Greetings, and welcome to Inotiv's fourth quarter and full year 2023 earnings call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. A question and answer session will follow the formal presentation. If anyone should require operator assistance during the conference, please press star zero on your telephone keypad. As a reminder, this conference is being recorded. It is now my pleasure to introduce Bob Yedid, Investor Relations. Thank you. You may begin.
Great. Thank you very much, Doug, and thank you everyone for joining today's call with Inotiv's management team. Before we begin, I'd like to remind everyone that some of the statements that management will make on the call are considered forward-looking statements, including statements about the company's future operating and financial results and plans. Such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or achievement to be materially different from those projected. Any such statements represent management's expectations as of today's date. You should not place any undue reliance on these forward statements, and the company does not undertake any obligation to update or revise forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise. Please refer to the company's SEC filings for further guidance on this matter.
Management will also discuss certain non-GAAP financial measures in an effort to provide additional information for investors. Definition of these non-GAAP measures and reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP measures are included in the company's earnings release, which has been posted to the investors section of the company's website, www.inotivco.com, and is also available in the Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission today. If you haven't obtained a copy of today's press release yet, you can do so by going to the investors section of the company's website. Joining us from the company today are Bob Leasure, President and CEO, Beth Taylor, Chief Financial Officer, and John Sagartz, Chief Strategy Officer. Bob will begin with some opening remarks, after which Beth will present a summary of the company's financial results, and then we'll open the call for your questions.
With those prepared remarks, it's now my pleasure to turn the call over to Bob Leasure, CEO. Bob, please go ahead.
Thank you, Bob, and good afternoon, everyone. As we head into the end of the year and the holiday season, on behalf of the Inotiv team, I want to wish everyone a warm welcome to our Q4 earnings call. I can confidently say that 2023 has been a year of operational success and transformation. The Inotiv team collectively expanded our full-service preclinical CRO service capabilities, offering a growing customer base nimble solutions and custom capabilities. In addition, we also executed on a plan to integrate and optimize our research models facilities, which provide stronger foundation for future operational efficiencies and performance of that business. Since 2018, we believe that the best course of action for generating strong long-term shareholder returns was to transform and build our business with aspirations to become a competitive leader in the industry as a global preclinical CRO.
Now, in less than six years, through both acquisitions and adding new services organically, we've expanded our discovery and safety assessment, or DSA, capabilities, as well as the RMS business, growing the top line from $24 million- $572 million, with annual revenues and annual revenues, which is where it stands today, producing a compounded annual growth rate of nearly 70% in this time period. Today, amidst market challenges across the CRO and biotech industries, we continue advancing our businesses, integrating our acquisitions, and rightsizing our operational footprint, all while expanding Inotiv's global service offerings. We understood that achieving our goals would not happen overnight, and we've been able to maintain focus on our long-term vision.
We've made significant investments, and our business has continued to build on the comprehensive suite of products and services we can offer to our customers across the drug development continuum, from early discovery to bringing a new medicine and products to market. We understand market conditions and external factors are constantly changing, and we feel we've been able to pivot as market conditions require. We continue to be guided by eight pillars building market share and cash flow, including rightsizing our infrastructure, reducing dependency on third-party providers for external services in order to become a full service provider, making strategic capital investments, growing our sales and market share, building our brand and brand awareness, fostering workplace satisfaction and a positive work environment, obtaining and maximizing supply chain synergies, and investing to be a leader in animal welfare.
On this last point, since our expansion into the research model business, we have prioritized improvements in animal care and welfare by enlarging our veterinary team and consolidating facilities, which allows us to make significant infrastructure improvements in the remaining facilities.... Ultimately, we believe these efforts will allow us to increase our margins and remain competitive with regards to new business development, while continuing our key strategic objective of enhancing animal welfare. Through our journey in 2023, we were also very proud to announce that Inotiv was the recipient of Energage's Top Workplaces USA Award, and we have been very focused on recruiting and retaining people this year. Additionally, in terms of awards, we were recently recognized and named to Deloitte's 2023 Technology Fast 500 list, recognizing the fastest-growing companies between 2019 and 2022.
Before we dive into our operational review, let's quickly get to the highlights of our financial results, which Beth will go into more detail shortly. We ended fiscal 2023 with revenues of $572.4 million, up 4.5% versus 2022. With increasing DSA revenues and margin dollars, included revenue for our DSA business grew $6 million, or 13.6% in Q4 2023 over 2022, and 12% overall in fiscal 2023 versus fiscal 2022. Operating income for DSA improved $7.4 million in Q4 2023 versus Q4 of 2022. We have begun to see research models and services expenses go down as our site optimization initiatives get completed.
The DSA business gross book-to-bill for the year was 1.11 and 0.91 for Q4, and the net book-to-bill was 0.92 for the year and 0.65 for Q4. The lower net book-to-bill in the latest quarter was primarily due to high cancellations in Q4. We saw increased conversion rates from 30% in Q4 of 2022 to 33% in Q4 2023. In the fourth quarter, the number of NHPs we imported increased versus the other quarters this year, and we've had our first shipments from one of our newly qualified farms. The fourth quarter was the first quarter in fiscal 2023 that we imported approximately the same number of NHPs as we sold.
The average selling price of the NHP in Q4 increased approximately 5%, which is the lowest quarterly increase we have seen in the last three quarters. Cash balance this quarter also improved, and we finished the year with $35.5 million in cash and nothing drawn on a revolver of $15 million. This is a meaningful improvement compared to $18.5 million in cash and $15 million drawn on the revolver at September 30, 2022. We are now well into the Q1 fiscal year 2024 quarter. Over the last four months, we have seen positive trends for requests for quotes and awards so far for Q1 of fiscal 2024, plus a reduction in cancellations this quarter compared to Q4 of 2023.
Some of the increases in quotes and awards year-over-year are related to the new services we have introduced and some rebound in our discovery and translational science business. We are pleased with our process of selling some of the assets we have identified for sale. We continue to validate new facilities and equipment in the businesses we recently expanded or built. We would like to see growth in our DSA backlog, but are comfortable with our current DSA backlog and increase in conversion rates. So we would expect DSA sales in Q1 2024 to show growth over Q1 of 2023. For example, at September thirtieth, 2022, we had a backlog of $147 million, compared to a $132 million backlog at September thirtieth, 2023.
In Q1 of fiscal 2023, we converted 28% of that backlog into sales. In Q1 fiscal 2024, we'd expect our conversion rate to be in the low-to-mid 30s%. As noted earlier, we pivoted our strategy in 2023 to reduce focus on M&A activity and increase focus on execution. We recognized that there was uncertainty surrounding the third-party sales of NHPs, so we focused on aggressively improving margins from our small research models, diet, and discovery and safety assessment businesses, while at the same time working to maintain our NHP business margins during 2023.
Our focus in 2023 helped us to restructure and integrate many of our acquisitions and startup initiatives to enhance margins and decrease expenses going into 2024, which also reduces our dependency on NHP margins from third-party sales for 2024. The majority of Inotiv's RMS site optimization plans have been completed. In total, our plans included the closure of 11 sites, along with investments in existing sites, and we have successfully concluded ten site closures to date. We have brought on additional capacity at multiple discovery and safety assessment sites, adding complementary service offerings, and we believe these investments will expand our range of services, generate higher revenue growth, increase margins, and improve our ability to recruit and retain top talent.
These include the finishing of our new facility build-out in Rockville, Maryland, and we have now also completed much of the validation process for assays and equipment. We completed site improvements and expansion projects in Boulder, Colorado, for our discovery operations and further integration and operation improvements to that business. The expansion activities at Fort Collins, Colorado, were completed by the end of October 2023, and the expanded site is completing the validation of the facility and equipment and plans to be operational early in second quarter of fiscal 2024. We expanded our project management, safety pharmacology operations, reporting capabilities, and histopathology capacity in teams. We have also initiated the expansion of our internal archiving space and capabilities. We have aggressively moved to reduce the number of software platforms while upgrading our hardware and software. We continue to improve, recruit, and build and develop our team.
Through today, we have sold two of the six closed locations we owned, with four left to sell. We also closed on the sale of our Israeli businesses and now own our previously leased feed mill facility in Wisconsin. As a result, we are much better than we were 12 months ago. We still have much more to build upon in 2024. Moving forward, projects which we have announced for 2024 include continuing site infrastructure and animal welfare improvements, continuing to evaluate and improve our RMS transportation system and network based on our new site footprint, which should allow us to further reduce expenses and improve the client experience. Further expand our NHP supply base and customer base. Completing final site consolidations and expansion plans in U.K. Validation and growth of our new services and adding capacity for existing services.
Focus on expanding our customer base while continuing to improve and provide exceptional client experience. And lastly, as we validate new services, we plan to further reduce outsourcing costs and increase the speed of discovery and development processes for our customers. In 2023, DSA sales grew 12% over 2022, driven by new services and growth in safety assessment businesses, primarily related to price increases, and partially offset by a decrease in our discovery service revenue in 2023 versus 2022. With the investments we have made in the DSA business, we believe we will have the physical capacity to ultimately expand our sales by an additional 40% over the $185 million in revenue recognized in 2023. We think growing DSA sales another 10%-12% in 2024 is achievable.
This would represent DSA sales of at least $200 million. This would also drive operating leverage and enable us to improve upon the DSA margins we saw in 2023. Overall, we are pleased with the annual progress from $165 million in revenues in 2022 to $185 million in DSA revenues in 2023. As I mentioned earlier, for the past few months, we have seen an increase in discovery quotes and awards and are optimistic we may see a reversal of the decrease in discovery sales going into fiscal 2024 and actually see growth in these services. Our DSA margins in Q4 were significant and demonstrate the leverage we have in our business model as revenues grow.
Q4 also shows that the DSA business can currently achieve a run rate of approximately $200 million in sales with significantly improved margins. While the DSA business is still developing and growing, we think we are directionally headed in a positive direction. In fiscal 2024, we will continue to expand our DSA sales team, dedicating resources to expanding our market share. With recent expansion and services that we have added, we are now expanding our customer base by increasing our sales efforts in the chemical and crop protection markets. Recently adding a medical device salesperson, increasing our discovery and translational service sales team, and continue building our drug development and safety assessment sales teams.
In our RMS segment, we grew modestly in 2023 amidst industry challenges with NHP imports and a focus on our site optimization efforts, which were mainly centered around our small research model facilities, our diet business, and the related transportation systems. As outlined in prior discussions, we believe we will ultimately achieve approximately $20 million of expense reduction, mainly coming from the RMS business. We realized roughly $5 million of that target this year, and we expect the remainder to be achieved during 2024. Moving into fiscal 2024, we believe we will be a much more operationally efficient, and we will be able to increase our focus on growing our RMS business....
We don't currently have any updates from U.S. Fish and Wildlife related to future imports of Cambodian NHPs, and we remain focused on expanding and validating our supplier network for the import of purpose-bred NHPs. We continue to have sufficient NHP supply to meet our internal DSA requirements. For 2023, the volume of NHPs we sold to third parties was down 37% from fiscal 2022, and specifically Q4 of 2023 was down—the volume was down 60% from Q4 of 2022. We expect Q1 volumes in fiscal 2024 to be less than Q1 fiscal 2023.
Even with increased pricing in 2023, and the fact that we acquired some of our NHP businesses during the fiscal 2022, overall NHP sales dollars for 2023 were approximately 5% lower than 2022. For 2024, we will again seek to maintain overall sales and margins as we did in 2023. But due to uncertainties in the NHP market, initially, our guidance projects reduced NHP sales and margins for 2024. And with that, I'd like to turn the call over to Beth to review Inotiv's financial results in detail, as well as provide the outlook for 2024.
Thank you, Bob. Our fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. Revenues totaled $572.4 million, a 4.5% increase from the $547.7 million recorded during fiscal year 2022. RMS revenue for 2023 increased 1.3% to $387.3 million from $382.4 million in 2022. In RMS, we continued to operate in an extremely dynamic pricing environment for larger research models, in particular, the NHPs. DSA revenue increased 12% to $185.1 million in fiscal year 2023, as compared to $165.3 million in fiscal year 2022.
The increase in DSA revenue was primarily driven by additional fiscal year 2023 revenue generated from Integrated Laboratory Systems that was acquired in January 2022, plus new services related to genetic toxicology and favorable pricing in general toxicology services. These increases in DSA service revenues were partially offset by decreases in our discovery services, primarily related to the decline in overall biotech funding in the market. For the 2023 fourth quarter, total revenue decreased 6.5% to $140.7 million from the $150.5 million recorded during the prior year period. DSA revenues increased by 13.6% to $50.2 million when compared to the prior year period of $44.2 million.
As previously mentioned, the higher revenues experienced in our DSA segment were primarily driven by new services related to genetic toxicology and favorable pricing in general toxicology services, which were partially offset by declines in discovery services, which were impacted by lower biotech funding. RMS revenue for the fiscal fourth quarter was down 14.9% to $90.5 million year-over-year, mainly due to a reduced volume of NHP sales, somewhat offset by favorable pricing over several products, particularly NHPs. Consolidated net loss attributable to common shareholders in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023 totaled $9.7 million, or a 38-cent loss per diluted share.
This compared to consolidated net loss attributable to common shareholders of $244.2 million, or a $9.54 loss per diluted share in the fourth quarter of 2022. For the quarter, Adjusted EBITDA improved to $23.7 million, or 16.8% of total revenues from $18.3 million, or 12.1% of total revenues in last year's fourth quarter. Operating income for the fourth quarter was $2.5 million, compared to a loss of $242.5 million from last year's fourth quarter, which included $236 million of goodwill impairment loss. Additionally, the current quarter had lower G&A, amortization, and other operating expense compared to Q4 of 2022.
The decrease in G&A and other operating expenses was driven primarily by decreased acquisition, integration, and restructuring expenses and a decrease in other third-party expenses. Non-GAAP operating income for our DSA segment in the fourth quarter increased to $12.6 million, or 25.1% of segment revenues, from $5 million or 11.4% of segment revenue in last year's fourth quarter. DSA non-GAAP operating income in Q4 2023 was favorably impacted by the increase in DSA revenue over a relatively fixed cost operating structure, recognition of cancellation fees, and reduced outsourcing costs. We have seen an increase in awards for discovery services in Q4 and continuing into the current quarter. As our new services start to come online, we expect to generate further demand from both new and current customers alike.
Ultimately, with a broader range of services and the capacity that we have added, we believe we will be able to boost our DSA margins from the mid-30% range in 2024, with long-term targets going consistently into the upper 30% range. The net book-to-bill ratio for DSA in the fourth quarter was 0.65, and the net book-to-bill ratio for the year was 0.92. The lower net book to bill in the quarter was primarily due to high cancellations in Q4. DSA backlog was $132.1 million as of September 30, 2023, compared to $147.2 million at September 30, 2022. Additionally, our conversion rate, which is our ability to convert our backlog to sales, has continued to improve over Q4 2022.
Non-GAAP Operating Income for our RMS segment in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023 was $24 million, or 26.5% of total revenues, compared to $28.2 million, or 26.6% of revenues in last year's period. The decrease in RMS revenue noted above was offset by a decrease in cost of products and services, which is driven by a decrease in NHP volumes and decreased costs as a result of site optimization. Furthermore, there was a decrease in RMS amortization expense. Interest expense in Q4 2023 increased to $11.3 million, up from $8.9 million in last year's fourth quarter, reflecting our higher debt balance for borrowing obtained for capital investments and the higher interest rates.
Net cash provided by operations for the fourth quarter was $18.8 million, compared to cash provided by operations of $0.2 million in the same period last year. Net cash provided by operations for fiscal year 2023 was $27.9 million, compared to cash used in operations of $5.2 million for fiscal 2022. The increase in cash provided by operations was primarily driven by improved net working capital compared to the same period last year. Capital expenditures in the fourth quarter were $6.2 million, or 4.4% of total revenue, and reflected investments in completing our DSA capacity expansion in Rockville, Maryland, and Fort Collins, Colorado, enhancements in laboratory technology and improvements in animal welfare.
For fiscal year 2023, capital expenditures totaled $27.5 million, or 4.8% of total revenue. Our balance sheet as of September 30, 2023, included $35.5 million in cash and cash equivalents as compared to $22.2 million at June 30, 2023. Total debt net of issuance costs as of September 30, 2023, was $377.7 million, compared to $375.6 million at June 30, 2023. The balance sheet also includes assets held for sale of $1.4 million as of September 30, 2023. Fiscal 2024 revenues are expected to be in the range of $580 million-$590 million.
We expect gains in DSA sales and flat to decreasing RMS sales based on the possible reduction in NHP sales. Adjusted EBITDA guidance is expected to be in the range of $75 million-$80 million. The increase in adjusted EBITDA over fiscal 2023 is expected to be driven by increased margins from the DSA segment and cost reductions we initiated in fiscal 2023, and the projected reduction in future NHP margins. We expect to continue to remain in compliance with our financial covenants for the fiscal year. We expect capital expenditures to be approximately 4.5% of revenue in fiscal 2024, as compared to an annual average of 10.3% over the last five years as we expanded sites and grew service capacity.
We are pleased with our financial performance this quarter and with the progress that was made to complete the capacity expansions for the DSA segment in order to increase revenue and improve margins, and the significant progress made on the site optimization plans for the RMS segment in order to achieve cost savings. With the DSA expansions and RMS site consolidation efforts mostly behind us and the additional talent that we have added to our sales team, we remain optimistic as we work to grow and capture a significant portion of the opportunities in our market. With that financial overview, we will turn the call over to our operator for questions.
Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, at this time, we'll be conducting a question and answer session. If you'd like to ask a question, you may press star one on your telephone keypad. A confirmation tone will indicate your line is in the question queue. You may press star two if you would like to remove your question from the queue. For participants using speaker equipment, it may be necessary to pick up your handset before pressing the star key. Our first question comes from the line of Tim Daly with Wells Fargo. Please proceed with your question.
Great, thanks. So, you know, I think it's just a good place to start off. I know I'm getting a bunch of inbounds on this. So as, you know, the guidance for RMS in 2024, I know you guys are thinking, you know, initially, NHP volumes will be down. But can you just help us understand the price volume dynamic there? So, you know, roughly flat, slightly down revenues, is that, you know, down 20% on volumes, offset mostly with price? You know, order of magnitude would be really helpful here.
Hey, Tim. You know, a couple things. One, I think I indicated we thought our Q1 volumes would be down versus Q1 of last year. Overall, year-over-year, I'm not sure that we will see a decrease in volumes over the twelve-month period. I think what we could see and what we're expecting to see is a reduction in price. So the guidance that we're providing is probably more based on a price reduction than it is in a volume reduction. We saw pretty good price increases last year. I think the pricing increases have slowed down, and I think that we will begin to see additional imports coming into the market next year. As I indicated, we had a new supplier. We have a couple new suppliers coming on board.
I think they will have some increase in volumes, but I also think others will have increase in volumes, which could start to see decreasing in pricing and margins. So I think that's where we're—what we are anticipating. It's probably not happened yet, but that's kind of what we're looking for, in Q2, what our fiscal Q2 would be through the rest of the year. So, it's not a predictable market, it's not a real sophisticated market, but, it's our best guess at this moment, and we want to be cautious going into the year.
All right. Appreciate that. And then my second question here is on discovery, specifically, just drilling into that. So, you know, a bit more common positive tone on the discovery outlook than kind of most in the general kind of feel we're getting out of the industry. So I know you guys have taken some idiosyncratic steps to help yourselves in discovery, but could you just help us frame, you know, how much was discovery down this year, overall? Maybe kind of what did that get worse or better in terms of the area declines in the fourth quarter? Just any additional help here would be really helpful. And thanks again, everybody. Appreciate the time.
Sure, Tim. So for the year, our discovery sales were down about 10% from the prior year. So we're, you know, we anticipated to see some growth. It was actually down. So we were probably down $9 million-$10 million in sales in discovery from where we expected a year ago. It was one of the big misses we had for last year, in addition to some of our legal fees that we've talked about previously. So we've kind of looked at this closely, and because we also built up some capacity. The worst quarter, I think, was our quarter into June 30, which would be our third quarter, where it was down the furthest.
We saw—we didn't, we didn't know some of that could have been related to Silicon Valley Bank, because we have over 10% of our customer base is, as we went back and evaluated at the time that that collapse occurred, that we had over 10% of that discovery base was doing business with Silicon Valley Bank. And we think that did impact the quarter into June 30. We saw that begin to rebound in July of this year. And again, the question was that some of that rebound because the Silicon Valley Bank was getting solved and people had gotten access to their cash, and is—could that be maintained?
But to the last four or five months, we've been able to see that, our quoting and our awards have been up, in excess of, you know, now, you know, of course, we're going over a comp last year that was a little bit lower, but they've been up, they've been up in double digits from where they were a year ago, more than making up the 10% decline. So that is a, you know, that's going through this week and, and is, you know, or through last week, I should say, is the latest data I have available. So it's good to see, and I, I hope we can see that trend continue. So we've put some effort, we've put some effort towards that.
I think it's starting to pay off, and maybe the market's beginning to recover, but, you know, we'll wait and see what happens over the next quarter. But so far, it's been a positive 10-12 months, and the increase is in excess of the decrease we saw last year.
Great. Thank you. Appreciate it.
Our next question comes from the line of Frank Takkinen with Lake Street Capital Markets. Please proceed with your question.
Perfect. Maybe I'll start with one on the book to bill. I heard the comment around higher cancellations in line with the trend that's been occurring over the last couple quarters. Can you maybe bring us a little bit deeper into where some of those cancellations reside, if it's a specific customer profile? And then talk a little bit more about the backlog, if you've looked into that in depth and understand if there's any heightened cancellation risk within that backlog and the expectations for cancellations as we look at fiscal year 2024?
Yes, Frank. The, the—we did have a couple large jobs that canceled in our, our fiscal Q4, which drove those cancellations, up to, you know, significant, over $10-$15 million, of our backlog. You can back into those numbers with what we provided. It's close to $15 million. It's pretty significant. And some of those were pretty big, and it also generated some cancellation charges, which benefited our, our quarter. So, you know, that was a big quarter. We actually have changed some of our internal processes of how we, how we communicate to look and track those. To date, I would tell you that this quarter, it's down significantly. We're, we're not, you know...
We're down over half of that, and matter of fact, it could be, you know, closer to 25% of that rate that we're seeing. It's a significant drop-off. Not saying that that will be the way the quarter ends, but, you know, looking out, we're not aware of anything. We have cancellations, but we're not aware of anything significant like we had last quarter. And right now, you know, we're not seeing the high cancellations, but I will say we are, at times, having people call in and delaying. So if something was going to start in December, they may want to start, move the start date into February or February out to June. And some of those things, it can cause some pressure on our quarters.
But, we're not seeing cancellations nearly like we saw, I would say, for the last four or five quarters. So that's encouraging. We also don't have the backlog going out two years like we did a year ago. You know, we may now be looking at backlogs that go out 6-12 months, not, you know, 12-24 months. So some of that has a little bit to do with it. And as I say, they don't cancel, but they may delay. So, we'll see where that goes. But right now, this, this quarter is looking fairly positive for book-to-bill, compared to, compared to prior quarters.
Okay, that's helpful. And then, maybe just for my second, I wanted to circle back to the NHP dynamic. Heard the comments around a new supplier coming on board and the expectations for more in 2024. Can you help level set us just on where we are from a quantity basis? I, I was a little surprised to hear that prices may be coming down. I figured we would still be in a very supply-constrained environment, but maybe some of these suppliers are bringing on more volume than anticipated. So I don't know if there's anything quantifiable you can provide, just how significant some of these new suppliers can be and, and what kind of supply we could see in, in 2024 versus previous years.
Yeah, this is, again, just our opinion. I don't have anything quantifiable. I can tell you on the world market, there are additional farms that are, you know, that are increasing, and have been for this last several years, increasing their breeding and their availability of NHPs. So I think the population on the world market may be increasing. And if you look over the last year, it's been a year since, now, since the Cambodian was shut, imports were taken out of the U.S. market, but they're still going everywhere else in the world. So they're still available on the world market. They're just not available to the U.S. Um, and many people are still importing or using Cambodians. We just are not, at this time.
So, we're just looking at and seeing, okay, we think that we have, you know, some people have found supply. It's had a year to adjust. They found ways around it, and we're expecting that some of the, the pricing that went up last year may not be able to may not stay at that level. So we'll see how that, how that evolves in Q2 and Q3 or fiscal Q2 and Q3. But yes, we have additional suppliers. We feel like our volume, could, as I said earlier, we may be able to achieve the same volume we did last year, but I'm just not sure that the margins will stay the same. On the world market, I will also say that I think some of the pricing will begin to come down, as that, as that capacity is out there.
And then there's still the unknown, what will happen with China, and then the unknown, what could eventually happen with Cambodia. So with those things being out there, we felt at this point, and if that capacity comes on the market, it would put additional price pressure. With those issues being out there over the next 12 months are kind of the opposite trends that we saw 12 months ago, and we thought this time we should be fairly cautious. We don't have anything for sure, and we don't have anything that we can definitely point to from a quantitative standpoint. But at this point, you know, we want to be cautious about what we're saying, how that market could turn out.
Got it. Okay, that's good color. Thanks for taking the questions. I'll stop there.
Thanks, Frank.
Our next question comes from the line of Matt Hewitt with Craig-Hallum. Please proceed with your question.
Good afternoon, and I guess congratulations on kind of pushing through here over the past year. I know it was not an easy environment. Maybe the first question regarding gross margin and EBITDA margin. How should we be thinking about the progression over the course of this year? It sounds like Q1 is going to be off to a strong start, and then maybe we start to see some pricing pressure weighing on those margins as the year progresses. Or can volumes help offset that so that you could maybe even see flat to up a little bit as the year progresses on those two lines? Thanks.
First start with Q1. I think Q1 typically is been our slowest quarter of the year. Last year, I think we're coming off a base of Q1 was only $122, You know, at that time, it was down because we stopped selling the NHPs. And then this year, I think our NHP volume will be less than last year. That being said, I think we'll exceed the $122 because some of the NHP pricing still is staying strong this quarter. I think we'll see again continued reduction of expenses in our RMS business, and I think we'll continue to see, hopefully, some improved margins from our DSA business on sales growth in the DSA business. But it typically is our slowest or our lowest quarter.
So, you know, I'm not looking for anything really great out of Q1, but it, it'll sure exceed last year, which put a lot of pressure on us for the rest of the year and put a lot of pressure on our trailing twelve. So I hope to eliminate that. As far as the rest of the year, again, a lot of that will depend on where the NHP margins come out and, and what, you know, and what do other people do in terms of imports. But I don't see it changing a whole lot from last year. I think it's still, eventually, we're, we're still gonna be back in the $20 million plus EBITDA range.
I think we still, if you look backward, now, $23.7 million—if we average $23.7 million out of the last eight quarters, if you take out the Q1. And I think, I don't know that we'll see that in Q1, but I think if you look at the average going beyond that, I think we'll, you know, we'll continue to be fairly strong, strong for us. And I do hope we'll see some of the margins improve from the other businesses, but, you know, the NHP is less predictable at this time.
Got it. Maybe one additional question. Regarding bringing the transportation in-house, how complex of a process is that, and how much will that help margins once you get that fully integrated? Thank you.
That was the release we made, I think, last week. And, this is something that, we think is important to service, and, there will also be another way to, an expense. But, the important to service is our drivers are the face of our business. Many times they interact with our customers, they deliver the product, they get feedback, and we would like to drive a closer relationship between our drivers, our customer service, and our salespeople, and, and our customers, to enhance the service and the feedback so we know what we can do to do better and become closer to that experience. Second of all, I do think that there's some duplication of costs between the two companies.
The supplier we are using was doing a nice job for us. I don't have anything negative to say about, but I think there are some duplication of costs that we could eliminate over the as we do this transition. I'm very pleased that they're willing to help us and work with us to transition this service back to us in-house. But things such as insurance and audits, professional fees, and some of the quality, some of the things that that there's some duplicate costs that will probably come out. So ultimately, could save us a few million dollars, you know, $2-$3 million more as we get that implemented. I'm very, very pleased with the way they work with us. We went to all of their sites on Friday.
They have 11-- we have 11 distribution facilities, where I was... Our people went to all 11. We interviewed the people, we interviewed the drivers. They have a lot of very good people. Within 48 hours, we had a majority of their team have already applied for jobs with us, and we're moving forward and quickly and hope to be able to transition all those people with over the next two weeks. So, very pleased working with how this is working out and with their cooperation, and I think we'd like to make this as seamless as possible, as we go through this process.
Really, again, want to appreciate the people of Vanguard for understanding this is the direction we want to go and willing to work with us to make sure that this can happen seamlessly and take care of all the people and the suppliers along the way.
Got it. All right. Thank you.
Our next question comes from the line of Dave Windley with Jefferies. Please proceed with your question.
Thank you. My questions are...
Mr. Windley, your line is cutting in and out. We can't hear you.
Any better?
A little.
For the full year of 2023, how much was it up?
I missed that. You're asking something about 2023?
Yeah, I apologize.
I'm sorry.
Um, yeah.
Are you asking what the average price was increased over 2023? I'm sorry. I was trying to-
We're losing you, Mr. Windley.
... David, was the question, what is the average price increase we saw in 2023 for NHPs? I can't hear him. Doug, can you hear him?
No, I can't hear him either.
Let's, Doug, maybe we can just repoll for questions, see if there's any other questions on the line, and maybe David could remap, you know, dial back in.
Ladies and gentlemen, as a reminder, it is star one to ask a question.
No, I think we should just, I think, we should just wrap up and then turn it over to Bob Leasure.
Mr. Leasure, the call is yours to conclude.
Okay. Well, thank you, everyone, for joining today's call. Let me just quickly, did Dave call back in? No. Okay. We believe we've laid out critical groundwork for Inotiv's success going into 2024. As we continue to effectively execute across our planned initiatives, we hope to see a continued increase in awards for discovery services and a reduction in cancellations for the new year, as well as closing on trailing contracts related to the final asset sales as part of our optimization plan. In NHPs, we will continue our efforts to qualify new NHP sources and seek to reduce costs in the small animal and Teklad diet businesses. We will also continue our efforts to expand our quotes and awards in the DSA business, where we have added capacity. We'll validate the new facilities and equipment and seek efficiencies across SG&A.
We've improved our operating model significantly and the ability to leverage our current scale and a broad range of products and services. As competing as a leading mid-sized preclinical CRO, we currently operate 24 sites across the U.S. and Europe, serving over 3,000 customers. We support these efforts with over 2,000 professionals worldwide, including industry-recognized experts across a wide range of scientific disciplines, and it is our aspiration to grow our reputation and become a leading CRO provider of choice. As the majority of our capital investment program has largely been completed, we believe we are well positioned to achieve this through increased sales volume, driven by greater cross-selling to our existing customers, in addition to our enhanced commercial teams capturing new customer relationships. Thank you once again for your support as Inotiv enters this new stage of growth possibilities. Have a good afternoon.
We look forward to speaking with everyone on our next call. Thank you.
Ladies and gentlemen, this does conclude today's teleconference. Thank you for your participation. You may disconnect your lines at this time, and have a wonderful day.