Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by. Welcome to the UP Fintech Holding Limited First Quarter 2023 earnings conference call. At this time, all participants are in listen- only mode. There will be a presentation, followed by question and answer session. I must advise you that this conference is being recorded today, May 30th, 2023. I would now like to hand the conference over to the first speaker today, Mr. Aaron Li, the Head of IR. Thank you. Please go ahead.
Thank you, operator. Hello, everyone, thank you for joining us to the call today. UP Fintech Holding Limited's first quarter 2023 earnings release was distributed earlier today and is available on our IR website at ir.itigerup.com, as well as Globe Newswire services. On the call today from UP Fintech are Mr. Wu Tianhua, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Mr. John Zeng, Chief Financial Officer, Mr. Huang Lei, CEO of U.S. Tiger Securities, and Mr. Kenny Zhao, our Financial Controller. Mr. Wu will give an overview of our business operations and discuss corporate highlights. Mr. Zeng will discuss our financial results. They will both be available to answer your questions during the Q&A session that follows the remark. Let me cover the safe harbor.
The statement we are about to make contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. A number of factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those containing any forward-looking statements. For more information about factors that could cause actual results to materially differ from those in the forward-looking statements, please refer to our Form 6-K furnished today, May 30, 2023, and our annual report on Form 20-F, filed on April 26, 2023. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement, except as required under applicable law. It is my pleasure to now introduce our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wu. Mr. Wu will make remarks in Chinese, which will be followed by English translation. Mr. Wu, please go ahead with your remarks.
Hello, everyone. Thanks for joining the Tiger Brokers first quarter 2023 earnings conference call. [audio distortion] In the first quarter, we saw a moderate rebound in the market condition. However, the high inflation expectation in the U.S. and continued Fed tightening still hampered investor confidence and market activities. Under this market backdrop, we remain committed to our internationalization strategy and optimizing our revenue mix and expense management. In the first quarter, commission income and interest-related income further improved sequentially, with total revenue increased by 3.9% quarter-over-quarter and 26% year-over-year, reaching $66.3 million.
GAAP and non-GAAP net profits attributable to UP Fintech were $8 million and $10.3 million, respectively, an increase of 541% and 129% compared to the previous quarter, and a big turnaround compared to the net loss in the same quarter of last year. Non-GAAP bottom line in the first quarter was the highest in the past two years, demonstrating our execution strategy can weather challenging market conditions and regulatory headline news. [audio distortion]
In the fourth quarter, we added 30,392 new funding accounts, increased 11.2% quarter-over-quarter. We are confident to deliver our annual guidance of acquiring at least 100,000 new funding accounts in 2023. Total number of funding accounts at the end of fourth quarter reached 810,000, representing a growth of 15.4% compared to the same quarter of last year. In terms of total client assets, the trend of asset inflow remains strong, with net inflows nearly $1.2 billion in the fourth quarter, mainly contributed from Singapore and Mainland China. With the market recovery leading to mark-to-market gain, total client assets in the fourth quarter increased by 15.2% compared to the last quarter, reaching $16.1 billion.
In addition, we are very glad that we can keep acquiring high-quality users while optimizing our Customer Acquisition Cost. The overall average net asset inflow of the newly acquired retail client exceeded $17,000 for the fourth quarter, and average CAC in the fourth quarter was $171, a 37% drop quarter-over-quarter. This indicates our ongoing international expansion effort has been recognized by local investors in various regions, and ROI remains at an industry-leading level, giving us flexibility to dynamically adjust our customer acquisition strategy while maintaining reasonable unit economics. [audio distortion]
We continue to invest in research and development to improve operational efficiency and to enhance user experience. Benefiting from self-clearing capability in the U.S., our self-clearing efficiency has consistently maintained at a leading level in the industry. In the fourth quarter, the execution and clearing expenses as a percentage of the commission further decreased from 16.1% in the previous quarter to 9.6%, as we started to self-clear more Hong Kong equities since February. In addition, we launched beta test of TigerGPT. This feature is based on the underlying model of ChatGPT, combined with financial industry information and market data accumulated by Tiger Brokers over the years. It allows experienced users to quickly extract and then analyze investment-related data to help them with their investment research. Also, significantly reduces the learning curve for new users.
In wealth management business, following the Singapore market, we launched Tiger Vault, our wealth management product, in Hong Kong in April, to help users diversify their portfolio and enhance synergy by combining cash management and other investment products. [audio distortion]
Tiger Brokers' B2B business continues to perform well . In the investment banking we added eight U.S. And Hong Kong IPOs in the first quarter . [audio distortion] In ESOP business, we added 29 clients in the first quarter, bringing the total number of M&A clients served to 448 by end of the fourth quarter of 2023, increased by 33% year-over-year. [audio distortion]
Now I would like to invite our CFO, John Zeng, to go over our financials.
Okay, thanks, Tianhua and Aaron. Let me go through our financial performance for the first quarter. All numbers are in US dollar. Total revenue were $66.3 million this quarter, an increase of 26% year-over-year, 3.9% quarter-over-quarter, primarily due to a 13% jump in interest related income versus last quarter. Cash equity take rate was 6.3 bps this quarter, slightly decreased from 6.9 bps from last quarter, with commission revenue, about 60% comes from cash equities, 30% from options, and the rest from futures and other products. On to costs. Interest expense was $8.4 million, increased by 130% from the same quarter of last year, as interest expense and securities lending expense both increased in line with the rate hike.
Execution and clearing expense were $2.4 million, decreased to 46% from the same period of last year, primarily due to more efficiency in self-clearing for U.S. and Hong Kong securities. Given we only started to move Hong Kong equities positions to Tiger Broker Hong Kong this February, we expect cash equity clearing expense as a percentage of commission could further go down. Employee compensation and benefits were $24.4 million, a decrease of 11.2% year-over-year, as we adjusted our headcount in response to challenging market conditions. Occupancy, depreciation and amortization expense increased by 19% to $2.4 million, due to an increase in our overseas office space and relevant leasehold improvements. Communication and market data expense were $7 million, an increase of 9.2% year-over-year due to the increase in user base.
Marketing expense were $5.2 million this quarter, decreased to 48% year-over-year. Average CAC dropped 37% quarter-over-quarter from $271 to $171. We focus on quality of new users, don't see current market condition is suitable for major marketing campaign. We scale back marketing spending. That being said, we will dynamically adjust our marketing strategy based on the market sentiment. In different regions, CAC could go up. Not as we see payback from newly acquired users, still attractive. General and administrative expense were $4.5 million, flat year-over-year. Total operating costs were $46 million, decreased by 16% from the same quarter of last year. As a result, bottom line increased on both GAAP and the non-GAAP basis.
GAAP net income turned positive to $80 million, versus a GAAP net loss of $5.9 million in the same quarter of last year. Non-GAAP net income also turned positive to $10.3 million from a non-GAAP net loss of $1.9 million in the same quarter of last year. I have concluded our presentation. Operator, please open the line for Q&A. Thanks.
Thank you, sir. As a reminder, to ask a question, you need to press star one and one on your telephone and wait for your name to be announced. To withdraw your question, please press star one and one again. Once again, please press star one and one if you have any questions or comment. We are now going to proceed with our first question. The question comes from the line of Hua Fan from CICC. Please ask your question.
[audio distortion] Okay, I will translate. Thanks management, congratulations on the results achieved this quarter. This is Hua Fan from CICC, I have three questions, help. The first one is on the regional breakdown of the newly added funded account in this quarter. The second one is about the clients in Singapore. We know that Tiger has been in leading position since entering the market. How is the current net assets inflows and the average asset balance of the clients in Singapore? After ramping up for over three years, how is the assets balance of the clients that we acquired early when we first entered the market? The third question is on the progressing on the Hong Kong retail market. Would the management give us more color on this? These are my questions. Thanks.
[audio distortion] In the fourth quarter, around 60% of newly funded accounts came from Singapore, about 15% from Australia and New Zealand, about 20% from the United States, and nearly 5% from Hong Kong. [audio distortion]
The second question, for Singapore, where we have the most existing and new users, we attach great importance to the user experience and solidify our market position. Of the $1.2 billion net asset inflow in the first quarter, about two thirds came from Singapore. At the end of the first quarter, the average balance asset of all funded accounts in this region was about $15,000. We officially entered the Singapore retail market in the fourth quarter of 2020, and we see that the average current assets of the fourth quarter in the first half of 2020 reached nearly $25,000 at the end of the fourth quarter of 2023, which was a 3x to 4x increase compared to the first funded quarter.
[audio distortion] In Q1, in terms of user acquisition, Hong Kong only accounted for low single digits of new funded accounts. Couple reasons. First, we didn't want to spend too much when market backdrop is still weak. We want to make sure UE remains attractive and within our internal hurdle. Second is we are still testing new customer acquisition strategies and fine-tuning those strategies based on user feedback. In the second quarter, we will do more of like campaign to celebrate Tiger's ninth year anniversary, which might increase CAC in the short term, and we will keep a close eye on payback.
In the second quarter, we start to transfer more position, customizing IB to Tiger, so you can see Tiger Vault more position under Tiger Broker Hong Kong. More Hong Kong equity trades are cleared through Tiger Broker Hong Kong, help total clearing expense as a percentage of commission decreased from 16% in the fourth quarter to 9.1% in the first quarter. We expect further reduction in clearing expense for Hong Kong cash equities. We also launched the Tiger Vault, our wealth management platform in April. We will add more wealth management product to Tiger Vault to increase users stickiness and offer value-added services. Thanks.
[audio distortion] Thanks a lot!
As a reminder, once again, if you have any questions or comment at this time, please press star one and one on your telephone and wait for your name to be announced. Once again, it's star one and one if you have any questions or comments. We are now going to proceed with our next question. The question comes from the line of Cindy Wang from China Renaissance, please ask your question.
[audio distortion] Thanks management for taking my call, and congrats for the, uh, great first quarter results。Um, so I have two questions. First question, is what kind of the function of the Tiger GPT provide, and when will this be officially launched? What's the R&D cost for Tiger GPT? My second question is related to the customer acquisition cost and sales clearing efficiency. For customer acquisition cost further dropped in third quarter sequentially. However, we see the number of the new customers with deposits actually up quarter-over-quarter. Could management provide some color how to achieve this result? Will customer acquisition cost maintain at the same level for the next few quarters in 2023? For the self-clearing efficiency, we see it actually increased quite a lot in first quarter. How should we expect the clearing expenses in the second quarter on this? Is there still room for further decline? Thank you.
[audio distortion] Regarding the first question about TigerGPT, we think the AI technology can significantly improve productivity in many aspects of our lives and work, such as programming, copywriting, design, and more. Our mission is to make investment better through technology, and we have always paid close attention to the synergy between technology and finance. We have high expectations for TigerGPT's language interaction capability in improving user experience. Well, our app offers excellent market data and information, but many users may not know just exactly where to find them. TigerGPT can help users improve their efficiency in this scenario. We are glad to have this opportunity to become the first technology-oriented broker to launch GPT functionality. TigerGPT is a product dedicated to answering questions in the field of financial investment.
It can act like the bridge between user inquiries and Tiger's numerous investment content and paid market data. This product can help our users greatly improve information collecting efficiency, including like market data, industry insights, third party market data, individual stock options, and financial knowledge. It can also greatly reduce the learning cost for new users by accessing various functions of our app. We believe that TigerGPT will become a differentiated function that optimize the user experience and will contribute accordingly to user acquisition and retention. Currently, this product is still in the internal testing phase, and we expect to open it to more market users at the end of the second quarter of this year.
As for the cost, since TigerGPT only serves the financial sector instead of being a general purpose model, the cost is very controllable and will not have a significant impact on our P&L.
[audio distortion] We are glad to see the number of new funding accounts increased, while average CAC dropped substantially quarter-over-quarter after CSRC updates on December 30th. A couple of reasons. Firstly, with our brand being better received by the local user in Singapore market and attracting more organic traffic from overseas, which save us some customer acquisition costs. Secondly, we have re-evaluated our cooperation with partner vendors in terms of advertising and branding, and terminated the cooperation with those cannot generate a reasonable ROI. In the future, we will continue to adjust our customer acquisition cost dynamically based on market condition and payback. Generally, our current low customer acquisition cost provides us with flexibility to expand into new markets, such as our recent launch Hong Kong market, while maintaining healthy unit economics.
[audio distortion] Thanks to our self-clearing capability in the U.S. stock market, the clearing cost as a percentage of total commission for U.S. cash equity was around 3%-5%, keeping our overall self-clearing efficiency at an industry-leading level. Since late February of this year, we have gradually self-cleared more Hong Kong stocks with our launch in the local retail market. Last, the clearing cost as a percentage of commission income dropped to below 10% in the first quarter. Future clearing costs will be affected by factors such as market volatility and user trading behavior, but we expect that our overall clearing efficiency will further improve along with full effect clearing of Hong Kong stocks. Thank you!
We are now going to proceed with our next question. The question come from Judy Zhang from Citi, please ask a question.
[audio distortion] Let me translate, I have two questions. The first question is regarding on the take rate. We saw the U.S. stock market rebound, but the take rate decreased. Can you explain the key reason behind? Also we saw the interest income increased continuously during the rate hike cycle. What is the breakdown of the interest income? The second question is regarding on the regulation. We saw Tiger App has been removed from the App Store. How can we understand this is the current situation? How much it will impact on the existing customers? Also did regulator give us any further clarification on, you know, what kind of criteria the onshore investors need to meet to open the overseas brokerage account? Thank you.
[audio distortion] OK, commission rate actually remained unchanged during the first quarter. As we charge commission per share for US stock trading, the trading volume increased in line with the market rebound, resulting in a decrease in cash equity take rates. As for the interest income breakdown, around 30% came from customers' idle cash, and the rest were from the margin financing and securities lending business. Thank you. [audio distortion]
[audio distortion] We attach great importance to compliance and regulatory requirements globally and maintain direct communication with regulators. Recently, regulators have clarified some guidelines. Firstly, allowing onshore users who leave or work overseas to open new accounts with us. Secondly, for onshore users who can prove that they already opened brokerage accounts offshore, they will be considered as existing clients of the industry. Therefore, we can accept these investors to open new accounts with us or transfer their existing securities to us. The third one is allowing us to keep supporting team and R&D facilities and systems within mainland China to serve our existing onshore investors. The last one is recently requested to remove our app from the onshore application market to ensure we don't have onshore incremental clients, apart from the aforementioned scenarios.
These guidelines provide clarity to industry regulations, promoting long-term and orderly development while preventing bad money drives out good. Following the announcement by CSRC on December 30 of last year, we have immediately stopped accepting new offshore clients from mainland China in full support and cooperation with regulatory requirements. The recent request to remove our app from the Chinese application market is essentially an implementation of the aforementioned announcement since May 18, 2023. We have removed our app from the onshore application market while providing detailed instructions for existing users to download and update the app. This adjustment does not affect existing clients, and we will continue to provide quality services and keep our clients' money safe.
[audio distortion] We have also noticed that compared to the end of last year, the total client assets of onshore clients increased by about 10%, with a trend of net asset inflows in the first quarter of this year. The trading volume and commission income contributed by onshore clients has also slightly increased sequentially. These numbers indicate that our existing clients have a rational understanding regarding recent events since December 30th of last year, and their trading velocity and trust in Tiger Brokers has not changed. Thank you!
We have no further questions at this time. I will now hand back the call to Aaron Li for closing remarks.
Thank you, operator. I would like to thank everyone for joining our call today. I am now closing the call on behalf of the management team here at Tiger. We do appreciate your participation in today's call. If you have any further questions, please reach out to our investor relations team. This concludes the call, and thank you very much for your time.
Thank you.
Ladies and gentlemen, this concludes today's conference call. Thank you for participating. You may now disconnect your lines. Thank you.