Good morning. Thank you for joining Shopify's first quarter 2023 conference call. Harley Finkelstein, Shopify's President, and Jeff Hoffmeister, our CFO, are with us today. After their prepared remarks, we will open it up for your questions. We will make forward-looking statements on our call today that are based on assumptions, and therefore subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. We undertake no obligation to update these statements except as required by law. You can read about these assumptions, risks, and uncertainties in our press release this morning, as well as in our filings with the U.S. and Canadian regulators. We'll also speak to adjusted financial measures, which are non-GAAP and not a substitute for GAAP financial measures. Reconciliations between the two are in the tables at the end of our press release.
Finally, we report in U.S. dollars, so all amounts discussed today are in U.S. dollars unless otherwise indicated. With that, I will turn the call over to Harley.
Thanks, Carrie. Good morning, everyone. Before we jump into our Q1 performance, let me first touch on the announcements that we shared earlier this morning. We are changing the shape of Shopify significantly today. The decade we're in shows the speed of change accelerating beyond what anyone has ever experienced. The pace of change can never outpace our ability to adapt. Today, we announced that we are reducing our headcount and leaning into our partner model ecosystem, selling the majority of our logistics business to Flexport, who will become the preferred logistics partner for Shopify. For our team, this is an incredibly hard week. Shopify is a company that deeply values the talented builders that make it possible for Shopify to simplify operations that reduce friction and enable merchant success.
We would not be the company we are today without the work and the passion that our team puts in every day to pursue our mission. We also realize that in order to adapt and stay at the forefront of commerce, Shopify must operate with even greater speed and efficiency. We are making changes and refocusing the priorities that we believe will get Shopify to the size and the shape necessary to unlock the next era of growth and innovation. That does not make this earnings call any easier. I will be doing this call and then quickly turning back to internal matters. Tobi will not be joining us on the call today as he insisted on focusing his time and attention on our team. On logistics, building logistics infrastructure is a side effort that all e-commerce entrepreneurs are eventually pulled into.
Shopify decided to take this on on behalf of every merchant because we're significantly larger, and we can leverage our scale to build this on their behalf. Flexport has been a key partner throughout this journey, and given our long history of building direct integrations into powerful platforms, we believe that Flexport will be the best partner to carry this vision forward. For our merchants, making it easier for them to access fast, reliable fulfillment from port to porch is a shared vision that Flexport will now take the lead on as our preferred logistics partner.
Led by world-class operators, CEO Dave Clark and founder Ryan Petersen, now with the leadership of Deliverr founder Harish Abbott, this planned sale will enable Flexport to leverage their DNA in logistics and allow Shopify to focus on what we do best, designing and scaling a breadth of solutions and essential infrastructure that our merchants need to compete in an increasingly digital world. We know we have more work to do to achieve our goal of building a sustainable 100-year company. Our actions today should be evidence of our commitment to our mission, our merchants, and our team to not just keep up, but to lead and to shape the future of commerce. With that said, I will now turn to our product and merchant developments for the quarter before Jeff discusses the financial results in more detail. This year has started off incredibly strong for Shopify and our merchants.
In Q1, we continued to expand our merchant base with strong growth across all geographies and merchant sizes. We realize the incredible amount of trust our merchants have in Shopify, which is why we move quickly, so we can show up for our merchants consistently quarter after quarter, giving them the unified commerce solutions they need to run their business and focus on what matters most, their product and their customers. Our strong Q1 performance is evidence of our ability to continuously adapt and anticipate their future needs at every turn. This is why merchants choose us. Let me start by discussing the progress and key accomplishments that we have made in our three core focus areas, which are centered around how we help merchants first expand from first sale to full scale, next, go global, and finally, build consumer relationships.
Starting with how we think about expanding from first sale to full scale. On our last call, we talked about the launch of our enterprise retail solution, Commerce Components by Shopify, or CCS. CCS is a modern composable stack where retailers can choose the Shopify components they want, integrate them with their existing systems, and create incredible customer experiences using the same software and solutions that enabled Shopify to power over 10% of U.S. e-commerce. Up until the release of CCS, there has been a scarcity of modern commerce solutions for enterprise retailers that give brands the choice, flexibility, and performance from a single enterprise offering. By making the best of Shopify, such as our world-class checkout and storefront, available on an individual basis, CCS is kicking down the door to conversations with retailers that previously weren't aware of the power and the versatility of Shopify.
There is a perception shift happening in the marketplace as enterprises begin to realize that they are now able to combine Shopify's cutting-edge commerce solutions with their existing infrastructure, all while optimizing their operating expenses. We are seeing success with large, recently signed enterprise brands like food delivery company Daily Harvest, the iconic Canadian coffee house chain Tim Hortons, U.K. fashion designer Ted Baker, Japanese retailer Yogibo, our largest outbound deal ever in Japan, a multi-brand deal with global retail brands in Australia, and American retail giant Zulily, which is owned by QVC, that actually came to Shopify from a referral from another very large enterprise merchant we have. All of these incredible global brands are trusting Shopify to help them grow, scale, and keep their business secure.
A key part for our go-to-market strategy for enterprises will come from our system integrator partnerships. Early in Q1, we signed an agreement with IBM Consulting and inked an agreement with Cognizant, which has over 350,000 employees generating over $19 billion in annual revenue in 2022. Of note, Cognizant did all of the Shopify-related implementation for premier consumer products customer. We are thrilled to have them as a partner for future opportunities. We believe these partnerships will further our efforts to not only grow our merchant base, but also expand our offering with existing merchants. To truly enable first sale to full scale requires us to have infrastructure and capabilities to handle massive traffic volumes at any moment in time. For Shopify, we've set a new record in Q1.
We hosted the highest throughput flash sale in our company's history with Supreme's February drop, which drove orders per minute that were equivalent to our Black Friday, Cyber Monday levels, a true testament to the scale, agility, and the resilience of our platform. It also highlights how the investments we have been making over the past couple of years are strengthening our commerce operating platform to power any brand on the planet. Moving on to going global. One way we are driving greater penetration internationally is by making it easy for a merchant to sell globally as they do locally. During the quarter, approximately 15% of total GMV were cross-border, as our primary products that were rolled out last year, Markets and Markets Pro, continued to gain traction.
Markets makes it simple to localize the buyer experience for each region a merchant sells to by enabling local currencies, which is a key determinant for consumers, offering local payment options, and collecting duties and taxes at checkout to create total cost clarity. All of this can be customized in one place in the Shopify admin with ease. When we layer on the functionality of the Translate & Adapt app for our merchants who use Markets, our data showed meaningful improvements to conversion rates. Shopify Markets Pro, a fully integrated merchant of record solution, is built on top of Markets. Markets Pro is a great option for merchants looking to scale to new markets quickly without having to navigate international tax compliance or fraud while tapping into best-in-class international shipping options with duties prepaid.
Our team has continued to make improvements to Markets Pro and is on track to fully roll out the product in the U.S. this summer and then to the U.K. later this year. We've seen considerable interest in Markets Pro and believe there's a lot of opportunity for us with this product to further unlock our merchants' ability to reach more consumers around the world. Finally, our third core area, building consumer relationships. One of Shopify's strengths is our comprehensive suite of innovative, unified commerce solutions that enable brands to find, engage, and build relationships with consumers across every surface. As commerce is increasingly showing up everywhere, advancing our full suite of commerce solutions to stay at the forefront of our merchants' needs remains paramount for their success. Point-of-sale, the Shop app, and Audiences are three areas where we continued to drive meaningful product enhancements in the quarter.
Our point-of-sale solution continued to gain traction in Q1, with offline GMV increasing 31% year-over-year. We continued to expand both the functionality of our point-of-sale offering and its ability to handle the needs of retailers with large number of physical locations. During the first quarter, top-tier apparel brands like Kit and Ace, which was started by the founder of lululemon, launched our Point of Sale Pro solution for all of their stores. Another consumer favorite, Gap brand BR Home, is planning an omnichannel launch later this year with our Point of Sale Pro offering across their initial retail locations. These are just two examples of the growing number of household name brands who are coming to Shopify for not only our online offering, but also our brick-and-mortar capabilities.
Even as more and more large brands choose Shopify for our unified commerce capabilities, we remain the best commerce offering for SMBs. After Intuit made their decision to sunset their QuickBooks Desktop Point of Sale product, they chose Shopify to be the preferred partner to migrate new retailers in need of a new point-of-sale solution. This partnership recognizes the depth and the quality of Shopify's point-of-sale offering and opens up the funnel for more SMBs and mid-market retailers to join Shopify and leverage our suite of retail solutions. We're already seeing traction from this partnership with thousands of new merchants having chosen to adopt Shopify Point of Sale. Our Shop app is another incredible opportunity for our merchants. Back in February, as part of our Winter Edition release, we announced some of the biggest product updates to Shop since launching in 2020.
We're in the post-cookie mobile era of commerce, where brands are increasingly motivated to build their own mobile experiences to retain ownership of their customer relationships. For most businesses, the technical and financial resources required to build and maintain their own mobile app just does not make sense. Today, Shop gives merchants an out-of-the-box mobile storefront, making it easy for them to leverage Shop's existing buyer audience to drive new and repeat customers to their brand. Of course, when you layer on Shop Pay, which continues to be the best converting checkout on the internet, Shop is becoming one of merchants' most important channels. Another example of how Shopify is staying at the cutting edge of commerce is the AI shopping assistant that Shop launched in March. Shoppers tell the assistant what they are looking for, and it serves up relevant product recommendations from Shopify merchants.
It's like having your own shopping concierge powered by ChatGPT, one of the most advanced technologies that we have seen in decades. We believe that we are in the early innings of unlocking the true power of AI, not only for our merchants and their customers, but also for Shopify. Moving Audiences. Shopify Audiences continues to be a dynamic feature for our Plus merchants, helping drive top performance in paid advertising across Meta, Google, and Pinterest. The machine algorithm that powers Audiences is more effective than ever before. In the year since the product first launched, we have shipped dozens of algorithm improvements as frequently as every two weeks. This constant experimentation has resulted in the average return on ad spend merchants see on the platform to nearly double what it was originally. We don't expect this trend to slow down. This performance is reflected in the product's adoption.
More merchants are using Shopify Audiences than ever before. In fact, our data suggests that Audiences is now a key reason merchants choose to upgrade to Plus, averaging just over a week from upgrade to install of the product. As the number of merchants who use the product grows, the algorithm gets smarter, the flywheel moves a little faster, and performance improves further. A positive feedback loop. Powered by our scale and the merchant trust we've earned over many years, Audiences is a unique advantage only Shopify can offer. It's an opportunity for independent merchants to join forces and help each other succeed. We could not be more excited by the trajectory of this young product. Stepping beyond our three core themes, I want to talk a little more about our merchants.
Earlier, I shared some of the large enterprise wins, but that of course is just one portion of the success we are seeing. In this past quarter, Shopify welcomed numerous notable brands representing a broad spectrum of verticals. Within apparel and accessories, fashion-forward clothing and denim manufacturer seven For All Mankind, footwear brand KEEN, and backpack and accessory brand Herschel Supply all launched with Shopify in Q1. On the international front, Japanese watch brand Seiko, winemaker Pernod Ricard, and watchmaker Daniel Wellington launched sites on Shopify this quarter. And earlier this week, lululemon Studio, formerly known as Mirror, launched on Shopify. Celebrity brands continue to default to Shopify to launch their businesses as well. In Q1, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen's luxury fashion designer brand The Row, John Legend's Loved01, and Kendall Jenner's award-winning 818 Tequila brand all launched on Shopify.
In closing, Shopify continues to be the engine powering millions of merchants around the world. Our platform continues to expand, giving our merchants more of the solutions they need to run their businesses online, offline, and everywhere in between. We have worked hard to earn our merchants' trust as Shopify continues to solve the industry's biggest problems to make commerce better for everyone. With that, let me turn the call over to Jeff.
Thanks, Harley. The investments we have made into building a powerful commerce operating system for merchants of all sizes have delivered strength across all elements of our business. Let's dive into our Q1 results, starting with GMV. GMV in Q1 was $50 billion, up 15% year-over-year or 18% on a constant currency basis. As merchants delivered another strong quarter of growth, we achieved this GMV strength primarily through more resilient consumer spend, with strength in Europe being particularly notable, existing merchant same-store sales growth, and growth in our merchant base. Revenue for the first quarter was $1.5 billion, up 25% year-over-year or 27% in constant currency, driven by the GMV strength just discussed, growth in our merchant solutions business led by payments penetration, and growth in subscription solutions.
Our Q1 revenue came in better than our outlook, largely driven by the outperformance of GMV, strong growth across our merchant solutions product suite, and strength in Europe from both consumer spend and more favorable exchange rates than anticipated. Our total attach rate, which is defined as revenue divided by GMV, is a key performance indicator of our business and our ability to generate greater value for our merchants. In Q1, our attach rate was 3.04%, up from 2.79% in Q1 2022. Merchants continued to buy more and more solutions from us, which speaks to both attraction of new products and the trust that merchants put in us. This represents the highest attach rate in our history. Moving to our revenue streams, starting with merchant solutions.
Q1 merchant solutions revenue was $1.1 billion, increasing 31% year-over-year or 33% on a constant currency basis, driven by the increase in GMV, continued penetration of Shopify Payments, and the contribution from Deliverr. $27.5 billion of GMV was processed by Shopify Payments in the first quarter, 25% higher than in the first quarter of 2022. The penetration rate of Shopify Payments as a percentage of GMV was 56% for the quarter versus 51% in Q1 of the prior year. Several factors drove the quarter's higher gross payments volume, including the strong performance by those merchants utilizing Shopify Payments, an increasing percentage of which are Shopify Plus, new merchant adoption across the globe, greater penetration of Shop Pay, and continued growth of our integrated point-of-sale solution in physical retail stores.
Subscription solutions revenue was $382 million, up 11% over Q1 of 2022, primarily due to growth in our Plus subscriptions. Moving to monthly recurring revenue or MRR, Q1 MRR was $116 million, up 10% year-over-year. We saw strong growth across each of Plus, Standard, and Point of Sale, with Plus being the largest contributor of growth in absolute dollars. Our Plus merchants, as a percentage of total MRR, increased to 34% from 30% in Q1 of 2022. We are beginning to see the impact from the initial cohorts that were a part of our free and promotional trials that began to roll out broadly in October 2022.
We saw these cohorts convert to full-price standard subscriptions starting in Q1, which contributed to the acceleration in MRR growth year-over-year and quarter-over-quarter. The merchants comprising the initial cohorts from these trial experiments are demonstrating very positive results. The longer trial period has provided merchants a better onboarding experience, giving them additional time to experiment and familiarize themselves with our rich feature set and have more time to find the right product and market niche for their products. As a result of these trials, we are seeing higher weekly active sales and more merchants achieving their first sale on our platform, contributing to our GMV outperformance compared to the broader market. Separately, as previously announced in January, we introduced pricing changes to our standard subscription plans.
The pricing changes had minimal impact on our Q1 financials as the full pricing changes did not take effect until about a week ago, but we anticipate that they will benefit our MRR growth more meaningfully in the second half of the year. Gross profit was $717 million for the quarter, and gross margin was 47.5% in our first quarter. Compared to Q1 2022 gross margins of 53%, our gross margin this quarter was primarily affected by the dilutive impact of Deliverr. Additionally, Q1 gross margin was also impacted by merchant solutions being a larger percentage of our business, driven by growth in Shopify Payments, and within our Shopify Payments business, we continue to see gross margin pressure due to the greater mix of Plus and higher mix of credit cards versus debit cards compared to Q1 last year.
Operating expenses were $910 million for the quarter. This represents a sequential increase of 1% over Q4 of 2022 operating expenses of approximately $903 million when excluding the one-time charges from Q4 of $84 million. Compared to Q1 of 2022, the primary drivers of this increase in operating expenses are related to higher compensation expense, including Deliverr. As we have demonstrated over the past three quarters, our operating expense dollars, excluding one-time items, continue to stabilize and grow at a much slower rate. This directly reflects our focus throughout the entire organization to drive increased productivity and efficiency across our teams.
We continue to rigorously evaluate all of our costs, including greater scrutiny on our cloud infrastructure spend, return on our marketing programs and their associated payback periods, in general, an increased internal utilization of automation and technology to replace manually driven processes. Let me share a specific example of what I mean. In Q1, within sales and marketing, expenses declined both year-over-year and sequentially as we have been working to diversify our marketing mix over the past year. Prioritizing areas such as direct mail and audio, we've also optimized payback from established channels like digital search and display. As a result, in recent months, we have seen the payback period for our paid advertising improve by over 50%.
There's a cross-functional team in place that's assessing the amount of value we can extract from different marketing channels as we continue to improve our paid advertising payback periods and realize even more value from each dollar we spend in this area. Stock-based compensation for Q1 was $135 million compared to $118 million for the same period a year ago, primarily driven by the higher headcount from Deliverr. Adjusted operating loss for the quarter was $31 million. The decline compared to Q1 of 2022 was due to lower gross margins year-over-year and higher operating expenses, primarily driven from increased compensation expenses. Our Q1 adjusted operating loss came in better than expected due to stronger top-line growth and lower-than-expected operating expenses. For the quarter, free cash flow was $86 million, representing 6% of revenue.
You will hear us talk more frequently going forward about free cash flow, which we calculate as CapEx. Turning quickly to our balance sheet, our cash and marketable securities balance was $4.9 billion as of March 31st. Before I get into our outlook, some additional information regarding the sale of our logistics businesses and Shopify reducing our headcount. As Harley mentioned, earlier today we announced that we reached an agreement to sell our logistics business, including most of our SFN assets and Deliverr, to our trusted partner, Flexport. In connection with the transaction, Shopify and Flexport intend to deepen their partnership, with Flexport becoming our official logistics partner moving forward and providing Shopify merchants with fast and reliable logistics solutions. Shopify will continue to offer the merchant-facing SFN app, which provides merchants an integrated logistics experience through Shopify, powered by Flexport.
Under the terms of the agreement, Shopify will receive stock representing a 13% equity interest in Flexport. When combined with our existing ownership, we will own a high teens % in Flexport. In connection with the closing of the sale, Shopify is entitled to name a director to Flexport's board. Today, we also announced that we are making changes to our organization, reducing our overall workforce by approximately 20%, excluding employees in our logistics businesses, some of which will move to Flexport and some of which will be part of the reduction in force. While this decision to reduce the size of our team was incredibly difficult, we are moving quickly towards the ideal shape and size that will enable us to build on our momentum and power the future of commerce.
We believe that our business remains incredibly strong and our opportunities for sustainable long-term growth are abundant. Partnering with Flexport will allow us to focus on the areas where we as a team can have the highest impact and add the most value for our merchants, helping on some of their most critical challenges, including running and managing a business, selling wherever consumers are, discovering new customers, and thriving at any stage in any market. Keeping all this in mind, let's turn to our outlook. We anticipate that the sale of our logistics businesses will happen towards the end of the second quarter, subject to certain conditions and regulatory approvals as applicable, and accordingly, that the majority of the financial impact of these transactions will not materialize until the second half of the year. Here are our expectations for the second quarter. First, on revenue.
We expect our second quarter revenues to grow at a rate similar to our Q1 year-over-year growth rate. We anticipate that the pricing changes that just went into effect will be counterbalanced by the pending sale of our logistics businesses. Q2 gross margin percentage is expected to be similar to our Q1 gross margin percentage, with the expected benefit from the pricing changes to be offset by the pending sale of our logistics business and the continued growth of Shopify Payments, which is a lower margin business. We believe that our Q2 operating expense dollars, excluding one-time items related to the pending sale of logistics and severance charges, will decrease a mid-single-digit percentage versus our Q1 operating expense dollars. Stock-based compensation is expected to be approximately $110 million. This excludes the one-time charges related to the sale of our logistics businesses.
Finally, we expect free cash flow, which, as mentioned, we define as operating cash flow less CapEx, to be positive for each quarter of 2023. We as a management team are committed to profitability. You will hear us talking more frequently regarding free cash flow. With the pending sale of our logistics business, obviously, our capital expenditures are going to be a lot lower going forward. We currently expect to spend approximately $100 million for the full year of 2023, which includes two quarters of CapEx from logistics. Finally, specifically related to the announcements today, our current expectation is that Q2, we will incur $140 million-$150 million in severance from the workforce reduction and an impairment of $1 billion-$1.5 billion in the aggregate related to the various components of our logistics businesses.
In closing, 2023 is off to a very strong start. Our financial outperformance reflects our merchants' trust in Shopify's mission-critical commerce operating system to not only run their business but to grow it. Brands across the globe continue to turn to us for the incredibly rich feature set that we offer, which we believe continues to represent the most exceptional value in the marketplace today. Our teams are adhering to rigorous operational discipline and cost control while achieving greater productivity and efficiencies throughout the company. We are incredibly proud of what our team has accomplished so far this year and will continue to achieve throughout 2023. I'll now turn the call back over to Carrie for any questions.
We will now open the call for your questions. Please use the Raise Hand feature in Zoom to ask your question. If you are dialing in by phone, you will need to press star nine to join the queue and star six to unmute yourself. We ask that you limit yourself to one question so we can try to get to as many questions as possible. Our first question will come from Brian Peterson at Raymond James.
Hi. Thanks for taking the question. I'm curious on the timing of the decision to sell the logistics business. Why now? Maybe how should we be thinking about any changes that you may have in kind of the build by partner decision about your future growth initiatives? Thank you.
Hey, Brian. Harley, I'll take the question. Look, I think Shopify, unlike a lot of technology companies, we actually, do partnerships really, really well. If you sort of go back, I don't know, eight or nine years ago to when we first decided to go into the payments business, we deeply partnered with Stripe and was able to go to market much faster with an incredible product, and that partnership obviously continues. We've done the same thing with companies like Affirm when we felt that they were doing buy now, pay later better than anyone else globally on the cross-border commerce side of things.
I mean, Shopify, you know, going back to what you heard today in Tobi's letter, but, you know, our main mission, our main quest versus side quest, we do something in the world better than anybody else, which is building commerce software, and that's what we want to be able to do. We want to focus on that. We want to execute on that. As we began to build out the logistics business, which started about four or five years ago, remember at the time, there was no one else that was helping small businesses and medium-size businesses with logistics and shipping. Even though we knew it was going to be, you know, an incubation period for us, we felt there was no one else doing it and better for us to do it than for our merchants to do it.
As things progressed and we began to further and more deeply integrate with Flexport, with Dave and Ryan, the team, it became clear that that is their main quest. They are so focused on creating logistics and shipping infrastructure for small and medium-size businesses. This way, we get product acceleration, and we can focus on what we do best. They can focus what they do best. Again, I think we're a company that has proven that, you know, when we can build something better than anyone else, we do it, and we've done that across a whole bunch of different areas of our business. When there's a partner that we can deeply integrate with that can get us further, faster, and more efficiently, we will do that too, and that was the case here.
Thank you for your question, Brian. Our next question will come from Josh Beck at KeyBanc. Josh, are you there? You're on mute.
Sorry about that. Are you able to hear me?
Yes, we can hear you.
Yeah. Sorry about that. I wanted to ask just a little bit about kind of the second half of the year and how we should obviously think about the cadence of OpEx. You obviously gave us some very helpful color around how to contemplate Q2. You know, should we be really thinking about that as a partial quarter reflecting the new kind of workforce footprint, so as we go into Q3 and Q4, it could be a little bit different? Any other color you could provide there would be great. Yeah. This is Jeff. I. You're right as it relates to timing. We mentioned that the transaction with Flexport would close, we expected to close in Q2. There are some regulatory processes we need to go through most likely here.
We don't know, obviously, therefore exactly when it will close. Our estimates for Q2, as we gave in guidance, reflect a closing and that transaction with Flexport towards the latter half of the quarter. Yes, obviously it's we're a month into the quarter when we're making this announcement today regarding our employee headcount. Q2 will not be what you would call a, quote, "normalized quarter." When we get to our quarterly results next quarter, we'll obviously be able to give you some more guidance, but I think your general sentiment that this is kind of partial impact that you'll see in this quarter is accurate.
Thank you. Our next question will come from Paul Treiber at Barclays.
Yeah, thanks so much and good morning. Just a question on the transaction with Flexport. In the letter mentioned that Shopify would, or Flexport would be the preferred partner for logistics. Does that preferred partner mean exclusive partner, or would, like payments, you would support other third-party logistics providers on Shopify?
Hey, Paul. Yeah, that's right. Look, we have millions of stores on the platform. We have lots of small businesses. We also have very, very large enterprises as well. Part of our role is being the centralized operating system for these millions of businesses and brands, is to enable them to bring the best products, the best infrastructure that they need to run their business. Flexport is gonna be the preferred partner. We think what they're doing is exceptional. And as you know, as I mentioned earlier, you know, any business that grows, at some point there's sort of this massive floodlight eventually that shines on them on one of the most complex issues, which is, you know, that of logistics, and they're gonna do a great job there. They've already proven to us they know what to do there.
If there is a particular logistics partner or shipping company that another merchant wants to bring along, we can integrate with that, and we have been doing that for quite some time with our shipping APIs.
Our next question will come from Deepak Mathivanan at Wolfe Research.
Great, thanks for taking the question. Jeff, after these cost-saving initiatives, that you're currently implementing, how should we think about the fixed cost growth, you know, beyond into second half in 2024? Do you feel like headcount and other fixed costs are right now at the right place with the, you know, this restructuring for sort of medium-term opportunities companies see? And maybe is there a margin target or perhaps maybe relative to what you did before that we can expect going forward? Thank you so much.
Well, as I alluded to just a couple of questions ago, as it relates to our operating expense levels, we gave you some guidance as it relates to Q2 that will still be in flux. As it relates to gross margin, I guess what I would say obviously when you think about to my comments about when the Flexport transaction will close, when you look at Q2, we will have partial impact from Flexport. I'm sorry, from Deliverr, which historically has obviously been a headwind to margins. We do have the pricing increases going into effect in Q2. Obviously, basically about a week or so when those started hitting our P&L, so that will be a counterbalancing force in there.
Obviously, Shopify Payments, as that is a larger and larger mix of revenues, that of course has an impact on gross margins in the opposite direction. As we think about where we are for gross margins, we gave you guidance for Q2 to basically be in line with Q1. Obviously, Q1 is up over Q4. In Q4, you may recall we were at 46%. We've got some forces moving in both directions on gross margins. We're obviously not ready at this point to comment on the full year, but I think it's gonna be a lot of the trends that you've seen historically on the business.
Thank you, Deepak. Our next question will come from Colin Sebastian at Baird.
All right, great. Thanks. Hopefully, you can hear me as well. I guess, Harley, after reading Tobi's letter, I mean, it sounds like part of the decision here was based on what you're seeing around generative AI and developments there and obviously you've made some iterations to the platform already. Curious to learn more about the vision of how AI or generative AI more specifically integrates and I guess, Jeff, maybe what the investment implications of that will be from a headcount as well as infrastructure perspective. Thank you.
Hey, Colin, I'll start with that one. You know, I think we are very fortunate to be amongst the companies with the best chances of using AI to help our customers, our merchants, and that's how we think about the usage of AI here. How do we integrate it into the tools that help us build and ship better products to our merchants? You're already seeing that in certain areas of Shopify. For example, the task of writing product descriptions is now made meaningfully easier by injecting AI into that, into that process. What does that The end result of that is merchants spend less time writing product descriptions and more time making beautiful products and communicating and engaging with their customers.
You're also seeing, we announced a couple of weeks ago, Shop.ai, which is what I think is the coolest shopping concierge on the planet, whereby you as a consumer can use Shop.ai and you can browse through hundreds of millions of products, and you can say things like, "I wanna have a barbecue, and here's the theme," and it'll suggest great products, and you can buy it right in line, right through the shopping concierge. You're already seeing this come up in a couple of different areas at Shopify. Most importantly, the way we're thinking about AI is: How can we use it to accelerate the experience and the product that we deliver to our merchants? I think that's going to make things a lot easier.
It means that merchants can spend more time on the things that matter most to them.
Yeah, I would think to your question about how do we think about the size of the organization and the infrastructure spend we need to give or do, I think as we obviously make these moves today, that is reflective of how we think about our future and again, as we go into Q2 results here, which will be a period of a couple of intermittent changes in terms of what we're going through in terms of the financial impact of this, we'll have more clarity for you in the next quarter.
Thanks, Colin. Our next question will come from Tyler Radke at Citigroup.
Thanks. Good morning. Appreciate the question. Harley, you talked about, you know, Shopify doing a really good job on partnerships, especially relative to other tech companies out there. I'm curious, just with the exit of the logistics business here, how is that?
changing your view on potentially partnering with someone like Amazon with the Buy with Prime functionality. Just you could kinda comment on your overall philosophy now that you've made this decision. Thank you.
Yeah, specifically on the Buy with Prime, you know, we will make a deal with Amazon if that's in the best interest of our merchants. All things around Buy with Prime are moving in the right direction, moving positively, so stay tuned for that. More generally, I mean, look, Shopify is obviously I mentioned some of the large partnerships like Stripe and now Flexport and Affirm and globally. Remember, I mean, a big part of the product market fit that Shopify provides to the millions of merchants is the entire app ecosystem. The thousands of apps that allow every single merchant, no matter what their use case is, to get exactly what they need from Shopify. Even if it's a specific use case, they're able to get 100% product market fit.
It's not just necessarily the larger partnerships that I think demonstrate that Shopify is a great partnership company. We've been at this for over a decade now on the App Store, on the Theme Store, you know, and increasingly, especially with CCS, for example, where we have much larger brands, the Mattels of the world, companies like Black & Decker and some of the ones I mentioned like Zulily, they're gonna want us to integrate with their existing infrastructure. Shopify's always been really good on the API side of ensuring that you can get exactly what you want from us, whether it's directly from our core product or it's by leveraging some of our partners. That's something that we're really proud of and, you know, that's sort of on the product enhancing side.
On the merchant referring side, I mean, we have this massive network, tens of thousands of these agencies and third parties and systems integrators who are constantly referring new business to Shopify as well. I think being known and being regarded as a company that is great at partnership, that allows for partners to participate in the upside of the business is very important. It's the reason why we probably have one of the most, you know, impressive developer ecosystems on the planet.
Thank you, Tyler. Our next question will come from Trevor Young at Barclays.
Great, thanks. Jeff, just on the 2Q rev guide of around 25%, pricing largely offsetting the logistics, but also assuming that the transaction happens very late in the quarter. Just to be explicit, you're not assuming much lift in 2Q from pricing? Relatedly, just any initial feedback following the price increase? Are more merchants flipping to annual plans to keep pricing steady versus staying month-to-month and just taking the price increase?
Yeah, Trevor, to your point, your first question, we are assuming that the transaction closes towards the latter half of the year. The price impact just really about a week ago went into effect. It's too early at this stage to fully gauge that. Again, from a top-line revenue growth, this would essentially be in line, obviously per the guidance, with what we did last quarter. We feel very good about our business across all fronts as it relates to merchant additions, as it relates to success in all the different geographies. The business is doing really well. As we think, again, there will be some lost revenue from logistics, assuming that it closes in the quarter. As we counterbalance all those drivers, that's how we think about the Q2 revenue guide.
That's a key piece there. As it relates to the plan, the initial feedback on the plans, at this point, again, it's too early to tell. I would say overall we've been very pleased with the results. Again, when we have a full quarter of results in Q2, I think we'll be able to give you some better sense, but.
Thank you. Our next question comes from Darren Aftahi at ROTH Capital.
Yeah, good morning. Thanks for taking my question. Your comments about 15% cross-border GMV, could you just kinda speak to kind of Markets and Markets Pro and kinda how fast that GMV cross-border metric has been growing, kinda where you see that going in the next 12 months? Thanks.
Hey, it's Harley, I'll take that call. Yeah, look, in both market, Shopify Markets is getting a lot of traction. you know, in Q1 alone, you know, around 100,000 merchants used either Markets or Markets Pro feature to make a cross-border sale. We launched Markets Pro into early access in September. We see more and more merchants that are adopting it now. you know, if you think about the business models of our merchants, U.S. merchants on average are selling to 14 countries. going back to a comment I made earlier about Shopify being the essential retail operating system for our merchants, if we wanna be the center of their business, which we are, we need to enable them to sell across every single geography.
Obviously, you know, there are some geographies they have not sold to yet. Making that easier is really, really important. In the case of Markets Pro, what's really interesting is that it really introduces this idea of like a merchant of record solution. You think you have things like tax and duty compliance, but you also are able to provide, obviously compliance with local laws, chargeback protection. Then if they wanna go sort of one step further, of course, they can always go and leverage globally as well. But, you know, we saw about last year, we saw about $28 billion in cross-border sales. In Q1 of this year, we saw, as you mentioned, 15% of total GMV.
We think the international, the ability to help our merchants sell internationally easier with greater speed and efficiency is gonna be very important. Also remember that it also allows us to bring on new merchants from new geographies. Obviously, the majority of our merchants are still in our core geographies, but every time we make it easier to sell across the entire globe with all those features that I just mentioned, more and more merchants join Shopify, and that also is a huge benefit to both these products.
Thank you, Darren. Our next question comes from Matthew Pfau at William Blair.
Great. Thanks for taking my question. Wanted to ask, one on the Shopify Audiences product. Seems like it's already helping you out in terms of driving more sales on the platform as well as driving some upgrades. Any other thoughts on, how to additionally monetize this product longer term? Thanks.
Yeah, look, I mean, Audiences, we continue to improve Audiences, more merchants, improving the algorithms. It's been a year since the launch. We're seeing return on ad spend nearly double, and it's becoming a driver for upgrades, as I mentioned. Just over a week after upgrades, we see merchants turning on Audiences. We're also adding new marketing platform partners. You know, we had Facebook and Instagram. We added Google in Q4. We just added Pinterest in Q1. You know, we really are excited. I mean, average, like, ensuring that our merchants are able to get the highest return on ad spend possible and it's something that not only they really, obviously want and require, but it's only something that Shopify can do given our leverage.
Because we have, you know, 10% of all e-commerce is done, in the U.S. is done on Shopify, that is something very specific to Shopify. In terms of the monetization, Audiences is currently monetized indirectly via Shopify Payments. We will revisit the monetization levers once we make the machine learning algorithm even more effective once we have even more product-market fit. You will see more and more features and more functionality rollouts around Audiences in the coming, in the coming quarters. Again, as I said on the, in my prepared remarks, it's an early product that is seeing incredible traction, and I think it's beloved by the people that use it. It's a very exciting area of our business.
Monetization will come in the future directly.
Thank you, Matthew. Our next question comes from Bhavin Shah at Deutsche Bank.
Great. Thanks for taking my question. Just on the 23% reduction in workforce, can you give us a sense of how much of that is related to logistics? Maybe those outside of logistics, what areas are most impacted?
Yeah. We have not talked about specifically how many of the employees are related to logistics. I would say as it relates to the areas which have been impacted, this is something which unfortunately has impacted our colleagues across all geographies and all levels within the organization. Tobi did make some comments in his letter regarding how we think about crafting ourselves for our future. I would point you back to that. This is unfortunately something which hits us at all perspectives.
Yeah, let me just add to that. I mean, let me say the thing, this is a very difficult day for any leader, any company to go through. I mean, these are not the type of things that you want to do. These are the things, you know, and often the easy thing and the right thing are not the same thing. In this case, the right thing and the hard thing are the same thing. What we are building here is a more fit for purpose Shopify that is gonna be centered on our main mission, our main quest. We're gonna have less scope creep. We're gonna have fewer meetings. We're gonna have more shipping great features to our merchants.
We're gonna create more balance around managers and crafters and builders, which we think will be a lot healthier. This is going to set us up to take advantage of the opportunity we see in the future. The pace of change is unlike anything I think any of us have ever seen, and this new shape of Shopify will help us to achieve and execute on our, on what is an incredibly ambitious mission. Now, it doesn't make that any easier, but, it, 'cause it is a tough day for our company, but that's the reason why we're doing this.
Thanks, Bhavin. Our next question comes from Andrew Boone at JMP Securities.
Good morning, thanks for taking my question. I wanted to go to enterprise. Can you talk a little bit about greater Components adoption and what you're seeing near term in terms of merchants reacting to it? Is it driving more merchant adoption in terms of enterprise, or is it more the Plus cycle upgrade where merchants are taking all of your products? Thanks so much.
Thanks, Andrew. We announced Commerce Components by Shopify in January. We announced it on stage at the National Retail Federation conference. Really the idea of this is that we needed something that was a sort of a modern composable commerce stack. We've had incredible success with Shopify Plus. I mean, you, obviously you've heard me talk about all the great names that join quarter after quarter, some of the most important brands and some of the iconic brands on the planet using Shopify Plus. There are other types of retailers, of businesses who want something a lot more modular and composable.
They want our storefront and their checkout, they may wanna use a different inventory system, or they wanna use their own ERP system, they wanna use us for omni-channel and data and compliance as well as checkout. What we're trying to do is make it really easy. Effectively what we're trying to do is make it so that not using Shopify as an enterprise, modern, thoughtful brand that wants to be around for the next couple of decades is a bad idea. While Shopify Plus provided this incredible, robust enterprise solution, some retailers, some brands wanted to take different pieces of Shopify and combine it with their own in-house systems. This allows them to do so. We're getting to a point now where there's fewer and fewer reasons why someone would not use Shopify to run a very large modern enterprise.
The results are, you know, already proving to be, you know, quite amazing. We're seeing more of these brands who historically never really wanted to talk to Shopify that are now saying, "Actually, we now wanna have those conversations." I think it's also shifting the enterprise perception of Shopify. The pipeline is building. You know, we're adding more and more of those components. There's now more than 30 modular components that merchants can use or integrate with from Shopify, and they can integrate with all their third-party services. This allows us to get a larger piece of the enterprise.
Remember, what we're providing them with is the same software, the same functionality infrastructure that we have been building for our own use over the last, you know, almost 20 years now that powers, you know, 10% of all U.S. e-commerce. It's a really good product for us, but it allows us to access a different type of enterprise customer.
Thanks, Andrew. Our last question will come from Dan Chan at TD Securities. Oh, excuse, sorry. It looks like he just dropped out of the queue. Our last question instead will come from Ken Wong at Oppenheimer
Great. Fantastic. Thank you for taking my question and squeezing me in. Just wanted to, you know, as we try to fine-tune our models here, just wondering as we think about the back half, any help in terms of trying to calibrate what the SFN, kind of, contribution to growth is, to the extent that we, you know, need to, you know, trim that down after it closes in Q2?
Yeah, Ken, I don't have any specific guidance for you on this other than obviously what we said from a Q2 top line perspective. We've given a general sense for the size of the business in the past. I think obviously once we get... Part of this is just us figuring out when this closes in the quarter, and that will obviously allow us to give you a better perspective into the back half of the year. I think as it relates though, just to Deliverr, obviously that would be one piece of it. Keep in mind kind of the flip side of all this in terms of all the great success we're having with all the other products and kind of what we're seeing, Harley had talked about Markets and Markets Pro before, tax.
Obviously, we talked in the call, in the prepared remarks as it relates to our payments progress and the penetration we have there, and all the things we're doing from a geography perspective, particularly with strength in Europe, which has been really, really strong. It is absolutely true, obviously, that Deliverr will be coming out of the revenue stream for the company, but there's a lot of other things that we've seen in terms of strong momentum, including, we had talked a little bit about the merchant ads. That is something which across the board, we're seeing a lot of strength in, on Plus, on Standard, and obviously Harley just finished talking about CCS and the Enterprise. We're seeing strength really across all segments, all geographies of our business.
While there will be some revenue loss from Deliverr, we feel really good about everything else going on in our business right now.
Just before we end, let me just reiterate this. Again, tough day here at Shopify. Obviously we're saying goodbye to some team members that we've really enjoyed working with, and this is nothing that any leaders ever want to have to do. I can say, you know, as I'm about to celebrate my 13th year at Shopify, this is the most optimistic and this is the most focused company that I've seen. The opportunities in the future for us are massive, and I think this new shape of the company, you know, despite the fact that it's a tough day for us, is exactly what we have to do to execute on that.
I'm incredibly bullish on where we're going, and I'm excited about the future for this company. This is. If you like what we've done in the past, you're gonna love what we're gonna do in the future.
With that, this concludes our 1st quarter of 2023 conference call. Thank you for joining us. Goodbye.