Greetings, and welcome to the Microsoft Fiscal Year 2027 First Quarter earnings conference call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. A question- and- answer session will follow the formal presentation. If anyone should require Operator assistance, please press star zero on your telephone keypad. As a reminder, this conference is being recorded. It is now my pleasure to introduce Jonathan Neilson, Vice President of Investor Relations.
Good afternoon, and thank you for joining us today. On the call with me are Satya Nadella, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Amy Hood, Chief Financial Officer, Alice Jolla, Chief Accounting Officer, and Brian DeFoe, Deputy General Counsel and Corporate Secretary. On the Microsoft Investor Relations website, you can find our earnings press release and financial summary slide deck, which is intended to supplement our prepared remarks during today's call and provides the reconciliation of differences between GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures. More detailed Outlook slides will be available on the Microsoft Investor Relations website when we provide Outlook commentary on today's call. On this call, we will discuss certain non-GAAP items. The non-GAAP financial measures provided should not be considered as a substitute for or superior to the measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP.
They are included as additional clarifying items to aid investors in further understanding the company's first quarter performance, in addition to the impact these items and events have on the financial results. All growth comparisons we make on the call today relate to the corresponding period of last year, unless otherwise noted. We will also provide growth rates in constant currency when available, as a framework for assessing how our underlying business performed, excluding the effect of foreign currency rate fluctuations. Where growth rates are the same in constant currency, we will refer to the growth rate only. We will post our prepared remarks to our website immediately following the call until the complete transcript is available. Today's call is being webcast live and recorded. If you ask a question, it will be included in our live transmission, in the transcript, and in any future use of the recording.
You can replay the call and view the transcript on the Microsoft Investor Relations website. During this call, we will be making forward-looking statements, which are predictions, projections, or other statements about future events. These statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties. Actual results could materially differ because of factors discussed in today's earnings press release, in the comments made during this conference call, and in the risk factors section of our Form 10-K, Forms 10-Q, and other reports and filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We do not undertake any duty to update any forward-looking statements. With that, I'll turn the call over to Satya.
Thank you very much, Jonathan. It was a fast start to our fiscal year. Microsoft Cloud revenue surpassed $63 billion, with growth accelerating to 30% year-over-year. We are focused on three things: designing AI to empower people, ensuring every organization has sovereignty over its own learning, and building trust with controls that ensure agent safety and security. Now let's talk about how we are making progress on those goals as we build the new tech stack, starting with Copilot. We announced our biggest update to Copilot to date this quarter, bringing together chat, co-work, autopilot, and code into one unified experience. It's one product experience across commercial and consumer and comes with all of Office built in. We think of Copilot as the new OS for work. Customers are increasingly turning to Copilot to get real work done. Automated tasks has nearly doubled since July.
Daily users are up nearly 50% quarter-over-quarter and over 5x year-over-year. User satisfaction improved nearly 20% quarter-over-quarter to another all-time high, and 90% of Copilot queries use auto mode, which dynamically routes tasks across models optimizing for quality, speed, and cost. These improvements are translating into larger purchases. The number of customers with more than 50,000 Copilot seats increased over 8x year-over-year, including Capgemini, HCLTech, Hitachi Group, Truist Financial, and U.K. Revenue and Customs Department. Just last week, Volkswagen announced plans to deploy Copilot to more than 330,000 employees, one of the largest deployments to date in Europe. We're also seeing strong momentum with E7, which brings together Copilot, E5, Entra, and Agent 365. Thousands of customers in every industry have purchased the suite to date, including Amadeus, BlackRock, Fiserv, New South Wales Health Department, and ZEISS.
Our business model is expanding from per-seat subscriptions to include consumption, expanding our TAM and ARPU. The subscription brings increasingly capable everyday intelligence to every user. Typically, IT funds this, consolidating frontier advances for everyone across the organization. As agents take on higher-value work, consumption opens up business-funded demand, with spending tied directly to the value these agents deliver. The number of Copilot customers actively consuming credits through usage-based billing grew over 75% over the quarter. When it comes to software development, all major coding agents have shown up to work on GitHub. Agent-generated PRs have increased 6x over the past six months, and agents now open more than a third of all PRs on the platform. We are very hard at work on reliability as agentic activity on GitHub soars.
At GitHub Universe this morning, we shared how we are expanding capacity and rebuilding the core Git architecture for the agentic wave. Also at Universe, we announced broad availability of Copilot Fusion, which is all about bringing multi-model orchestration to software development. It delivers frontier-level quality up to 40% faster and at up to 77% lower cost. Credit consumption from agentic features on GitHub has more than doubled since usage-based billing went into effect, and we are also helping developers secure their code and turn AI-generated code into high-quality software. GitHub Advanced Security revenue increased over 50% year-over-year as customers use its AI capabilities to scan entire repos and fix vulnerabilities in real time.
In the business application space, we are extending this vision of Copilot as the new OS for work, bringing the business logic and capabilities of Dynamics 365 directly into Copilot and helping every organization stand up their own infinite SaaS factory. This quarter, we introduced 13 new Copilot skills across Dynamics 365, which enables customers to access CRM and ERP capabilities directly in the flow of work. In recruiting, more than 10 million LinkedIn members use our LinkedIn AI-powered job search daily, and 25,000 customers are using our agentic hiring solutions. Recruiters using Hiring Assistant are finding interview-quality applicants 33% faster while reviewing 83% fewer profiles to find qualified match. In healthcare, we automated 30 million patient encounters this quarter, up 70% year-over-year, helping clinicians spend less time on administrative work and more time with patients.
10 providers, including Advocate Health, Mass General Brigham, Mercy, Intermountain Healthcare, and others, have used our solutions to document over one million encounters each since the beginning of the calendar year. In science, our FDE teams are working with customers to use Discovery to accelerate scientific progress. A great example is Saint-Gobain, which used Discovery to accelerate the development of low-carbon construction materials. Underneath our first-party agentic experience is a common platform. It starts with Foundry, which is becoming an increasingly important driver of our growth. Foundry helps organizations build learning loops grounded in their business context and deploy agents safely at scale. We now have over 120,000 Foundry customers, with revenue more than tripling year-over-year. Foundry's model choice and feature set, coupled with its deep integration across our stack, is driving differentiation. Azure OpenAI directly benefited in the last quarter with big advances in OpenAI models.
When you couple this with our model choice built into Foundry, customers are able to build solutions optimizing across quality, cost, and performance. In fact, the number of customers building agentic solutions with multiple models increased 5x year-over-year, and revenue from open source models on Foundry increased 10x. We also continue to make rapid progress with our first-party models. Our goal is to advance the cost to outcome frontier, which means delivering capabilities comparable to leading models within three to six months of their release at a fraction of the training cost, thereby allowing us to transfer those cost benefits to customers. You see this in our products today. MAI- Cyber now powers over 40% of the scans in our agentic MDASH code scanner at 18% lower cost per scan.
MAI- Transcribe is the most accurate and cheapest transcription model in the world, supporting Dragon Copilot's multilingual workflow. MAI- Code- Flash has three million users in GitHub Copilot last month alone, helping developers get more out of their AI credits. Microsoft-Decision-1 is our new model for structured decision-making, outperforming both LLMs and other decision models in latency and quality. Over 4,000 customers, including Atos Group, Equinor, and RBI, have already used it in the first month since its release. We recently completed pre-training MAI- Base- 2, which outperforms other open weight models we tested with 4x- 12x greater training compute efficiency. This base model will be used in the upcoming MAI models across thinking, code, and cyber. Beyond models, we are making the harness behind our own Copilot experience available to customers in Foundry.
It gives customers a Microsoft-managed way to build agents that reason, use tools, complete complex, long-running work while preserving their choice of model. Another critical layer is data. We now have 44,000 paid Fabric customers, up more than 50% year-over-year. We are bringing Foundry and Fabric closer together so you can build your own agents right next to data. Over 19,000 customers now use Foundry and Fabric as enterprises connect and operate agents over real-time operational, analytical, and unstructured data. Customers are also rapidly deploying our AI-optimized databases, including PostgreSQL, SQL DB, Hyperscale, Cosmos DB, to give agents fast, secure access to the data and context they need. PostgreSQL growth accelerated for the fourth consecutive quarter, and the number of PostgreSQL customers also using Foundry accelerated to 90% year-over-year.
We also have one of the most important databases for any enterprise, which is the knowledge underneath Microsoft 365, spanning people, their relationships, documents, emails, meetings, chats, projects, and other artifacts. Work IQ makes this context available to every agentic workload. With Microsoft IQ, we are bringing together Work IQ, Fabric IQ, and Foundry IQ as a unified context for agentic systems. Nearly 60,000 customers are accessing context across Microsoft IQ, up 25% quarter-over-quarter. As enterprises deploy more agents, they also need to govern them at scale. With Agent 365, we provide a platform for AI observability, enabling customers to manage, secure, and optimize the performance and cost of their agents. Over 50 million agents are now in the registry, up over 30% quarter-over-quarter. Finally, as agents gain greater access to enterprise data and systems, security becomes even more critical.
Our approach is to separate intelligence from authority, enforcing identity, permissions, monitoring, and containment outside the model itself. Last week, we expanded Perception with new capabilities to help customers secure and contain agentic insiders, including expanded agent discovery across local and cloud environments, dynamic permissions that enforce least privileged access for each task, and continuous risk assessment. We also introduced teams of guardian agents that continuously monitor agent activity to help prevent unsafe actions before they occur. We are seeing encouraging feedback on Perception overall from preview customers, including KPMG, Nationwide Building Society, Northern Trust, Celentis. More broadly, we are helping customers secure and govern AI use across the enterprise. Customers have used Microsoft Purview to audit over 7.6 billion agent activities to date, up 5x quarter-over-quarter. Underlying everything I have talked about so far is our infrastructure.
We are building against a growing book of business with a fungible fleet that allows us to dynamically allocate capacity to the highest value opportunities across compute, data, Foundry, and Copilot. Accelerating demand led to us adding 24 new data centers across five continents this quarter. We are bringing capacity online faster, reducing dock-to-live times by about 20% quarter-over-quarter for new GB300s in our biggest regions, which make up the majority of the GPU deployments. At the same time, we continue to get more from the infrastructure we already have by optimizing across the data center design, silicon systems, software, and models. For example, we increased the throughput for Copilot workloads by over 50% quarter-over-quarter. We continue to scale our fleet with the latest innovations from NVIDIA, AMD, alongside our own Maia systems.
We have docked our first NVIDIA Vera Rubin GPUs and are very excited about it. Maia 200 is already delivering up to 1.7x more tokens per watt across the AI experiences in Teams and Copilot, and Maia 300 will drive further gains, delivering 40% more tokens per watt compared to the leading GPU-based systems. Our growth extends beyond GPUs. We continue to see strong adoption of our cloud-native Cobalt CPUs, improving price performance for general purpose cloud workloads. All-up Azure growth was broad-based across both enterprises and small and medium business segments and spanning both core cloud services and AI infrastructure. Finally, let me turn to Devices and Consumer. In Windows, we are executing on our vision to bring hybrid intelligence to every desk and every home, making every PC a secure agent box.
As more capable models run locally, we see an opportunity to make it more intelligence effectively unmetered. We are working with the broader hardware ecosystem to bring these capabilities to a new generation of PCs across AMD's Ryzen AI 400 Series, Intel Core Ultra Series 3, Qualcomm Snapdragon X2 Series. Earlier this month, we also announced new PCs powered by NVIDIA's RTX Spark and DGX Station for Windows. With these new devices, you can run last year's Frontier models on your laptop and last quarter's model at your desk. We are bringing together Windows and Agent 365 so agents can work with secure boundaries on device. We introduced Microsoft Execution Containers, a policy-driven execution layer that governs and contains agents across Windows and other platforms integrated with Agent 365 for governance and observability.
Agents like OpenAI Codex, Anthropic Claude Code, Meta Muse are adopting MXC, and customers like Meta are starting to deploy it across their enterprise environments. In search and advertising, Bing and Edge once again took share. In LinkedIn, engagement continues to deepen across our more than 1.4 billion members, with time spent viewing content in the feed up 15% year-over-year. Finally, in gaming, we remain focused on building great games and reaching players wherever they choose to play across console, PC, mobile, and cloud. Minecraft delivered a record quarter, reaching all-time highs in both engagement and revenue, while World of Warcraft had its largest beta in franchise history.
We enter the holiday season with one of our strongest first and third-party lineups in years, including Modern Warfare 4, which launched last week to the best reviews for a Call of Duty game in more than a decade, and Grand Theft Auto 6, which is coming to Xbox next month. In closing, based on the demand we see, the strength of our products, and the efficiency we are driving across the stack, I've never been more confident in the long-term returns for our investments. With that, let me turn it over to Amy.
Thank you, Satya, and good afternoon everyone. Our results exceeded expectations across revenue, operating income, and earnings per share, driven by strong demand across the Microsoft Cloud. This quarter, revenue was $92.3 billion, up 19%. Gross margin dollars increased 17%, and gross margin percentage was 68%. Operating income increased 21% and 22% in constant currency. Earnings per share was $4.89, an increase of 18% and 19% in constant currency when adjusted for the impact per our investment in OpenAI. FX was roughly in line with guidance. Operating expenses increased 6%, driven by continued investments in R&D compute capacity and talent. Operating margins increased slightly year-over-year to 50%, driven by strong revenue growth, platform efficiency gains, and focused investments across our portfolio, partially offset by sales mix shift to Azure.
When adjusted for the impact for our investments in OpenAI, other income and expense was -$234 million, slightly lower than expected. Capital expenditures were $45.2 billion, as some third party capacity deliveries we expected in Q1 were delayed. Roughly three quarters of our CapEx was for short-lived assets, primarily CPUs and GPUs, including higher memory and storage costs, as we continue to invest in the infrastructure required for our customers to build and scale AI applications. The remaining spend was for long-lived assets. This quarter, finance leases were $7.4 billion. As a reminder, we recognize the full principal value of finance leases in CapEx at the time of lease commencement. Cash paid for PP&E was $39.4 billion. Cash flow from operations was $58 billion, up 29%, driven by strong cloud billings and collections. Free cash flow was $18.6 billion, reflecting higher capital expenditures.
Finally, we returned $10.2 billion to shareholders through dividends and share repurchases. Now to our segment results, reported under the updated segment structure announced in September. Revenue from Agents and Infra was $76.8 billion and grew 25%, reflecting strength across the connected layers of our platform. Commercial bookings decreased 12% and 11% in constant currency, driven by the impact from large Azure commitments in the prior year, partially offset by healthy growth in our commercial sales motions, including a large Azure commitment this quarter. Commercial remaining performance obligation grew 73% to $677 billion, with a smaller sequential decline relative to historical seasonality due to the large Azure commitment this quarter. Our RPO has a weighted average duration of 2.3 years, and roughly 30% will be recognized in revenue in the next 12 months, up 29% year-over-year. The remaining portion, recognized beyond the next 12 months, increased 98%.
Now to Microsoft Cloud. Revenue was $63.9 billion, and growth accelerated to 30% and 31% in constant currency, with sequential dollars added nearly doubling year-over-year, reflecting strong demand across Azure and M365 Commercial Cloud. Azure revenue was ahead of expectations and increased 48%, even with the 3P capacity delays noted earlier, driven by Foundry and improved CPU monetization. Foundry revenue more than tripled year-over-year, with upside driven by efficiency gains across our GPU fleet that allowed us to allocate additional capacity to customers, as well as higher revenue per token that we benefited from in the quarter. Across our CPU fleet, engineering work enabled us to identify and monetize underutilized capacity this quarter, helping us serve more of the growing demand with our existing capacity.
The timing of engineering efficiencies like these, as well as 3P GPU lease deliveries, our own capacity build-outs, and ARPU changes from model mix can create quarterly variability in the year-over-year growth rate. M365 Commercial Cloud revenue increased 18% and 19% in constant currency when adjusted for the prior year comparable that benefited from one point of in-period revenue recognition. On a reported basis, revenue growth was 17% and 18% in constant currency. Results were ahead of expectations, driven by stronger GitHub Copilot adoption and usage, partially offset by weaker sales execution in our M365 E3 and standalone SKUs. We continue to evolve our sales motions to balance those more traditional SKU per seat rhythms with the newer premium E7, M365 Copilot, and usage-based productivity offerings. Year-over-year growth was driven by both ARPU and seats.
ARPU growth was led by our premium seat-based offerings, including M365 Copilot, E5, and E7, which has already reached millions of paid seats, with additional contribution from usage-based offerings, primarily GitHub Copilot. Copilot revenue growth accelerated quarter-over-quarter with continued adoption across Microsoft 365, GitHub, and security. Paid M365 commercial seats grew 5%, with some impact from the weaker sales execution noted earlier. Growth was driven by install-based expansion across all customer segments, though primarily in our SMB and frontline worker offerings. M365 Consumer Cloud revenue increased 17% and 16% in constant currency, down sequentially as we begin to lap the benefit from the price increase in the prior year.
Productivity and server licensing revenue decreased 3% and 2% in constant currency, primarily driven by a decrease in transactional purchasing as we lap the benefit from product launches in the prior year, partially offset by a greater mix of contracts that carry higher in-period revenue recognition. Industry Solutions cloud revenue increased 10%, with growth in Dynamics 365 and LinkedIn Talent Solutions, though booking trends continued to moderate. In Frontier and Support Services, revenue increased 4% and 5% in constant currency, driven by support. Microsoft Cloud gross margin percentage declined year- over- year to 66%, driven by sales mix shift to Azure, partially offset by product-level margin improvements primarily in Azure. For this segment, gross margin dollars increased 20% and 21% in constant currency. Operating expenses increased 10%, driven by the R&D investments noted earlier.
Operating income grew 24% and 25% in constant currency, and operating margins decreased slightly year- over- year to 53%, as strong revenue growth, platform efficiency gains, and focused investments across our portfolio were more than offset by sales mix shift to Azure. Now to Devices and Consumer. Revenue was $15.5 billion and declined 3%. Search and advertising revenue ex TAC increased 12% and was ahead of expectations, driven by higher volume and rate across LinkedIn, Edge, and Bing. Xbox revenue decreased 2%, and Xbox content and services revenue decreased 2% and 1% in constant currency, driven by declines in third-party content and Xbox Game Pass, partially offset by growth in first-party content. Windows OEM and Devices revenue decreased 22%.
Windows OEM revenue was below expectations and decreased 27% and 28% in constant currency, driven by the Windows 10 end of support demand in the prior year, inventory drawdowns by OEM and channel partners, and weaker PC market demand. Inventory levels remain elevated. Segment gross margin dollars were relatively unchanged year- over- year, and operating expenses decreased 3%, driven by Xbox, partially offset by the continued investments in R&D noted earlier. Operating income increased 2% and 3% in constant currency, and operating margins increased year- over- year to 35%, driven by lower amortization of intangible assets from the Activision acquisition, partially offset by the impact from a lower mix of Windows OEM revenue. Now, moving to the outlook for our second quarter, which, unless specifically noted otherwise, is on a U.S. dollar basis.
Based on current rates, we expect FX to have no meaningful impact on total revenue, COGS, or operating expense growth, or on revenue growth in either segment. Starting with segment guidance. We expect revenue from Agents and Infra of $80.1 billion- $80.7 billion, or growth of 24%- 25%. In commercial bookings, we expect healthy growth in our commercial sales motions, though results will be impacted by the significant Azure commitments signed in the prior year. Timing related to significant Azure commitments like these will result in material volatility in bookings, making quarterly growth rates less indicative of underlying sales execution. In Azure, we expect revenue growth of 49%- 50% in constant currency, with continued efficiency gains across our CPU and GPU fleet, helping to offset some 3P GPU as-a-service contracts that have been delayed to H2. Customer demand continues to exceed available supply.
Looking beyond Q2, year-over-year growth will continue to reflect the timing and scale of engineering efficiencies delivered in the quarter and new capacity adds, as well as a strong prior-year comparable that included accelerating growth in the second half. In M365 Commercial Cloud, we expect growth of approximately 19% in constant currency, with FX expected to reduce reported growth by less than a point. We expect continued momentum across our premium per-seat offerings and usage-based offerings, along with some improvement in execution across E3 and our standalone SKUs. Growth will be driven primarily by ARPU, with additional contribution from seats, and we continue to expect revenue growth to accelerate through the year. M365 Consumer Cloud revenue should grow in the low teens, down sequentially as we lap the price impact noted earlier.
Productivity and Server Licensing revenue should decline in the mid to high single digits, down sequentially due to a lower expected mix of contracts that carry higher in-period revenue recognition. Quarterly growth can vary materially based on contract mix, product launch timing, and other transactional purchasing trends. In Industry Solutions Cloud, we expect revenue growth to be in the mid to high single digits, with continued impact from the bookings trends noted earlier. In Frontier and Support Services, we expect revenue to grow in the low to mid single digits. Microsoft Cloud gross margin percentage should be roughly 65%, down year- over- year, as continued improvement in product-level margins is more than offset by sales mix shift to Azure. In Devices and Consumer, we expect revenue to be $15.9 billion- $16.4 billion.
Search and advertising revenue ex TAC growth should be in the low double digits, driven by consistent trends in rate and volume, with overall search and advertising revenue expected to grow at a similar rate. In Xbox Content and Services, we expect revenue growth to be in the mid to high single digits up sequentially, driven by the timing of content launches across both third and first party. With content launch patterns through the year, we expect growth to be the strongest in the second quarter, with some deceleration in Q3 and further moderation in Q4. Hardware revenue in Q2 should decline year- over- year. Windows OEM and Devices revenue should decline in the mid-30s. Growth will continue to be impacted by elevated inventory levels, PC market demand, and a prior-year comparable that benefited from Windows 10 end of support.
As in prior quarters, the range of potential outcomes remains wider than normal. We expect these trends to continue through the rest of the fiscal year. Therefore, at a total company level, revenue should be between $96 billion and $97.1 billion, or growth of 18%-19%. We expect COGS of $32.7 billion- $32.9 billion, or growth of 26%-27%, and operating expense of $18.5 billion- $18.6 billion, or growth of 9%, driven by continued investment in R&D, compute capacity, and talent. Our cost guidance across both COGS and OpEx includes an estimate for the recently announced employee voluntary exit offer. Operating margins should be down slightly year- over- year.
Excluding any impact from our investments in OpenAI, other income expense is expected to be roughly - $300 million, as interest income will be more than offset by interest expense, which includes the interest payments related to data center finance leases. We expect our Q2 effective tax rate to be approximately 20%. Next, capital expenditures. In Q2, we expect CapEx spend will be over $50 billion. Therefore, for the calendar year, spend should be approximately $170 billion due to the 3P capacity delays noted earlier. In the second half of the fiscal year, we currently expect CapEx spend to accelerate primarily from CPUs, inclusive of higher memory and storage costs, and GPUs, as well as the 3P capacity deliveries that shifted to H2.
As we continue to improve the efficiencies of our infrastructure, each dollar of CapEx has the potential to support more revenue and higher returns over time. Given our strong business performance, we expect to continue to remain free cash flow positive in FY 2027. To complement cash generated by the business and preserve financial flexibility, we will access additional sources of funding when we believe it is attractive to do so. In closing, we are off to a strong start to FY 2027, with accelerated growth across the Microsoft Cloud. Product improvements, along with efficiency gains across our data center infrastructure and our first-party apps and agents, are increasing the value and improving the outcomes we deliver to our customers. Delivering that value to our customers positions us for durable long-term growth. With that, let's go to Q&A. Jonathan?
Thanks, Amy. We will now move over to Q&A. Out of respect for others on the call, we request that participants please only ask one question. Operator, can you please repeat your instructions?
Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, if you would like to ask a question, please press star one on your telephone keypad, and a confirmation tone will indicate your line is in the question queue. You may press star two if you would like to remove your question from the queue. For participants using speaker equipment, it may be necessary to pick up your handset before pressing the star keys. One moment, please, as we poll for questions. Our first question comes from the line of Adam Wood with Morgan Stanley. Please proceed.
Hi. Thanks very much. Alongside lower-than-expected CapEx and those better cloud growth volumes sequentially, can I ask, as incremental AI capacity comes online, what do you see as likely to be the more important driver of returns over the next few years, improving utilization and unit costs within Azure, or your ability to monetize more layers of each workload across Fabric, Foundry, and Copilot?
Thanks for the question, Adam. I would say all of the above. I think the way we are coming at this is we have one pool, and we want to get the pool to be as efficient and fungible, right? That is sort of the place where if I think about all of the physics of how we are building out the data centers, all of the operational rigor with which we can bring up the capacity, and then of course, how do we run the workloads that are optimized on that infrastructure. Once you do that, then it is just a function of how we allocate it by looking at the demand signal. Even there, even in our new segment reporting, I think you kind of see it, which is Copilot stateful database underneath it is Work IQ.
That gets used in Foundry, which is where people will build, let's say, a multi-agent system for supply chain that spans both unstructured and structured. Of course, it uses a Postgres database in Azure. Then, by the way, all the agentic work is registered in the Agent 365, and Perception manages the security of it, right? To us at least, we look at all of this as the same infrastructure. Of course, we report to you in a variety of different products. Your core question of where is the margin going to come from, where the leverage is going to come from, it's going to come from every one of them, and it compounds when we work them across.
Adam, I'm sorry if we missed the front half of your question. I think we at least caught the back half.
That's great.
Thanks, Adam.
Yeah, absolutely. That's very helpful. Thank you.
Operator, next question, please.
The next question comes from the line of Karl Keirstead with UBS. Please proceed.
Okay. Thank you. Amy and Satya, I am wondering if you could unpack what I thought was one of the key metrics from this call, and that is the guidance for Azure growth of 49%- 50% constant currency in December. I can imagine there is a number of variables, the capacity you are putting out, the allocation to third-party customers, probably OpenAI's strength, but perhaps you could comment a little bit on what some of the key drivers are, given how good that number seems, at least to me. Thank you.
Thanks, Karl, for the question. Maybe I will start by talking a little bit about Q1, and I think that will help to think through Q2 and even going forward. It is not unrelated, really, to Adam's question at some level as well. In Q1, I would say the engineering teams have really delivered very, very good work in terms of improving efficiency at the platform layer. That is not just a statement around the efficiency of GPUs.
It is a statement around the efficiency of every layer, how the app utilizes the platform, and how Foundry utilizes the platform, as well as the Azure platform itself. Those efficiencies, they are sort of ground out every week, and you have good ideas, a lot work, some don't, and you stay at it. So they are not maybe as predictable in terms of how much impact we will get in quarter. Q1, they did a very good job, and you saw some of that result in us being able to put more allocation into Foundry in the quarter. That is a great thing because as I said in the call, we still have demand that exceeds supply.
So where we can have our engineering teams deliver those efficiencies, we do really try to put it into Foundry when we can because it is so important, as Satya talked about, into how customers broadly are building what I would call against a new stack. Secondly, and you mentioned it, token pricing will create a little bit of variability. We had higher token pricing than we expected in the quarter. With some high-quality models that we are able to take advantage of and see good margins on do benefit us in the quarter. That did happen in Q1. I think also in that number in Q1 was the efficiencies I talked about applied not just to our GPU fleet, but I think people sort of underestimated when the example Satya gave for Adam's question, that is a GPU, CPU, storage, memory workload. It takes all of the pieces.
Our ability to also create additional capacity within our existing fleet gave us some room to be able to convert that actually pretty quickly as well in Q1. So in Q2, we have got those efficiency gains, which is great, and those will continue into Q2. We need to find some more, which we are counting on, enable to get to that guidance that I gave because I have faith in the team's work in Q1 continuing into Q2. But we also need that work to be able to help us a little bit because we had some supply we were counting on Q2 move out into H2. I think, and to your point, there is also some unknown on some token pricing through the quarter. That stuff can change.
I feel good in terms of the efficiency gains that we saw when we are able, and when I am able to see those and put them in, I feel good about guiding to that. But as other things are less predictable, I hope that is helpful on the levers, Karl.
Yeah, it is. Thanks, Amy.
Thanks, Karl. Operator, next question, please.
The next question comes from the line of Mark Moerdler with Bernstein Research. Please proceed.
Thank you very much for taking my question. Congratulations on the solid quarter and the solid guidance. It is really nice to see how well you guys are executing. I would like to get a sense on the drivers of the AI strength in Azure being from enterprise versus digitally native in general, or AI native. With inferencing starting to ramp and Microsoft the go-to for enterprises, how should we think, Amy, about the mix of enterprise customer workloads within overall workloads at this point? Satya, with the strong growth of the Azure AI platform offering, can you give us color on what is driving that? Is it, again, enterprise? Is it digitally native? Obviously, it is a mix of both, but any color that shows the ramp of that enterprise, I think, would be valuable.
Yeah. Thanks for the question, Mark. Maybe I will start, and Amy, you can add to it. I was even in Europe just last week, and it was great to see the quality of the agentic systems that are just broadly getting deployed. When Unilever deploys what is their automated order taking and trade coupon dispute management stuff, all as a fully agentic touchless system. Rolls-Royce deploys a system to really manage all of their maintenance of whatever their jet engines with 30,000 parts are pretty complex supply chain, both planning, execution, inventory management system, all built on Foundry agentic systems. RBI, which is an Austrian bank, showed me 20+ business processes end to end. They were talking about whether it is in for credit or what have you, how they are able to now do that so much more optimally.
So the breadth, the quality, their ability. Oh, by the way, the multi-model nature of it. They start with a frontier model. Many of them are, in fact, the Unilever one, they just dropped an MAI model trained using our traces. So even the degree of sophistication of what I think of as model optimization, workload optimization, token optimization, was just great to see. So the breadth is starting. Finally, it does feel like the enterprise workloads. They feel like to me, like the database applications enterprises built in the past that I grew up with are happening now when it comes to AI. In fact, if anything, some of the shiny object stuff is waning, which is it is not about the next big thing. They are really more about, wow, can I build a system? Can I own the weights? Can I manage my costs?
Can I have reliability? What about security? So in that sense, the enterprise breadth motion is starting. But like everything else, the enterprise stuff is not like a quarter-over-quarter. It is a decade-long thing, and that is what I have been waiting for, as opposed to four customers who buy a lot of capacity from you, and you can show a few quarters of growth, and that is not a business as far as I am concerned. So I want the breadth. We are well-positioned on the breadth. We have large customers who want to buy from us, and we are open for business with it. As long as the pricing is right, we may sell them some. If not, we will be patient about building the breadth business.
Thanks, Mark. Operator, next question, please.
The next question comes from the line of Gabriela Borges with Goldman Sachs. Please proceed.
Hi. Good evening. Thank you. Satya, I want to stay on this topic of breadth because you had a comment in the prepared remarks talking about how MAI can now be comparable to leading models within 3- 6 months of their release. At the same time, you have OpenAI at 11% of revenue in the quarter. Maybe just take a step back and give us your latest thinking on how you think token mix and token value is going to evolve between the frontier MAI, and maybe what some of your more sophisticated enterprise customers are doing from a proprietary AI strategy standpoint. Thank you.
Yeah. I would say you should think of three things perhaps as in the toolbox for any workload. The first is a new model drops, and it has some great performance, and you can eval-max on whatever that matters to you, i.e., the outcome that matters to you by using it. People should use it. We saw that with some of the OpenAI models in the last quarter. They were fantastic models, and we are obviously very thrilled about the progress OpenAI has made with Astra and also what is to come. I thought we saw some good demand on that. The next thing people do is, hey, can I actually put multiple of the frontier models? Because these have very different prices.
In fact, this morning, Artificial Analysis had what I think is the real benchmark, which is the coding agents using our Fusion, and I think we were number 2 or number 3 there, which is awesome to see. Which is you can now get frontier performance 45% faster, 75% cheaper. Who would want to not take that? If you are a coding agent user, you want, in fact, Anthropic and OpenAI, by the way, to compete for your workload, not like once a quarter, but for every task. That to me is what the value of these routers and Auto, Fusion stuff routing does, and we are very excited about it. Then the last thing is another important one. A lot of customers are saying, hey, look, take the Unilever one. It is their system.
They will ultimately take even the traces after having done even a bunch with frontier models, and they just want to train their own model. So it can be open weights or, in this case, it was MAI model. So I think all of that needs to be as options that are available. Then depending on pricing, depending on the need of the customer, they will exercise it. There is a temporality to it. It is never like, oh, I start one place and that is where I stop. It is like, I may start at the frontier. I may go to an open weight. I may go to an MAI model. I may go back to the frontier for the next drop for a few months, come out. That is how I think how dynamic these workloads are.
That is where when we think about Foundry or when we think about Fabric or when we think about Copilot and GitHub Copilot, we really want to build a model system that delivers customers value continuously versus them being stuck in any one thing.
Thank you for the call.
Thanks, Gabriela. Operator, next question, please.
The next question comes from the line of Brent Thill with Jefferies. Please proceed.
Thanks. Amy, good to see as you are approaching 50%. You have another line item approaching 50%, and that is your operating margin. I think many ask, how can you sustain this level of growth with a 50% on the top and a 50% on the bottom? Maybe you can discuss the operational improvements you continue to put forward to maintain that high level on the bottom line.
Thanks, Brent. Let me first say the best solution here is revenue growth. I would say I tend to start and focus there, even though I think many people seem to think I start at the bottom of the P&L and work up. The right answer is you always start at the top of the P&L and work down. What we have been focused on, and I think really it is almost inherent in all of the commentary, is we change segments because we are changing how we deliver products and services to customers. We are changing it because we are delivering new and different products with a lot of value in them, and those products are far more integrated than they were before. I think when you see that revenue accelerate at the top line, of course, it does.
In a pretty healthy way contribute to positive margin and positive margin dollars, which I think I need people to also focus on. The second piece is this real focus on efficiency. Because efficiency, when we say the word, I think people believe it is cost-related. The outcome is cost-related, but the real benefit of efficiency is stability, it is security, it is reliability, it is that it delivers the highest quality unit at the lowest possible cost. So it is operational excellence. So I think when you think about you can deliver product excellence, which is what we are really focused on, I think we did a very good job on product quality in the past quarter, which I think teams should be proud of in lots of places.
I think then you have this sort of operational focus on improvement, and then it is a real focus, in terms of operating expense, to make sure it is going toward building the new thing or providing security and quality. I think we have made, I think, a very active choice to be really focused on those two things, especially in this environment, and how important it is. I think when you do those things and you happen to be in a good market with breadth and breadth in customers and a global business, we have seen a good result. This quarter in particular, when you are delivering a lot of efficiency gains in a quarter and you can deliver revenue growth without spending additional costs, you of course see a benefit, which we did.
But I feel good about what is behind that number, which is, I think, a focus on the right levers.
Thanks, Brent. Operator, next question, please.
Hello?
We are. Hi.
Sorry about that.
Apologies for the delay. Our next question comes from the line of Brad Reback with Stifel.
Great. Sorry about that. I did not hear my name. On M365 consumption, when you all shifted GitHub from a per-seat model to a consumption model, it unlocked a ton of revenue growth for you all. As you think about the tools in place now on the consumption side for the core M365 customer, do you think the unlock is as fast and without sales effort, or is it going to take a fair amount of effort to get those meters spinning? Thanks.
Yeah, thanks for the question. On the coding side, it will be faster just because I think people are used to paying on this pay-as-you-go as the general market, and how it works. If anything, hopefully some of the things that we announced even at GitHub Universe today with Fusion are a more attractive way, right? Because if you think about it, right, you buy a bunch of credits and you want to use those credits most efficiently. That is the promise of GitHub Copilot Fusion. So we are very optimistic about making progress on that. When it comes to Copilot itself, right, we are trying to make sure that we in some sense are driving more and more value into the subscription with every model drop and essentially consolidating the frontier gains for broad deployment.
In many instances, as my remarks said, IT funds this, right? That is the thing that you want to have standard issue across the board. At the same time, you have your pay-as-you-go or consumption meters for places where you need it. So both of those options are open, and I think that is why the fact, with Copilot, Amy referenced, which is we are trying to make sure that customers understand both options, they are able to use the two options in the optimal way that benefits them. We do not want them to overbuy one thing and then feel like they are tokenmaxxing because that does not serve anybody's purpose. We want to make sure that they understand the value of the subscription, and how it is a continually improving value. It is not even static. At the same time, you can exercise this consumption meter.
So that is a little bit of the degree of sophistication in both in our sales motions, even in customers understanding that is, I think, coming together. We feel very good about the progress, but a lot more to do.
I think I would say it is also why we have made the investment into the Frontier Co. here, coupled with changes in our sales motion, which I talked a little bit about. We need both of those things, to make sure customers are. Because what I think Satya is saying, we want them to utilize both the Copilot license to its fullest and understand when the consumption meter is delivering value to them. The investment in the FDE organization or the Frontier Co. as well as new motions within our modern work and Microsoft 365 sales teams, are both meant to do that. I think to Satya's point, it will be a slower move. I also still think we are still seeing encouraging signs, and I am still positive about that.
Thank you.
Thanks, Brad. Operator, we have time for one last question.
The next question will come from the line of Tal Liani with Bank of America. Please proceed.
Hey. Just clarification on something you just said. Did you disclose the Copilot numbers this quarter? My question is more about the capital commitment or the capital strategy. You said in the prepared remarks that you will approach raising capital if need be in the future. Can you discuss your strategy around it, between debt and equity and other sources? How do you intend to raise capital if need be? Thanks.
Great. I will take that. I think what I said is if it is attractive and makes sense. We are lucky. We have a lot of flexibility in terms of our capacity to raise financing. I have talked about this before. There is a form of financing called leasing, and we have been using that one as a vehicle. We are fortunate to have access in the debt markets, given where our ratings are, and we have not yet, I would say, tapped that.
Of course, there are other options. I think the way I see it is we are feeling good that we are free cash flow positive. We feel good that the return on every dollar of CapEx we are spending, we are confident in that. Therefore, we feel like we have lots of options to be able to tap the financing markets when they make sense and they are attractive. We did not disclose, to answer your direct question, an update on the Copilot number this quarter. We talked about momentum in revenue and usage.
Thank you.
Thanks, Tal. That wraps up the Q&A portion of today's earnings call. Thank you for joining us today, and we look forward to speaking with all of you soon.
Thank you.
Cheers.
Thank you. This concludes today's conference. You may disconnect your lines at this time, and we thank you for your participation.