Good day and thank you for standing by. Welcome to the quarter one 2021 Grand Canyon Education, Incorporated earnings conference call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. Later, we will conduct a question-and-answer session, and instructions will follow at that time. If anyone should require assistance during the conference, please press star then zero on your touchtone telephone. This call is being recorded. I would now like to turn the conference over to your host, Mr. Dan Bachus, Chief Financial Officer. Please go ahead, sir.
Thank you. Joining me on today's call is our Chairman and CEO, Brian Mueller. Please note that many of the comments today will contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Various factors could cause our actual results to be materially different from any future results expressed or implied by such statements. These factors are discussed in our SEC filings, including our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K. We undertake no obligation to provide updates with regard to the forward-looking statements made during this call, and we recommend that all investors review these reports thoroughly before taking a financial position in GCE. With that, I'll turn the call over to Brian.
Good afternoon. Welcome to Grand Canyon Education's first quarter fiscal year 2021 conference call. GCE had another successful quarter, and the long-term future is very bright. We are experiencing some short-term issues due to the pandemic, which I'll explain in a minute. However, long term, we are building three unique and differentiated platforms that will provide significant and impactful growth. The pandemic has been a serious challenge for universities, and many are experiencing financial issues. In addition, many recent college graduates who are new to the job market are having a difficult time. Many have degrees that aren't serving them well in the current economy. It has been GCE's goal to create educational models that address the real issues within higher education. I believe those issues continue to be, one, the out-of-control rising costs of university education.
From the early 1980s to the late 2010s, the price of college increased eight times the increase in wages. Two, the increasing student debt levels that will seriously hinder graduates as they begin their adult lives. Three, as tuition levels go up, diversity on college campuses go down. Four, bachelor's degrees should not take 4- 6 years to complete. Five, programs and delivery models lack the creativity and flexibility necessary to address critical shortages in some industries. Six, there are inadequate counseling and support services, especially for first-generation students or those studying at a distance. Seven, three-fifths of college graduates would change their majors if they were starting over. Eight, prior to the pandemic, 43% of college graduates were underemployed in their first job. Two-thirds remained in jobs that don't require college degrees five years later.
Grand Canyon Education is a large organization, over 4,600 staff, is in a very strong financial position and can invest in educational infrastructure to help institutions address some significant opportunities in the employment marketplace. One of our partner institutions now derives 13% of their total revenues from GCE Orbis healthcare programs. They want to do more. The combination of institutions looking for additional revenue streams and our ability to help them launch programs locally that prepare students for in-demand occupations is creating rapid partnership growth. Let me explain how GCE is in a great position to support the three main pillars or platforms of our business. The first pillar, Grand Canyon University Online, has 91,334 students as of March 31st, 2021. In the quarter just completed, new students grew on a comparable start basis in the high single-digits, while total students grew 7.2% year-over-year.
GCU has historically put a priority on new program development that helps students gain employment and build careers in the modern economy, and is also focused on programs leading to professional licensure, with most of those being at the graduate level. When the pandemic hit last March, we saw an unprecedented surge in new enrollment in the months of April, May, and June. New enrollments continued to grow above our stated objectives the next nine months, and total enrollments grew above expectations because of very high retention and re-entry rates. We knew the second quarter of this year would be challenging because of the very high comps, but we were also running into three additional challenges.
New starts did not meet expectations this April and will not meet expectations in May, mainly because schools, hospitals, counseling centers haven't opened up the way we expected them to, and our access to the employees hasn't returned to normal. In addition, because of high retention rates, the number of graduates are exceeding our expectations, and our re-entry pool dried up. 12 months ago, when the pandemic hit and people were sent home, as we said before, there was a surge in new enrollment as people were looking to do something productive with their time. One year later, as the country is beginning to open up, people are adjusting to the new reality of what going back to work means for them and whether their children will be in school or not. There was some indecision at the end of April, and some students decided not to start.
However, we believe that we will begin to rebound in the third and fourth quarters as schools reopen and as hospitals, counseling centers, and businesses resume more normal operations. The miss in enrollment at the end of the second quarter will be mostly at the graduate level. We haven't pivoted to recruiting more adult undergraduate students in the short term because GCU's high-quality student body produces very good metrics, including high graduation rates, low cohort default rates, 72% on a 90/10 percentage, and low student debt amounts as compared to state and private universities. We consider this enrollment challenge to be short-term only. We are already seeing things begin to open up in May, and we don't want to change a very successful 13-year strategy as a result. The second pillar or platform to our business is the GCU traditional campus.
As many of you know, we began the fall semester with 22,363 ground campus students, of whom approximately 5,000 traditional campus students stayed at home and took their classes online. In the spring 2021 semester, we started with 19,721 ground campus students, of whom approximately 3,500 traditional campus students stayed home and took their classes online. This resulted in approximately 3,000 fewer students paying room, board, and other fees related to being an on-campus student. However, this was partially offset because GCU actually had an increase of 11.5% in ground traditional students, excluding professional studies. GCU recently put a message out stating that the campus intends to be fully up and running in their traditional manner in the fall semester of the 2021-2022 academic year. We are still trending to meet our established enrollment goals.
GCU's traditional campus is in a very strong position and is becoming a bigger part of the strategy every day. GCU's goal is now to have 40,000 students on its traditional campus in West Phoenix. The pandemic has made it abundantly clear that 18-year-old students desire to have a campus experience as much now as they ever have. It just needs to be affordable. The combination of GCU and GCE in building out traditional campus has many strategic advantages. One, Phoenix is a destination city, and Arizona is a destination state. Two, GCU has invested $1.5 billion in educational infrastructure, and the campus is currently ranked 19th in the country. Number three, GCU hasn't raised tuition in 12 years, and their students take out less debt than the average state university student. In addition, The Wall Street Journal recently released average Parent PLUS debt amounts.
GCU parents take out approximately 50% of the debt amount taken out by the three heavily subsidized state universities in Arizona. Four, GCU now has nine colleges that have over 209 academic programs, emphases, and certificates. Five, GCU is adding more than 20 new programs per year targeted at growing occupational areas. Six, the university will invest $500 million additional dollars in the next four years with a plan to grow out its campus to accommodate 40,000 students. The university is in a strong financial position in the aftermath of its split from GCE to become a nonprofit institution. It is financing all its current CapEx and has $325 million in cash as of March 31st, 2021. Those that predicted the transaction would produce financial ruin to the university were very wrong. Seven, GCE has almost 200 people involved in the recruiting process.
Eight, GCE has a state-of-the-art marketing and advertising agency to develop efficient and productive campaigns. Nine, GCE has invested heavily in building out virtual tours of campus, live classroom demos to expose current high school students to GCU during the pandemic when travel is limited. 10, GCU's Christian and free market positioning makes it attractive to a large national audience with very few affordable, scalable options. The third pillar or platform of the business is Grand Canyon Education/Orbis. Our goal is to continue the rapid expansion of partners, some of which want to provide both healthcare and non-healthcare programs. GCE bought Orbis 26 months ago. Since that time, we have expanded to 26 partners.
We opened eight new off-campus classroom and laboratory sites in the past nine months, partially offset by the planned non-renewal of the contract with a university partner with two sites in the first quarter of 2021, resulting in an increase of these sites to 29 as compared to 23 at March 31st, 2020. We have signed a contract with a new partner in the Southern California market, and we are close to signing a contract with a new partner in the New York City market. We will open medical lab science programs with two new partners in the fall. We are working very hard at a number of locations in the West to implement GCU's nursing and other healthcare programs. The goal is to have over 40 locations by the end of 2022, 50 locations by the end of 2023, and eventually to grow to 80 locations.
This is a huge national platform in which to enroll students and produce graduates. GCE now has not only the largest partner in the OPM space, GCU, it is also rapidly adding partners. This is happening because, first, many quality universities are experiencing financial stress and looking for options to increase their revenues. Second, there are important healthcare and other technology careers that are experiencing serious shortages. Third, universities don't have the resources to scale many of those programs. Fourth, GCE has the capital and the know-how to scale those programs and create opportunities for thousands of underemployed young adults while helping universities create important additional revenue streams. Most locations start with the ABSN program, most have the ability and desire to scale up to as many as 10 additional programs. Sites will eventually accommodate between 250 and 1,000 students in multiple programs.
Programs will cost between $30,000 and $60,000, take between 12 and 24 months, and lead to jobs paying between $50,000 and $100,000. Most of the students in those programs will have already completed a bachelor's degree but consider themselves underemployed. GCU will fill many of the sites in the West and will continue to expand into additional healthcare and non-healthcare academic areas. GCE is pleased to announce that it has signed an agreement with Harding University, which will include multiple Orbis sites, as well as a fully developed model for some of their master's degree programs. This is the first more comprehensive contract and may be replicated once it becomes successful. Grand Canyon Education has three large, well-financed, highly professional platforms to grow with in the next five years. Each platform is addressing real needs in the market and is producing high-quality outcomes for our partners and the economy.
I've never been more excited about the future of GCE. In the previous conference call, I outlined a GCE and GCU five-point plan designed to transform an inner-city neighborhood. We are very proud of the ongoing efforts that are producing real results. In addition, GCU/GCE recently opened up a vaccination center on campus to serve our neighborhood. That center provided a total of 116,000 vaccinations in a 12-week timeframe. That very important work was provided by 4,380 volunteers who worked 31,463 volunteer hours, resulting in no cost to the taxpayer. The project was assisted by partnerships with Chicanos Por La Causa and our local Mexican embassy, and provided a much-needed service to a very vulnerable population.
With that, I would like to turn it over to Dan Bachus, our CFO, to give a little more color on our 2021 first quarter, talk about changes in the income statement, balance sheet, and other items, as well as to provide 2021 guidance.
Thanks, Brian. Included in our Form 8-K filed with the SEC, we have included non-GAAP net income and non-GAAP diluted income per share for the three months ended March 31st, 2021 and 2020. The non-GAAP amounts exclude the tax-affected amount of the amortization of intangible assets. The amortizable intangible assets acquired in the Orbis acquisition totaled $210.3 million, and amortization expense in the first quarter of 2021 and 2020 was $2.1 million. We believe the non-GAAP financial information allows investors to develop a more meaningful understanding of the company's performance over time. As adjusted, non-GAAP diluted income per share for the three months ended March 31st, 2021, 2020 is $1.72 and $1.53, respectively.
Service revenue exceeded our expectations in the first quarter of 2021, primarily due to higher than expected revenue per student due to higher ancillary revenues than expected and strong retention at GCU, which increased our average daily revenue per student. As expected, revenue per student declined year-over-year, primarily due to approximately 3,500 of GCU's traditional campus students electing to attend the spring semester entirely in the online modality due to COVID-19 concerns. As a result, spring semester fees, room and board, and other ancillary revenues for the first quarter of 2021 at GCU were lower than in the comparable period in the prior year, which reduced the service revenue we earned.
This is partially offset by our revenue growing faster at our other university partners than at GCU, and we generally generate a higher revenue per student on those service agreements than on our service agreement with GCU, as these agreements generally provide us a higher revenue share percentage. The partners have higher tuition rates than GCU, and the majority of their students take on average more credits per semester as they are in accelerated programs. As Brian mentioned, new online enrollments at GCU increased in the high single-digits, but this was offset by a higher number of graduates at our university partners than expected. GCU had a 19% increase in working adult graduates year-over-year, which was higher than expected, and our occupational therapy university partner had significantly more graduates than anticipated in the first quarter.
As a reminder, the reported other university partner enrollments at March 31st, 2021, do not include the off-campus GCU ABSN students, and the reported year-over-year growth is being negatively impacted by the non-renewal of a service agreement with a former university partner and the larger than expected number of OTA graduates. Excluding the March 31st, 2020 enrollments from the former university partner, off-campus ABSN students grew 18.6% between years. We estimate the reduction in service revenue attributable to reduced tuition fees and ancillary revenue of our university partners resulting from COVID-19 was $4.5 million in the first quarter of 2021. Included in both our 8-K and the 10-Q filed today is a detailed explanation of the actual impacts on all of our university partners for the Spring 2021 semester and our projected impacts for the Summer 2021.
Our effective tax rate for the first quarter of 2021 was 20.4% compared to 24.2% in the first quarter of 2020 and our guidance of 21.7%. The lower than expected effective tax rate was primarily due to higher than expected excess tax benefits as a result of a higher stock price at the time of the restricted stock vesting and stock option exercise. We estimate that the lower effective tax rate increased our earnings per share by $0.03. We repurchased 567,255 shares of our common stock in the first quarter of 2021 at a cost of approximately $56.3 million and another 87,474 shares at a cost of $11.6 million subsequent to March 31st, 2021. As of today, we have $180.4 million available under our share repurchase authorization.
In March 2021, we entered into an accelerated repurchase plan with Morgan Stanley, resulting in a payment for $35 million with initial common shares delivered of 275,889 shares, approximately 80% of those shares based on the fair market value. These shares and $28 million of the payments are included in our first quarter share totals and available authorization balance. The remaining $7 million is included in the subsequent shares repurchase as settlement with Morgan Stanley occurred on May 4th, 2021. Turning to the balance sheet and cash flows, total unrestricted cash and short-term investments at March 31st, 2021, were $262.3 million. Our credit facility has an available line of credit of $150 million as of March 31st, 2021. GCE CapEx in the first quarter of 2021, including CapEx for new off-campus classroom and laboratory sites, was approximately $8.9 million or 3.8% of net revenue.
We continue to anticipate CapEx for 2021 will be between $30 million and $35 million. It is our understanding that GCU continues to explore options to refinance part or all of the note outstanding. Based on conversations with the university, if the university does complete a refinancing of the note, it will most likely not be completed until the fourth quarter of 2021. Again, there is no assurance that refinance will occur in 2021. The university has informed us that they will again request to borrow money near the end of the second quarter of 2021 for short-term cash flow needs, and that the amount borrowed will be repaid in July 2021. Last, I would like to provide color on the guidance we have provided for the rest of 2021.
The guidance that we have provided continues to be non-GAAP as adjusted net income and as adjusted diluted income per share as we exclude the amortization of acquired intangibles. As Brian discussed earlier, and we have discussed previously, the last 9.5 months of 2020 was a perfect storm for GCU Online. Driven by the COVID-19 pandemic and the significant operational and technology advantages that GCU believes it has against its competition, as well as a growing GCU brand at affordable price point, GCU Online saw enrollments that significantly exceeded our expectations. The higher than expected enrollments were due partially to a surge in new enrollments, especially in the second quarter of last year, when we saw a year-over-year increase of almost 20%. This higher than expected new enrollment growth continued through March of 2021, one year after the acceleration began.
As Brian mentioned, new online starts were up in the high single-digits in the first quarter on a year-over-year basis, which continued to be higher than our long-term target. In addition, during the past 12 months, we have seen a significant reduction in students taking time off, which has resulted in a higher revenue per student and higher total enrollment. Although all of this is extremely positive, it made forecasting this year very difficult. Historically, online enrollments and revenue have been fairly predictable, which has helped us in being able to beat and raise for 13 straight years. We have historical experience that helps us predict the number of students that will start each month, the number of students that will graduate based on their current progression, the number of students and length of time on average that students will take time off and then restart their programs.
The significant changes that occurred in the last 12 months, along with the unpredictable timing of the reopening of schools, hospitals, and businesses, made forecasting this year harder than any other year. In our guidance for this year, we had projected an increase in graduations and a decrease in re-enters, which is students return to class after taking a break, as a percentage of total enrollment on a year-over-year basis due to the trends I just mentioned. Actual graduations are exceeding our reforecast, and re-enters are trending much less than our forecast. This was made up by the continued higher revenue per student and better than expected new enrollments in the first quarter.
Since we are now over 12 months since these trends began, we believe there is limited ability to make up for higher than expected graduations and lower re-enters as these current trends continue with higher than forecasted starts and revenue per student, especially given the fact that a lot of major markets, schools, hospitals, and businesses are just starting to return to pre-COVID-19 normal much later than we had hoped. We had planned on new starts being down in the second quarter, as the second quarter is typically not a back-to-school time for adult students, except for last year, but we are concerned that new starts will be down on a year-over-year basis greater than we expect in the second quarter. We are still hopeful that things will return to our long-term target growth rate in the third quarter for the reasons Brian cited earlier.
Again, we do not believe this is a long-term fundamental change in our business, but rather a short-term year-over-year issue with difficult comps impacted by COVID-19 that will eventually smooth out. The ground enrollment growth rate continues to be pressured by a significant decline year-over-year in professional studies students, working adults that take courses on ground, primarily at GCU's traditional campus, as we have not had entry points for these potential students due to COVID-19, and most of these students have now graduated out of their programs. We are hopeful that new professional studies cohorts will start again, beginning this fall. As it relates to GCU Orbis, one new off-campus classroom and laboratory site opened in the spring, two additional sites will open in the summer of 2021, and we are hopeful to open three additional new sites in the second half of 2021.
Two sites that we thought could potentially be opened in the fall 2021 are more likely to open in spring 2022. On the expense side, we have not changed our expectations for the first nine months of 2021. For the last nine months of 2021, I'm sorry. We are now starting to see the acceleration in expenses we anticipated would occur as travel and medical benefits have begun to return to normal. These expenses have been down significantly in comparison to historical amounts beginning near the end of the first quarter of 2020. We have slightly adjusted our expected effective tax rate, excluding potential contributions made in lieu of state income taxes, to 23.7% in Q2, 24.7% in Q3, and 24.0% in Q4. All remaining stock options were exercised during the first quarter of 2021, and the majority of the outstanding restricted stock vests in the first quarter of each year.
Therefore, there will not be any excess tax benefits the rest of the year. We have adjusted the weighted average shares outstanding amount to take into account our best estimate of the stock that will be repurchased, but does not take into account any shares that would be repurchased on a refinance by GCU. I will now turn the call over to the moderator so that we can answer questions.
As a reminder, to ask a question, please press the star and then the number one key on your touch-tone telephone. If your question has been answered or you wish to remove yourself from the queue, please press the pound key. Your first question comes from the line of Jeff Meuler from Baird. Your line is open.
Yes, thank you. On the, I guess, the weaker trends from a total enrollment and new enrollment perspective in Q2, any quantification you can help us with? I ask from the standpoint that the way you're describing the situation, it sounds fairly material, but then when I look at the revised 2021 guidance, I recognize there's a reduction, but the magnitude of the change in revenue doesn't seem all that material to me. Just any help you can provide there. If there's offsetting factors that we need to be considering.
No, it is not hugely material, but obviously we take very seriously the guidance we gave. In our 13 years, I can't recall a single time we've had a lower revenue. It is material, but it is lowering. I think all three things that we talked about, the new starts, the re-enters, and the graduates are all slightly late. We expected them to be down in the second quarter, but the magnitude of the down is slightly worse than we thought. The re-enters is opportunity, going forward is less than we thought. The graduations, as you said, as we talked about is, we knew graduations were going to be up year-over-year. We knew re-enters were going to be down given what we talked about. Each are trending a little worse than we expected.
Still pretty impressive given the year that we've come off of. I don't know, Brian, anything to add to that?
No, go ahead, Jeff. Sounds like you have another question.
Yeah. I guess on the return to more normal growth, at least from a new starts perspective in the back half of the year, I guess, what gives you confidence in that? I think you said that you're already starting to see some reopening. Was that a specific reference to your recruiters being back in those environments, or was that just a more general, I guess, macro comment on the economy more broadly reopening?
No, as I think you know, we spend a lot less money on advertising than a lot of our competition does, general media advertising, traditional media advertising. We have a relationship with over 8,000 high schools, for example, in the country, including 4,000 private and about 4,000 public. Those relationships produce a lot of win-win situations. A lot of what we do with schools, with hospitals, with counseling centers, with businesses, is built on relationships that provide win-win kind of scenarios. Those things haven't been as open to us. We didn't change our strategy knowing that the pandemic kept going and it kept going.
We were worried at some point that it would negatively impact us, but we didn't change our strategy and buy a lot of leads and recruit some questionable students because we're very concerned about the quality of both our students on ground and online. On ground, this fall, we're extremely excited. The average incoming GPAs of this next class will be almost 3.6. Our honors college has grown to 2,500 students, 2,700 students with average incoming GPAs over 4.0. Our online students body is approximately 50% graduate students. It was those students who are earning licensures in education, in counseling, in nursing, some in technology. Those are the ones that we didn't have as much access to, and those are the ones that are now returning to work, and they're adjusting again. Their life is changing. They're wondering what's going to happen with their kids.
Are they going to be in school or not? It was that strategy that made us a little bit more vulnerable than people who rely totally on advertising and generating leads. We didn't want to pivot out of that strategy because we're very proud of the quality of our students and the quality of the outcomes that we're producing. For example, one of the things that made us vulnerable in April was higher than expected graduation numbers. We had incredible month-over-month, quarter-over-quarter retention numbers. Those are good things.
Yep.
Those are good things. If your enrollment is down because students are dropping, then you have a real issue. We've got really high-quality programs that are leading to really good occupational career opportunities. That's why we believe that this is a temporary thing and long term, this thing will turn around.
Okay, makes sense. Last on Harding University, you kind of went through it quick. Is it a signed contract or a letter of intent? On the master's aspect of it, is that broader than like healthcare and any scale, ambition, potential you can relay in terms of number of programs or number of students you'd hope to get to over a intermediate term basis?
We're excited about the Harding thing because number one, it is a signed contract. Number two, it is for a number of Orbis sites. Also, yes, we are helping them with some of their master's programs outside of the healthcare area. We're helping convert them so they can be delivered online. We're really excited because they're very exciting. They have a lot of ambition in this area, and they're very willing partners. As a result of that, we're not only gonna do something with them from an Orbis standpoint, but we're gonna do some other things that they want to do. Yes, it's a signed contract, and we're moving.
Got it. Thank you.
Yes.
Your next question comes from the line of Brett Knoblauch from Berenberg Capital. Your line is open.
Thanks for taking my question. Just on Orbis, when I look at the, I guess, the and other enrollments, that growth was a bit lower than historical. Is that largely due to two or the one university that terminated a couple of those locations? Is there anything else in that?
It's a couple things. One is, if you're looking at the enrollment number, there are a couple things you got to remember. One is that GCU's off-site locations are not in that other partner number. That's where a fairly significant amount of their growth is coming from. GCU opened two off-site locations through the Orbis relationship. Those are being included in the GCU enrollment number. Number 2 is, as you suggest, the non-renewal of the contract, thus the enrollments are not in there for the next year or for current year where they were in the previous year. Lastly, they have one partner for occupational therapy, there were significant number of occupational therapy students that graduated during the first quarter of 2021. We actually saw a slight decline in the overall occupational therapy enrollment number there.
Not necessarily because the new starts were below their expectation in that program, but that the graduates outnumbered the number of new starts. Part of that, I think, had to do with COVID-19 type of thing. In total, I mentioned this in my prepared remarks, but when you add back in effect GCU's Orbis students and you strip out the contract that was terminated, their growth was in line with what we thought it would be for ABSN. That was a long answer to your question, but I was delaying because I was trying to find that exact number.
18.6%.
18.6% year-over-year growth for Orbis ABSN or offsite ABSN students.
Understood. Then maybe just one follow-up on, I guess, the new contract with Harding University. I guess going into, I haven't heard of the university before. A quick Google search, 5,000 students in the middle of Arkansas. Can you walk through what determined why you guys chose them, why you think that's a good fit? How quickly would these maybe master programs ramp and maybe the timing of when you would expect that to start to flow through to revenues?
Yeah. I think there's two things there. One, 26 months ago, we said we thought about 70 locations, 70 markets, 70 locations. We started to look at places like Arkansas. There are cities within Arkansas that are not large cities, but the greater metro area is significant and could provide enough to have these Orbis locations. Harding is very willing to do things at a distance. They're very excited about these programs, the quality of their programs, and converting them into this accelerated format. That allowed us to move our location number from 70 to 80, and it possibly could be more. We're really excited about the experimentation with that side of it. Their master's degree program, the other master's degree programs. The interesting thing about Harding is that it is a religious institution.
It has a denomination that is a pretty extensive denomination, and they have a network as a result of that. It's a little bit similar to Liberty. Liberty has a little bit of an advantage in the size of the Southern Baptist Convention, and that being tied to their institution. Well, that's true to some extent with Harding, and so it's going to be a very interesting experiment on both of those levels, and like I said before, they're a very willing partner, and so we're anxious to see what we can make of that. As we do, we'll learn things, which will be very valuable as we keep moving forward.
Understood. Thank you.
Great.
Our last question comes from the line of Greg Pendy from Sidoti. Your line is open.
Hey, guys. Thanks for taking my questions. I guess in light of the guidance, and I know it was just kind of modestly brought down on a forward basis, but in regards to the new student starts, we're hearing from a lot of the schools, I think, in the space that do depend on the advertising and buying leads model, that it seems like things are getting more aggressive out there. I understand you guys have more of a different model for attracting students, but is that potentially something that could be impacting you on a go-forward basis? How has it happened, or how have you operated in times when you've seen some of the other competitors in the space that do depend on sort of the buying leads model when they get more aggressive?
Is it a risk to you, or is it something that you've been relatively immune to?
Well, no. I've been saying for seven or eight years, the conversion of campus-based programs to an online format when they're the kind of generic programs, that's very competitive business, and it's the easiest business to get into, because you convert some curriculum, and you put some advertising out, you collect some leads, and you convert those leads. That's the easy way to do this, but it's very competitive. When you go all the way back to what the conversion rates on those leads used to be to compare to what they are today, it's still efficient, but it has not near the efficiency that it had 10 years ago, 12 years ago. We still do some of that, but a lot of what we do is more from a branding perspective, and then we rely on a lot of the relationships that we have to produce students.
We have just found that the quality of students that we produce, because we have these partnerships, is much higher, which is why we have good graduation rates, low cohort default rates. Our average student debt amounts are under the state universities. Is it a crowded market? Yes. Are more people entering that advertising market? Yes. We have a very efficient model that combines both that with this partnership model, and so we're not concerned that we can't continue to grow the way we have.
Got it. That's helpful. Thanks.
We've reached the end of our first quarter conference call. We appreciate your time and interest in Grand Canyon Education. If you still have questions, please contact myself, Dan Bachus. Thank you very much.
This concludes today's conference. Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect.