCI clinical trials and what they would like to see in future trials. The response to this event has been far beyond our expectations, and we already have begun thinking about how we can improve it next year, including by inviting representatives from regulatory agencies. Moving next to VAC2. We recently received data on the 8 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer who were enrolled in the U.K.-based phase I trial conducted by Cancer Research UK.
The most notable points from those data were that the VAC2 product candidate appeared to be well tolerated in all treated patients, and the adverse events we observed were modest and ones which we expect from a therapy designed to generate a robust and durable immune response. Five of eight patients demonstrated a best response of immune-related stable disease, and three demonstrated immune-related progressive disease. ELISpot assays indicated that two patients had durable responses and two others had transient responses against segments of the telomerase tumor antigen, which had been loaded onto the allogeneic dendritic cells. While this was a small sample, three of the eight patients, all of whom had refractory disease, reached the two-year survival endpoint.
This was an important trial to assess the tolerability and mechanism of VAC2, the overall safety and efficacy data, which was collected, affirms our belief in the potential for allogeneic cell therapy to address certain types of cancer. We appreciate the patients and the team at Cancer Research UK for their efforts to complete this study. In terms of our path forward, because many different antigens could be employed in our allogeneic dendritic cell system, we believe strategic alliances offer us the best way to advance the VAC platform, our BD team continues to be engaged in exploratory discussions for the development of VAC assets. While there is no assurance that any partnerships we're exploring will come to fruition, we note encouraging clinical results have recently been reported in the neoantigen vaccine space.
In addition to the BD talks, we intend to continue monitoring this landscape to help inform our corporate strategy and determine the best development path for VAC2 or any other VAC platform programs which we may pursue. Lastly, we recently received information which indicates that VAC2 development could be eligible for CIRM funding and have begun to evaluate that avenue as well as the others I just mentioned. For ANP1, which is our cell transplant program for hearing loss, preclinical testing is ongoing through a collaboration with the University of Michigan. Our initial objectives from this collaboration are to evaluate engraftment of our cells in certain anatomical destinations and assess how long cells can survive after transplantation to those locations.
I don't wish to get ahead of myself on this today, but the initial findings from this study have been encouraging, and we plan to provide an update on this program later this year. As some of you may have seen, just a few days ago, another hearing loss company was acquired, making that two early-stage gene therapy hearing loss acquisitions in the past year. We believe these recent acquisitions in the hearing loss space serve to validate our decision to expand the Lineage platform into hearing loss and will provide competitive comparators for the ANP1 program. As I've previously said, I think cell therapy can have advantages over certain kinds of gene therapy because replacing the entire cell means you don't have to select for patients who carry a specific genetic defect.
We think this offers cell therapy larger addressable markets, while matching the advantages of the one-and-done treatment schedule of gene therapy. To wrap up this part of the call, I want to mention a few of the ways in which we will be working to create near-term value for Lineage shareholders. I believe one of the questions for investors at the moment is whether Roche will independently reproduce our findings of improved retinal structure. We will be doing everything we can to help support their efforts to enroll and conduct that study. In parallel, we will be working closely with Roche and Genentech employees to transfer our production process to them, which will enable them to manufacture OpRegen in-house, which continues to be part of the overall plan for OpRegen development.
Thirdly, we expect some additional data updates from the Phase I/IIa study of OpRegen to be presented at medical meetings this year, which is always helpful for increasing awareness of our program and to demonstrate our partner's commitment to it. With respect to our pipeline programs, the most notable item will be getting the IND amendment for OPC1 submitted before the end of the year. We also expect to have updates from other areas of our business, as we always aspire to reach newsworthy milestones from across our portfolio. While we do try to make a lot of progress each quarter and reach those milestones, we also try very hard to keep our spending under control. With that serving as a transition, I will now hand the call over to Jill for a discussion of our financials.
Thanks, Brian. Good afternoon, everyone. Beginning with our balance sheet, I'm pleased to report that we have continued to be smart with our spending and are well capitalized to conduct the near-term activities which Brian just outlined. Our reported cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities as of June 30, 2023, totaled $45.9 million, which is expected to support our current planned operations into the fourth quarter of 2024. Please note, this cash amount does not account for any of the Roche Genentech milestone payments or for any business development or grant revenues, which we may receive during this same period. Next, we will review our second quarter operating results. Our revenue is generated primarily from licensing fees, royalties, collaboration revenues, and research grants.
Total revenues were $3.2 million, a net decrease of $1.4 million, as compared to approximately $4.6 million for the same period in 2022. The decrease was primarily driven by lower collaboration and licensing revenue recognized from deferred revenues from the Roche agreement. Operating expenses are comprised of research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses. Total operating expenses were $8.1 million, a decrease of $0.5 million, as compared to $8.6 million for the same period in 2022. R&D expenses were $3.9 million, a net increase of $0.6 million, as compared to $3.3 million for the same period in 2022. This increase was primarily driven by $0.4 million in higher OpRegen program-related expenses and $0.3 million in non-clinical-related expenses to support the OPC1 program.
G&A expenses were $4.2 million, a net decrease of approximately $1.1 million, compared to the $5.3 million for the same period in 2022. This decrease was primarily driven by $0.5 million in lower litigation and legal expenses. An overall reduction in costs incurred for services by third parties, consulting costs, and stock-based related compensation expenses. Loss from operations was $5 million, an increase of $0.8 million, as compared to $4.2 million for the same period in 2022. Other in- income and expenses included other expenses of $0.2 million, compared to other expenses of $2.5 million for the same period in 2022. This change was primarily driven by exchange rate fluctuations related to our international subsidiaries, fair market value changes in marketable equity securities, and interest income from our marketable debt securities.
The net loss was $5.2 million, or $0.03 per share, compared to a net loss of $6.8 million, or $0.04 per share, for the same period in 2022. Overall, we continue to maintain our same spending discipline as we have adhered to for years and which has served us well in the past. As the biotech markets continue to face uncertainty, we believe that maintaining discipline with our spending will continue to allow us to maintain our plan to reach meaningful milestones, make important progress, and create value for shareholders from our investments in our programs. Now let me hand the call back to Brian.
Thanks, Jill. To wrap up, we believe Lineage is pioneering an approach which has large commercial opportunities but few analogous competitors. While stem cells were once thought to represent a powerful new kind of therapeutic in and of themselves, the reality may be that the true value from stem cells isn't using them as medicine, but using them as starting material to generate other cell types, including cell types which can, and in certain cases, already have shown the ability to generate clinical efficacy outcomes that do not occur by chance and vastly exceed the best available alternatives.
Most of the success stories to date in cell therapy can be found in oncology or transplant medicine, but data reported recently in non-cancer indications, such as type 1 diabetes and Parkinson's disease, as well as our own achievements in dry AMD with GA, suggests that advancements in the tools, understanding, and best application of differentiated cells in a replace and restore approach may be on the cusp of an exciting era. I continue to believe Lineage is making good decisions in a challenging biotech environment. We've been conservative and disciplined with our spending, and we're advancing our programs in a responsible way. Our collaboration with Genentech and Roche is progressing extremely well, and one of the things we will be particularly excited to work on this year will be continuing to support them in the further clinical development of OpRegen.
As always, we sincerely appreciate your support of the company as we look to position Lineage to become the leader in cell therapy and cell transplant medicine. With that, Mandeep, Jill, Gary, and I are ready to take analyst questions.
The floor is now open for your questions. To ask a question this time, please press star one on your telephone keypad. If at any point you'd like to withdraw from the queue, please press star one again. We'll now take a moment to compile our roster. Our first question comes from the line of Jack Allen from Baird. Please go ahead.
Great. Thanks for taking the questions, and congratulations to the team on all the progress made over the course of the quarter. Maybe to start, I, I know, Brian, you, you talked a lot about the, the GA opportunity with OpRegen. Could you maybe speak a little bit more finely about what you can do to, to help your partner enroll this Phase I/IIa study as expeditiously as possible? I know it's hard to talk about timelines, but any specific activities you can do to help aid in their execution of this trial?
It's limited what I'm able to share specifically, but what I can note is that to date, Genentech has relied on the same clinical centers, which we had used in the Phase I/IIa study. There's certain familiarity, relationships, know-how, understanding that could be beneficial. With respect to the specific activities that, that we perform, I would characterize those as more contributary or contributional in nature and not as much the frontline decision-making. As you already know, Roche is paying for the clinical development of OpRegen in this study and any future studies which they conduct. We don't have any of the burden, but we actually look for opportunities to go beyond what is contractually expected of us in any creative way to try to be helpful in the furtherance of the OpRegen program.
Great. Great. Thanks so much for that color, and it's great to hear you're taking an active, or at least as active a role as you can in, in helping progress that asset forward. Maybe on OPC1, very quickly, it's great to hear that you've gotten the feedback from the FDA, and you're planning to implement the device with the IND amendment here. I guess maybe could you step back and talk a little bit about your longer-term aspirations for OPC1? Previously, my understanding that you were gonna dose it a few patients with this new device and then maybe move into a larger study. Can you talk a little bit more about the maybe, you know, three-to-five-year plan here?
The most important and outstanding question about OPC1, which we want to answer and intend to answer, is what is the magnitude of benefit which patients can enjoy if they receive the oligodendrocyte cells, which we manufacture? In order to answer that question, we will need to conduct a larger and controlled study. The study design has not been determined. It is premature of us to determine it. However, there are a couple of steps that we want to complete before we are able and prepared to conduct that larger study. One of those you're well aware of, which is deploying and demonstrating the utility of the new delivery system. It's a lot smaller, many fewer component parts. It's easier to administer, and it has advantages that we think will be beneficial on safety and perhaps even efficacy.
The second thing that we need to do is to introduce the new cells, which we manufacture here at Lineage. As I believe you and others are aware, I've, I've talked extensively about the achievements of the manufacturing team, that they have made on the manufacture of OPC1 in terms of the reproducibility, the scale, the control, and the purity. When those two elements are complete, then we would be able to have the back and forth with FDA to design and propose a larger comparative study. So that's really where we want to go with this.
We would need to clear a couple of what I think are relatively straightforward hurdles, and then when we get past those, we wanna conduct that larger study and answer that critical question, which is: Is this a therapy that can help individuals gain mobility after a spinal cord injury that they would not otherwise experience, but for the receipt of these cells to their spinal cord?
Great. Thank you so much for taking the questions and all the color. Congratulations again on the progress.
Thank you, Jack.
Our next question comes from the line of Joseph Pantginis from H.C. Wainwright. Please go ahead.
Hey, everybody. Good afternoon. Thanks for taking the questions. Brian, my first question, I promise, there is no pun intended, do you envision or any potential complementarity between OpRegen and Izervay or Syfovre?
I've heard a lot of vision jokes in my five years here, and that is certainly one of them. I'm going to refer the question to Gary to talk about the compatibility and how our therapy could be used in addition to or instead of a complement inhibitor.
Yes. Joe, I think obviously based on the initial launch of Syfovre, clearly there's a huge unmet need, so a big playing space, and there's no reason that OpRegen can't be used in conjunction with a complement inhibitor, either of the two approved agents, or allow a complement inhibitor to be used first and then follow up with OpRegen or vice versa. We think that there's a potential synergistic effect of the two products, or three products technically, and that in effect, that they both might benefit from co-administration. Obviously we'll need to conduct those co-administration studies at some point, but we don't think it will impact. If anything, it'll benefit both, both approaches to treating dry AMD.
No, that's helpful. Thank you. Then wanted to switch over to the VAC platform. I guess, how should we view or what are you doing to percolate sort of the platform concept, you know, behind the scenes other than sort of, you know, having inbounds and marketing it as a platform? You know, are you doing any particular, you know, scientific work, you know, to be able to help market it? Do you have the potential to be able to hand cells out on an NDA situation where a, a third party can sort of do their own experiments? How is the platform being percolated?
The answer is that it is being viewed through a number of different prongs. One of those would be thinking about working with another party to use a different antigen or combination of antigens, which could be presented on the surface of the dendritic cells. You could imagine that that idea can range from work that has been done at academic centers for more of the pan-cancer antigen, like a TERT, or you could imagine harnessing some of the discoveries that are coming out of the AI field and machine learning to rationally select the antigen that you might use, either on an individual patient basis or, again, more collectively for antigens that could serve this purpose more broadly. We have other prongs that we are considering, which include manufacturing.
We think that there is still a lot of room to improve the production and drive down the costs of the dendritic cell system. We think that from a clinical perspective, there's a prong that can be viewed with the dendritic cell as a tool because it essentially goes beyond the first step of the immune system, which is we are prepackaging the antigen into the dendritic cell. Rather than using lipid nanoparticles, or if you are concerned that your antigen is not tickling the immune system quite in the right way, utilizing nature's, you know, previously designed system for presenting those antigens could be beneficial. It is extremely difficult to tackle all of those prongs simultaneously with all of their individual permutations.
When I say that the BD people have exploratory conversations, these are the kinds of prongs that they are thinking about and talking about with various parties. Each of which in isolation could be beneficial to the VAC program and help elevate the visibility and importance of that program, and which altogether could provide us with some de-risking by having multiple approaches, partly supported by partnership, and then perhaps partly supported by Lineage.
Appreciate the color, Brian. Thanks a lot.
Thank you, Joe, and thank you also for participating as a moderator at that Spinal Cord, First Annual Spinal Cord Conference. We appreciate you and Jack and others.
Our next question comes from the line of Kristen Kluska from Cantor Fitzgerald. Please go ahead.
Hi, good afternoon. This is Jason Bouvier on for Kristen. Thanks for taking our questions. I have two questions. Just going back to the phase IIa trial being managed by Genentech. Do you have any information on the number of patients or subjects that have been enrolled? Sort of the rate of enrollment and how many are left? The second question is, how are you thinking about prioritizing earlier stage programs, and any potential projects that are not yet out in the pipeline? Thanks.
Well, we're not permitted to disclose or share that level of granularity with respect to enrollment. You'll, you and everyone, unfortunately, will need to just kinda make their own estimates and projections. With respect to what I will call the balance between our lead program and other programs, we are trying to strike a balance within that balance, which is to say that we are certainly planning for success. If one isn't planning for success, one presumably is planning for failure. That, that is, it's pretty straightforward, that we are looking to build a company here that, in part, will be elevated by the success, the future success of OpRegen and dry AMD.
However, it's also abundantly clear that this environment is not one of the best that has ever been for the biotech industry, so we can't be irresponsible in how we invest in our pipeline program. We have today, multiple assets. They are staged with respect to where they are clinically or preclinically, i.e., how far they are along in development, and that staging can be intentionally adjusted to reflect an appropriate level of financial commitment. There are some areas that we think that the return on our investment and the value to our business is quite high. The best example I would point to there was our decision to spend approximately $1 million to initiate the ANP1 program and to get that into preclinical testing with that relatively small amount of R&D spending.
I shared previously some exciting early-stage acquisitions that were done for what I believe were essentially single asset hearing loss programs. We, we use that sort of discipline and that critical ROI evaluation as a way to manage our spending across the platform. We're always asking ourselves if it's something that we should look at grant funding, is it something we should be thinking about partnering, or is it something we just want to carefully and stepwise move forward? All the while, while we wait with others for what we hope will be exciting future data from the OpRegen program.
Great. Thanks a lot for that answer.
Thank you, Jason.
Our next question comes from the line of Mayank Mamtani from B. Riley Securities. Please go ahead.
Hey, guys. Madison on for Mayank. Thanks for taking the call, and congrats on the progress. Just a quick question. Once you submit your IND amendment in 4Q, and the 30 days pass, how long will it be before you actually move in, move into the clinic there? Secondly, it sounds like you guys will no longer be responsible for production as you're transferring capacity to your partners, regarding OpRegen, and I'm just wondering how long that transfer process would take. Thanks.
Thank you for the questions, Madison. With respect to OPC1, we always look to minimize the amount of time between when we are clear to open a site and getting through the contracting process and actually opening a site. A lot of the time is regrettably on the site side, the, the legal and the contracting side. I, I think generally speaking, sponsors are good about turning around their documentation, but each site is its own animal and poses its own challenges. We do as much as we can to start these trials quickly. I have no reason to think that we would benefit in any way by having a delay.
While we know that this will be a study at a small number of sites, we are going to do everything we can to be able to start very quickly after the 30-day clearing period has occurred. There are some centers out there that won't engage fully until you have an IND open, and that's very frustrating. Many others allow you to parallel path with an expectation of when you'll be ready. It's a blend. When you have a multi-center trial, you're gonna find different hurdles.
For us, the best answer is to, for us to pre-plan and be ready to hit the ground running to the extent possible, with redundancy and parallel path work being done in advance of that 30-day period. With respect to the second question, I have no idea how long it takes to transfer a cell therapy production process to a big pharma partner, because we've never done it before. However, we have abundant faith in our manufacturing production team and their ability to, to train and teach skilled collaborators to achieve the work. As probably everyone on the call knows, manufacturing cells consistently and reproducibly and controlling the process is very difficult, and there have been many failures over the years in laboratories around the world. We have seen many examples of extraordinary success by our in-house manufacturing team.
One of those examples I spoke to with ANP1, being able to create a differentiation protocol very quickly. Another example would be the enormous scale of production, which they achieved with OPC1. A third example would be how well they were able to improve the purity and the scale of the OPC1 program. Excuse me, I misspoke. I meant OpRegen previously, I meant OPC1 in that case. Those are three examples from three different programs, which illustrate the capabilities of the manufacturing team, and I have no reason to think that Roche and Genentech has a paucity of resources or capabilities. Quite the opposite. I expect that they have abundant capabilities in this regard. While it's not a straightforward and simple task, you can't mail it in to somebody. You don't just send them a document.
You really need to be sitting next to them, going through, repeating it several times. I really am unable to tell you when I think that process would be completed, but we will pay great attention to it and work very closely with our partner to give them the best possible chance of success.
Got it. I appreciate the color.
Thank you, Madison.
Our next question comes from the line of Michael Okunewitch from Maxim Group. Please go ahead.
Hey, Brian. Thank you for taking my question, congrats on the progress this quarter.
Thank you, Michael.
I think to start off, I'd just like to ask a little bit about the VAC2 program and to see if you could kind of prime us for the full data from that study with the additional analyses ongoing at your U.K. partner. Which of those, which of those particular analyses do you consider to be the most important for both validating the platform as a whole as well as the VAC2 program itself?
Thank you, Michael, for the question. I will refer to Dr. Hogge to respond to you.
Their ongoing investigations are looking at biopsies from the tumors to look for tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. We're keenly interested in those data. We're looking at skin biopsies at the site of administration to see what type of cell influx occurred post first administration, all the way up to six administrations. That'd be of interest if that profile changes over time. Additionally, we're looking at different ELISA panels to look to see if we have a Th1 or a Th2 cytokine profile shift that wasn't there at baseline. All these would be indicative of a potential immune response to the antigens of interest, and may show that there was at least some antitumor effect as well that we are certainly interested in looking at.
Those data are being analyzed, and we await the reports from Cancer Research UK.
All right. Yeah, thank you for that. Then, and then I would just like to ask about the... Specifically in the auditory disease space, you have gene therapy, you know, going in with some pretty significant attention. Do you see having additional one-and-done therapies out there paving the way as making it more attractive for development for ANP1? Then, do you have any additional color on specific indications you might look to go into once this gets towards the clinic?
Thanks, Michael. I, I have a two-part answer. The refinement of the indication and the intended patient population will be driven by the data which we collect initially, pre-clinically, and then evolving into the clinic. It's difficult for us, with such a new approach, to be definitive, to be credibly definitive about how we see the best use of this intervention. We're quite aware that there are many types of hearing impairment, some of them chemical, some of them physical, some of them more reflecting aging and, and degenerative processes. The notable aspect of other approaches, and let's call it success that we're seeing in approaches for hearing loss, I think is very beneficial to our earlier program because it's beginning to establish the existence and refine some of those questions about what are the right clinical endpoints to use?
What are the economics of a program look like? Ultimately, if we're going to get credit for what today is a preclinical program, that's going to come through some sort of evaluation exercise, which is going to need to have some sort of an addressable market, which is going to need to have some refined patient population. While it's exciting to go into a new area with an incredible paucity or dearth of other competitive threats, the trade-off for that is we don't have a mature and established commercial market that we can point to with certainty and say, we know exactly what patients we're going after.
In light of the options of a mature and crowded space compared to this new area, I'm delighted to be going into this new area because we can partly define it for ourselves rather than be forced into following others. I think there's a lot to learn in the hearing loss space from some of the early forays that we are seeing, in particular in gene therapy. As I described earlier, even if a gene therapy is able to wonderfully address one specific deficiency in the genome through some sort of repair or replacement of that genetic information, that is going to leave many other kinds of hearing loss available to an approach that is replacing the entire genome through the transplant of a cell.
Thank you. I appreciate your insight.
Thank you for the question.
Our next question comes from the line of Jack Allen from Baird. Please go ahead.
Great. Thanks again for taking the questions and the follow-up here. You just jogged a thought as one of my peers was asking a question about Roche's execution and enrollment of the OpRegen phase IIa study. I know you, you mentioned in response to my question that you have a lot of experience with the sites that are being utilized by, by your collaborator. I guess, any historical context you could speak to as it relates to the ability of those sites to enroll patients in your Phase I/IIa study?
One of the things that I liked to highlight, some time ago was that the early forays into this study enrolled very slowly, in part because there were very few sites open, and in part because these were the very first and incredibly courageous patients to receive this therapy. By the end of the study, this team at Lineage had, had taken control of, of enrollment. We had opened additional sites, and we were able to enroll... I think the last four patients were all within a very crowded period of, of maybe six or eight weeks. That is reflecting tremendous variability of pace of enrollment, which occurs not just at the study level, but also at the individual site level. I think there are some factors that go in our favor.
In particular, I think the conversation between a prospective patient and the center and the surgeon is different today because you're talking about a program that has pharma credibility and 24 well, or highly accessible sets of data to be able to refer to, rather than being the first of its kind. At the same time, this is an optimization study, and I believe that Roche would like to minimize the number of variables to the extent it's possible, so that they can gain as much information as possible from this study. In doing so, it's not surprising to us that they have elected to start out with just the sites that we had used previously. I expect that, that will expand over time.
I don't have specific information about that, but I think it's a general sentiment that I'm encouraged that there is more horsepower and there is more experience available for this trial being run by Roche and Genentech than what was done in the hands of Lineage. Although obviously, we were quite delighted with the findings and success that we had in our phase I.
Great. That's great color. Thank you again for taking the follow-up.
I appreciate that, Jack. Thank you.
Our next question comes from the line of Joe Pantginis from H.C. Wainwright. Please go ahead.
Hey, guys. Thanks for taking the follow-up as well. When you're looking at the ANP1 program, I wanted to dive in a little bit here. Can you describe sort of a little more of the models you're looking at right now and what's planned? I, I sort of want to correlate that with the takeouts that you referred to of Akouos and Decibel. Now, they are using gene therapy, as you alluded to. You know, they were very focused on, you know, targeting of their AAVs and in very specific mutations, which you don't necessarily need to do. So they were looking at animal models, in particular, like otoferlin models or what have you. You know, what kind of models would you look to do to be able to address a broader hearing loss concept? Thanks.
Thank you, Joe. It's a great question. I understand the question. We do plan to provide an update on ANP1 later this year, and it probably the question is even more suitable at that time, because at this point, our focuses and our emphasis is primarily on the delivery of our cells and the durability of our cells. As everyone knows, if your cells aren't present, they're not going to be functional, and that's where we need to go. We're not at the level where we are designing our own functional tests. Or making comparisons to studies that have been done in the space.
We really are just focused on stepwise progress here, which means ensuring that we can get the cells where we want them to go and ensuring that they are still present after a clinically relevant amount of time, and using the models that are quite conventional in this space, which are various forms of, of rodent models. I think when we do a more fulsome update, it'll, it'll be easier to be able to begin to draw parallels across what we're doing and, and what some of the other folks are doing.
I do think that to the extent you're thinking about gene therapy needing to repair genetic defects and models having to have a specific defect, so that gene therapy companies can show that they can fix that DNA and then have a clinical outcome from that, our approach would be that we do not need to have such difficulty, that we can use what I would characterize as cruder forms of deafness, because we aren't trapped by or forced into the narrow segment of a single gene being responsible for the absence of effective hearing.
That, that makes great sense. I appreciate that. I'm just gonna just focus on one of your D words, and that's the delivery. Obviously, you need the experiments to look at durability. You know, AAV is much smaller than cells, and you're dealing with a very limited volume environment. Are you looking at what's essentially been relatively standardized surgical techniques? I know this is pretty forward-looking, or is there something more unique to cells that we'd have to consider? Is it too early to really even go down that alley?
You're asking an excellent question because, of course, cells are much larger than viral vectors. One place where we think that that's extremely interesting is in the setting of the eye. We know that viral vectors can travel across the optic chiasm and appear on the other contralateral untreated eye. That makes control arms in that space a bit challenging. With respect to delivery to the ear, it is extraordinary to learn what is capable with teeny-tiny needles and a steady hand. We, we do have some challenges in the delivery, as we do have challenges with the delivery to the spinal cord or to the eye or to everywhere, because as you correctly note, if the stuff doesn't get where it needs to be, it's not going to work.
I think what we will do is we'll share some of our findings and some of our methods, in particular, at that update later this year. I think that, generally speaking, we have not... I can, I can say that we have not needed to invent anything new in order to perform these preclinical studies, if that answer is at least helpful in the interim.
No, it certainly does, Brian. Thanks a lot. I can't wait to hear about it.
Thank you, Joe.
That-
What do you think, Tony?
That concludes today's analyst call. I would now like to turn the call over to Brian Culley for closing remarks.
I would just like to say thank you, everyone. It's exciting to have such great interest in all the things that we're doing, and we will continue to work hard to make this company interesting and exciting, and successful. Thank you and have a great afternoon.
Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. This does conclude today's call. Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect.