Good morning, everybody. I'm Chris Schott, Diversified Biopharma Analyst at JP Morgan, and it's my pleasure to be introducing Regeneron this morning. Representing the company, we have the company's co-founders, CEO Len Schleifer, as well as CSO George Yancopoulos. 2022 was obviously a very successful year for Regeneron, with the company making significant progress across its core drivers as well as its pipeline. We're very much looking forward to an update as how the team's thinking about 2023 and beyond. With that, I'll turn it over to Len.
Thank you. Go ahead, George. Come on up, Marion. Hello, good morning to everybody. It is really good to be here face to face. Dare I say virus to virus, or variant to variant. I hope not. Anyway, we've got a lot we wanna cover, I'm gonna jump right in. I'm Len Schleifer, this is our forward-looking statement. We'll be making a bunch of forward-looking statements, check out our filings, there's risks associated with them, read this, please, when you look over our material. In 2022, we had three imperatives that we had to accomplish. First of all, we had to figure out what is our long-term strategy for EYLEA.
I think when you look at the data with us and when we saw the data we've disclosed, it really 8 mg or high dose of aflibercept really positions our retinal franchise for prolonged leadership. We're very excited about the data. In fact, the data turned out better than I think our high expectations. The second thing we had to do is continue to demonstrate that DUPIXENT should be the leader and should continue to grow as the leader in type 2 inflammatory or allergic diseases. There was talk about competition with oral JAKs and what have you, but DUPIXENT has really shown its colors in 2022. Let me just emphasize, for example, on the safety side. The FDA has approved our drug for children, as infants, really, as young as six months.
That really speaks a lot to the safety of our product. It is the leading drug, and it's now approved in five different type 2 allergic diseases, with more to come. We accomplished what we wanted to. That's the result of great collaboration and partnership with Sanofi, that product continues just to drive forward, and I think it has a great future. The third thing we needed to do was really convince ourselves, convince the scientific community, and then obviously convince you, that our oncology efforts were going to bear fruit. We've had a long-term strategy that George will get into in more detail, but we've always believed that Libtayo was foundational, our PD-1 inhibitor was foundational to that strategy, so we acquired back half of the rights that we had licensed.
We now owned and controlled that product. We could put it together, and we were able to put it together with really very promising data, both in the LAG-3 space and in our costimulatory space, which we'll talk a lot about in this presentation. Finally, we have been trying to do our part to serve COVID. As you know, early on, we were able to really, through a Herculean effort, get a monoclonal antibody out there, a cocktail of monoclonal antibodies that could address a treatment paradigm for COVID. We did this in record time, and it worked great for a while. Like many of these antibodies that have come forth, and now all of them in fact, the virus has outsmarted them.
The virus has mutated in a way that the antibodies that you might make, and even in response to being infected with the virus, or you might make in response to a vaccine, or you might get from us, all seem to be now being evaded by the latest strains that are taking over, such as the XBB. The team has been hard at work, and I think we have hit sort of a jackpot antibody that George is gonna tell you now about, that we're gonna push forward very rapidly. Let me get into a little bit more detail on these topics. First of all, EYLEA. Look, EYLEA is just an amazing product. If you think about it is growing year-over-year at 8%, and this is more than a decade into the product.
We anticipate, based on preliminary numbers for the end of the year, about $6.3 billion in sales in the U.S. We are the branded category leader with a 75% approximate, branded market share. The fourth quarter, everybody's been fussing a little bit about this this morning, the sales of EYLEA were a little bit less than we expected. The sales were negatively impacted by a short-term shift to off-label Avastin. This was associated with the temporary closing early in the fourth quarter of a fund that provides patient co-pay assistance. Our recent data has suggested that now that this co-pay assistance is back and available, that the shift is reversing.
We ended the December, the late part of December with the latest data we have, with a consistent 75% branded category share. EYLEA is doing great. The long-term future of EYLEA really, we think, is in the data for 8 mg. I can tell you now that we did submit in December the BLA for our 8 mg aflibercept. We believe it has the potential to become the next generation standard of care. We're starting to plan for pre-launch efforts anticipating, hopefully approval, sometime in the early second half of this year.
If you look at the data, I must admit, we were really surprised, even the KOLs, the pundits, everybody said, "Well, if you could get 35% of patients on the 8 mg dose, 35%, if they could maintain intervals at greater than 12 weeks, you could have a really big product." If you look at our data, we got 93%. More than 90% of people who were randomized to 8 mg were able to maintain a dosing intervals of 12 weeks or more in our DME study. That was also true in our AMD study, once again, staggering results compared to the expectations, greater than 80% maintaining intervals of greater than 12 weeks. These data were really quite spectacular from our perspective.
We don't use that word too often, but they really exceeded, I think, everybody's expectations. Just to put it in a little bit of perspective, these are cross-trial comparisons. We don't have any head-to-head data, you should take this with some caveat, but the data are what the data are, and you can't manufacture data unless you do studies. If you look on the left side of the slide, the green represents patients in our DME study who were maintained on Q 16-week dosing through the end of the 48-week experimental period. That's almost 90%. On the right side of the slide, you can see that that's a much smaller number were able to be maintained on that 16-week interval in the faricimab of Vabysmo studies. I mean, these are staggering differences.
Different trial designs. You can hear arguments, "Well, is it really the drug?" Or, "You did a different trial." We could or we should or we might or we didn't. Whatever it is, our data, I think, are really resonating well with the experts that we've shown it. It's also true in the AMD study, where once again, nearly 80% maintained 16-week intervals with only a little bit more than 40%-45% in the faricimab studies. We think these data say that the 8 mg aflibercept has the potential to become the standard of care. Let me turn to DUPIXENT, which, as you know, we're in a collaboration with Sanofi. In the first nine months of the year, global product sales grew 41%, exceeded $6 billion. We had lots of regulatory progress.
We had new approvals. We've got approvals in younger age groups, as I mentioned, as young as six months, approvals in eosinophilic esophagitis, prurigo nodularis, and we have an SBLA submitted for chronic spontaneous urticaria. These new approvals represent a big new opportunity. I think if you attend Sanofi's talk, you'll hear a little bit more about what this means. This is sort of a representation of our journey that we have taken with DUPIXENT, starting with atopic dermatitis, working our way through many opportunities.
Really, you know, some if you talk to some experts and you say, "How do you define a Type 2 allergic disease?" Some experts will say, "Well, if it responds to DUPIXENT." It's sort of become the standard, if you will, of Type 2 allergic diseases. There's an opportunity to expand even further into COPD, both with our IL-33 antibody as well as with DUPIXENT. Data coming up on DUPIXENT in the not-too-distant future. Fingers crossed there, significant additional opportunity for the product. Let me just close by saying, in my part of my remarks is that oncology was something we've made a long-term investment in. We've got finally Libtayo, our foundational drug, approved for all people with non-small cell lung cancer in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy.
It's only one of two antibodies, obviously Keytruda being the other, that's approved irrespective of the PD-1 expression levels or histology. We're excited about the possibilities for Libtayo, but what we're most excited about is what Libtayo can do in combination. Let me turn it over to George, who's gonna tell you a lot more about this and some of our other work. George, here's you.
Thank you, Len. I wanna start by reminding everyone of the keys to the Regeneron approach. When we founded the company, coincidentally, it was exactly 35 years ago yesterday, we had the goal of using the power of science and genetics to repeatedly bring new medicines to patients. We soon realized that to do this, we had to revolutionize the technologies that could actually deliver new medicines, in particular, create turnkey therapeutics delivery platforms. Our trap platform yielded EYLEA and some more minor successes. We utilized our proprietary mouse genetics technologies to produce arguably the most valuable platform that produces fully human antibodies. Notably, our VelocImmune mouse with a genetically humanized immune system that has delivered seven FDA-approved or authorized medicines, including DUPIXENT that you just heard about and Libtayo.
Many people realized how innovative we were in our early years. What I am proudest of us is that we have not lost our edge in innovation, but instead continually pushed that edge further and further forward. We have evolved our biologics platforms. We are now leaders not only in the human antibody arena, but with bispecifics and costimulatory bispecifics. Over the last few years, we are becoming leaders in genetic medicines, starting with our Regeneron Genetics Center eight years ago, leading to several successful collaborations in a series of novel experimental turnkey therapeutic modalities from siRNA to CRISPR-based gene knockout and insertion to viral-based gene therapy. We're a very unique and rare company for our size, whose innovation is still driving and filling its pipeline. On this slide, we list significant pipeline advantages during 2022, some of which were just highlighted by Len.
I'm gonna focus on our advances in immuno-oncology, where we think our pipeline can meaningfully advance the standard of care in multiple tumor types. This slide 18 delineates our immuno-oncology strategy, which is built on our turnkey therapeutics platforms that yield several different classes of therapeutics, including our immunomodulating checkpoint inhibitor antibodies, our CD3 bispecifics, and our costimulatory bispecifics, all of which were prospectively designed to be flexibly combinable in potentially synergistic manners. All these classes were initially validated using our proprietary and highly predictive genetically humanized mouse models, and over the last few years, each class has been individually clinically validated in human trials. Most recently, we have seen early clinical confirmation of the power of combinations of these classes, and I will focus on some of this recent combination data.
Slide 19 lays out our various stage clinical programs which we have for each class as individual agents as well as some combinations. I'll now focus on recent data for two of these specific exciting combinations. Our PSMA by CD28 costim bispecific, combined with cemiplimab in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer, and fianlimab, our LAG-3 antibody in combination with cemiplimab in metastatic melanoma. Starting with our PSMA by CD28 combination, last August, we announced the first clinical data in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer patients, a tumor considered immunologically cold and largely unresponsive to PD-1 monotherapy. We hope combining costim bispecifics with PD-1 could confer responsiveness to such cold tumors. At the five lowest combination doses, there was almost no evidence of clinical activity, as you see on the upper right.
At dose level six to eight, as seen in the bottom right, we began to see clear evidence of dose-dependent antitumor activity. Importantly, grade three or higher immune-related adverse events only occurred in patients with antitumor responses. On slide 22, we provide some incremental updates on this data. On the left, you can see graphs depicting PSA responses in three of the four patients at our highest dose. In these patients, the PSA tumor biomarker continued to rise during the three-week PSMA by CD28 monotherapy leading. Soon after, concomitant administration of Libtayo, you can see dramatic PSA reductions, exactly as we predicted from our preclinical studies. In terms of longer-term follow-up, we can report on our first responding patient or our index patient, who also experienced a dramatic reduction in PSA shortly after Libtayo co-administration at week three, as you see for these three patients.
This index patient discontinued treatment after seven weeks due to an immune-related adverse event. The AE has resolved, and he has not received any subsequent prostate cancer treatment, yet his complete response has endured for over 1.5 years. His PSA remains below detectable levels. His soft tissue lesions disappeared, and his most recent bone scan's normalizing with a negative PSMA PET scan. A truly remarkable success for a patient previously thought to be terminal and non-responsive to PD-1 immunotherapy. These very encouraging initial data for our PSMA by CD28 costimulatory bispecific provide the first clinical evidence supporting the promise of this exciting and entirely new class of immunotherapies. This slide provides our already extensive list of clinical or near clinical costim bispecifics and their various ongoing or upcoming combination trials.
We not only have the ability to combine these with Libtayo, as I just showed for PSMA by CD28, but with our CD3 bispecifics. Such combos have profound activity preclinically. As I already mentioned, we have validated our CD3 bispecifics as individual agents in the clinic, many with first-in-class or best-in-class activity. We now have the ability to take these to the next level by combining them in a logical manner with our costim bispecifics. Along these lines, we anticipate dosing our first DLBCL lymphoma patient with our CD22 by CD28 costim in combination with our CD20 by CD3 bispecific in the first quarter. We also expect to update on several of these programs this year.
On slide 24, we talk about now another exciting recent advance with combination immunotherapies involving fianlimab, our LAG-3 antibody, in combination with Libtayo. Last year, we reported that this combination showed consistent and strong efficacy in two independent cohorts in melanoma, and also promising early activity in an expansion cohort in non-small cell lung cancer. These data supported our initiating a robust clinical development program in melanoma, and we also plan to initiate phase II-III studies this year in non-small cell lung cancer. This slide 25 summarizes the combination data I just referred to, which we recently reported at ESMO, showing a second cohort in first-line metastatic melanoma that confirmed the promising data we had seen with an earlier cohort. Both cohorts demonstrated overall response rates of over 60% for the fianlimab cemiplimab combination, with pooled median progression-free survival of 24 months.
These data compare very favorably to the FDA-approved and now new standard nivolumab relatlimab combination, which had an ORR of 43% and a median PFS of 10 months. Importantly, the fianlimab cemiplimab combination had a safety profile that was comparable to anti-PD-1 monotherapy. This slide 26 lists our upcoming oncology data readouts. As you can see, we have a busy couple of years ahead. In addition to our 2023 data disclosures, we also anticipate BLA submissions for odronextamab in two kinds of lymphoma as well as for linvoseltamab in myeloma. Moving now beyond immuno-oncology, as Len mentioned, we continue to use our antibody technologies to play our part in the COVID pandemic. Despite mass vaccinations, millions of immunocompromised people in the United States alone don't adequately respond and are left vulnerable.
Monoclonal antibodies could help protect and treat vulnerable patient populations like these, but viral variants have rendered obsolete all previously authorized antibodies, including our REGEN-COV, which had helped so many. We have one of the most sophisticated and largest screening efforts for COVID antibodies, and we believe we have identified a one in a million antibody that works very differently to all prior antibodies by binding outside of the immunodominant, highly variable RBD and NTD domains. These domains have been the primary site of antibody binding and correspondingly of variant mutations we have caused the initial vaccines and previous COVID antibody therapies to lose their activities. We hope that by binding outside of these domains to a unique targeted epitope that is highly conserved with over 99.9% conservations since the beginning of the pandemic, it will lower the risk of losing activity against future variants.
Importantly, this antibody, known as REGEN-14287, demonstrates high neutralization potency against all known SARS-CoV-2 variants and lineages to date. Activities enabling clinical manufacturing have commenced, and we expect to enter clinical development later this year. Finally, I wanna go back to the beginning of my section where I talked about how everything starts with our innovative turnkey therapeutics platforms and how these platforms are helping make us leaders in biologicals and in genetic medicines. Now, I wanna highlight how these are coming together in a novel way, using biologics to allow specific tissue targeting of genetic medicines. A major limitations of genetic medicines is delivery of the genetic payload to the cells of interest in the body. Currently, systemic delivery is largely limited to the liver, and local injection is limited to a couple of sites.
Regeneron has invented a proprietary approach that builds on decades of our antibody experience, so as to use antibodies to deliver genetic payloads to specifically targeted cells in the body, and we have validated this approach in non-human primate studies. With this antibody targeting technology for systemic genetic medicine delivery, we believe we can empower the winners in the gene medicine field and become a leader ourselves in gene medicines by combining these unique targeting approaches with innovative payloads across many disease settings. This slide depicts our current clinical stage pipeline of our approved products as well as over 30 product candidates, all of which were developed with the technology platforms I discussed earlier. As I said, a rare example where our own innovation is driving our pipeline. This indicates upcoming submissions. We have a new wave of submissions coming over the next few years.
These lists are anticipated 2023 milestones which span ophthalmology, immunology, oncology, and hematology. I wanted to close with something core to how we operate our company. Since our founding, Regeneron's mantra has always been doing well by doing good. With the mission of using science to improve lives, we recognize that acting responsibly is crucial to ensuring that we can continue to deliver new medicines to patients in needs. Along these lines, I'd like to highlight our STEM efforts to engage and inspire the next generation of scientists and entrepreneurs. Towards this end, we have committed over $100 million to support the premier high school science competitions. That is the Regeneron Science Talent Search and the Regeneron International Science and Engineering Fair.
These are the very competitions that got both me and Len and many of our generation our starts in science when they were sponsored back by Westinghouse and then Intel. We are sure that they will deliver scientific leaders of the future. With that, I thank you for your attention, and I would like to thank everyone and hand it back to Chris for the Q&A portion of our presentation. Marion, our Head of Commercial, will join Len and myself for the question and answer period.
Great.
Thanks very much for those comments. Maybe just to kick off the Q&A, talk a bit more about EYLEA. I know you had the fourth quarter results out today. You referenced some of the short-term uptake of Avastin. Just elaborate a little bit more what the dynamics are. I think you referenced in the comments that you're seeing some of this normalize as you're getting later in the quarter.
Yeah.
Just maybe share a bit more there.
Yeah. I mean, the sum and substance of it all is that the EYLEA marketplace is sensitive to copay assistance. When that copay assistance is not available, patients are forced to go to what has been proven to be an inferior product, unfortunately, which is Avastin compounded. And very early in the quarter, there was a disruption in the copay assistance, and that quickly moved patients from branded EYLEA to Avastin. That has been resolved. They're fully back in full funding. I think of this as a sort of a short-term blip, which should not affect the trajectory of the molecule at all. In fact, in late December, our branded market share remained at a consistent 75%.
Frankly, I think this is really, much ado about, an unfortunate-
Yeah.
transient episode.
Yeah, absolutely. I know you shared some of the data in the presentation, but regarding Vabysmo, share a bit more what you're seeing in the market. I know you've been, you know, especially with think about the 8 mg coming, you've got a very differentiated profile. What are you seeing in the near term before that's been launched?
Marion is closest to that, so maybe she can comment.
Sure. I'm very happy to and good morning to everybody. You know, I would say that the very competitive profile we see with EYLEA is the most important element. As Len described today, you know, the results of the year, the 8% increase in overall net sales. Now, to characterize the competitive dynamic, you know, breadth of indications, our visual acuity, safety, efficacy are really what physicians are looking for. Probably best to ask my competition about competitive product uptake, but I wanna answer your question. We would say it's probably been low modest at this point, and I think the issue of the sustainability, durability of efficacy is something that, you know, perhaps over time will be seen. Where the greatest enthusiasm is really is for our aflibercept 8 mg product.
We'll look forward to additional clinical discussions, the FDA review, and share with all of you that our team is really excited about potentially launching that product later in the year.
Yeah.
Yeah, consistent with what Marion said, we're keeping a close eye on this, we're seeing switches back from Vabysmo to EYLEA. That's an interesting indicator.
Yeah, absolutely. Longer term, in terms of the growth of the overall market, anything changed in your view in terms of the sustainability of growth for the category?
No, I think what's driving the category are demographics. Aging of the population, as well as increase in diabetes, and diabetic eye disease.
Okay. Just you're probably not gonna share a full commercial strategy at this point, but just help us contextualize once 8 mg approved, how we can think about kinda later this year into 2 mg. Just think about kinda later this year into 2024.
I would say we have an amazing opportunity in a market that we know very well with our EYLEA today. When you start looking at the clinical data for aflibercept 8 mg, it gives the possibility of patients having the same sort of clinical effect, improvement in their vision and safety, but not having as many injections. For, you know, anyone thinking about saving their vision, of course, you would have an injection in your eye. For everyone who's involved with treatment and the providers who take care of them and the volume of patients coming into offices, this ability to extend durability of product, and as we're looking at the data today, getting patients out to 12 weeks or more is really very important.
When we think about strategy and possible product uptake, we're looking at a situation where physicians could look at making a choice for initiation of therapy. They could look at choice for patients already on therapy. You know, how we actually bring strategies into the market remains to be seen, but most important to us is that physicians are able to make the choice that's right for their individual patients and their patient characteristics.
You know, it's a bit funny. You constantly just talk about fewer injections.
Yeah.
What we shouldn't forget is that there have been a ton of injections, nearly 60 million injections since the launch of EYLEA. That's a, that's a remarkable testament, I think, to the product's safety and efficacy.
Yeah. Just to sum up on this, seems like, you know, we had a blip in the quarter, kind of thinking out to next year that normalizes and just kind of all speed ahead watching for the 8 mg. Is that a fair way to think about it?
That's a fair way to think about it.
Pivoting over then to DUPIXENT. You've got a growing set of indications. Maybe just talk a bit about what you see as the biggest opportunities for growth in that asset as we think about the suite of areas you can go with this?
I'm happy to start. I would say when we think about DUPIXENT first, think about the existing indications. Think about atopic dermatitis, where even today we haven't even begun to get into the full potential patients who could benefit from this transformational therapy. Think of adults, think of adolescents, and think of our youngest patients in the more recent indication we launched for, you know, little ones six months and above. Which frankly is really important to the treatment in atopic dermatitis because for all patients it's an element of reassuring everyone of the safety coupled with the efficacy of the product. Obviously, beyond atopic dermatitis, patients sometimes are troubled by more than one type two allergic disease. That same atopic dermatitis patient might have asthma, they may have other type two conditions. It's a really important element of the DUPIXENT profile.
Mm-hmm.
To your question of future growth, it's is kind of a land of riches for the commercial person in my commercial team, because even in this past year, recently we launched eosinophilic esophagitis that added in a population, a very important population of about just in the U.S., about 50,000 patients. We also launched for prurigo nodularis. That was a population in the U.S. of another 75,000 patients. The data goes on with indications coming this year. We're obviously excited about all the indications, COPD is probably one that could have a remarkable impact on patient opportunity and making a difference for patients struggling with COPD. That population is about 500,000 in the U.S.
Yeah. Great. When I think about the competitive dynamics, you know, RINVOQ launched, obviously you had very strong performance for DUPI in 2022. As I think about lebrikizumab coming to market, how do you think about that as a potential competitor? Is that, you know, essentially something that could be more impactful for DUPIXENT? Or do you think it's, you know, with the breadth of indications, et cetera, that's not conceivable?
Yeah. I mean, I think there are two things to comment on that. First of all, there's plenty of room for more than one drug.
Yeah.
You look in the psoriasis world, how many different drugs there are in the inflammatory bowel disease-
Mm-hmm
... rheumatoid arthritis, we barely scratch the surface. I think in terms of the advantage we have, it's what George has been emphasizing all along as we've developed this molecule, is that you have more than one disease, okay? That lebrikizumab is not going to be able to address when they launch this product.
Mm-hmm.
Who knows, even down the road, 'cause I think that product may not have been able to work when it was tested in asthma in a prior existence. The fact that we have DUPIXENT, which can address more than one type 2 disease. Mind you, it's not like the type 1 diseases, where if you have psoriasis, you tend not to have rheumatoid arthritis kind of thing. Here you actually tend to have... George, what's the number? How many people have asthma in our trials? I know-
Yeah. For example, in most of our trials, when you look at one disease like atopic dermatitis, more than 50% of the patients have another comorbid allergic disease, many of which are also treated with DUPIXENT. This just shows the power. Allergy is a systemic disease. Sometimes it manifests mostly in the skin, but it also is occurring simultaneously in the lungs and the upper respiratory system. DUPIXENT allows you to treat all of these. As Len said, when you use other drugs like lebrikizumab, basically it's only addressing part of the pathways that only treat some of these diseases. It's not treating the systemic disease that's occurring throughout the patient's body.
Yeah. Absolutely.
I think that any treating physician, if they're trying to do the right thing by the patients, would give them the drug that treats systemically.
Yeah
the cause of the disease.
That breadth of label really differentiates and protects the franchise. Pivoting a bit over to oncology, obviously some pretty exciting data on the costim side. When I think about the PSMA CD28, the data you've seen so far, maybe just help us put some of this into context. I guess at the heart of it is, how de-risked do you see this approach at this point based on what you've seen so far?
Well, I think that it's not overstating it, that this may be one of the biggest breakthroughs in the history of immunotherapy. Think of what we've done. The field has been talking about cold tumors that don't respond to immunotherapies, particularly PD-1 therapies. That's the vast majority of cancers. We came up with an approach entirely in-house, which came up with a targeted way that we could now activate immunotherapy in cold tumors in combination with either PD-1 or with CD3 bispecifics on a tissue cancer-specific manner. Of course, we had incredible animal data using these very proprietary and very well-validated and unique genetically humanized mouse models that we use. Until you prove it in humans, you don't know. The data was really stunning. Like Len said, EYLEA performed unbelievably in its setting.
DUPIXENT continues in its setting. Now we have this entirely new class of costim bispecifics that have seemingly just taken immunotherapy to the next level. As I just showed you, in the highest dose level, three out of the four patients had these incredible rapid responses in otherwise terminal patients.
Mm-hmm.
Our index patient is now out more than a year and a half looking like a complete remission. These are really staggering data. As we showed you, we already have in the clinic a pipeline of these with a whole myriad of combination opportunities. We really think that this has a real chance to change the face of cancer treatment and allow so many of these patients who need, desperately need something, to have a real opportunity to fight back against their cancers using their own immune systems.
Absolutely.
Very exciting.
We think about the PSMA, You know, data and the work you're doing, what can be done to address safety here? I know it's, on the positive side, really seems to be correlated with efficacy, but, you talk about the efforts that maybe, you know, kind of balance out that overall profile.
Right. Well, I think that activating the immune system, we know with the PD-1 therapies comes with a cost.
Mm-hmm.
That at times you will get some autoimmune reactions that can cause problems for the patients. We see this. Since we are giving a more powerful anti-cancer therapy, there will be some more concern about some of these autoimmune responses. In patients who otherwise have no other options, I mean their lives are literally at stake. Looking at the results that we've already seen, the benefit risk ratio seems to be in favor of treating patients who are otherwise unfortunately without any other options and at death's door.
Yeah.
As Chris, you mentioned.
Yeah.
what's repeating what you said.
Yeah.
I think it was in George's presentation as well, that the side effects were seen in the patients who were benefiting. That really changes a risk benefit analysis. If you're treating 100 people and you're helping 50, but you're harming 100, it's a lot different than if the people who are really benefiting are having some of these immune reactions, which is what we've seen.
Very important point. Yeah.
Just a couple, quick ones on this. Once you land on the right dose later this year, is there a pathway that you can accelerate a filing here? As you've mentioned, these are patients that have very few options. You're getting very profound responses.
Yeah. As we've already done in other settings, we think that we can get an accelerated filing in these late stage patients who have run out of other options where we can demonstrate this profound activity with a suitable benefit risk ratio. As Len said, very critically important. I'm glad he made the point. Only the patients with benefits seem to be having these immune-related adverse events.
Yeah. The last one on this. When I think about moving into other, you know, CD28 kind of opportunities, will there be an ability to progress the phase I studies faster now that you may have a better understanding of this, or these are always gonna be kind of fairly slow going just to the nature of?
Well, we hope it's always in negotiation with the FDA. They're always concerned. Certainly, the reason they were so concerned here, there was some real disasters with people trying to take advantage of CD28 before. In order to avoid those, we came up with this very targeted approach. We seem to have avoided the problems that the earlier non-specific approaches had, and we hope the FDA will correspondingly recognize this and allow us to move faster with these class of agents as we have them going forward.
Great. Just maybe last question from me. You mentioned COVID antibody that seems to have a pretty unique profile. Just give us a sense of how quickly that could move forward and how much capacity the organization could build with that.
Well, we've shown before that we can move very quickly and we have capacity to treat millions of patients. It's gonna be less limited by our technologies and our capability than our discussions and negotiations with the FDA. Also at the time that we're doing our clinical studies, what kind of studies will be required by the FDA, part of that negotiation, and also the prevailing amount of disease, which obviously would allow any studies to go more quickly.
Great. Well, I think we're just about time. Really appreciate the comments today and thanks for joining us.
Thank you for having us.