Thank you all for joining, and welcome to the Tronox Holdings Q2 2022 Earnings Call. My name is Brika, and I'll be your event specialist on today's call. During the presentation, you will have the opportunity to ask a question by pressing star followed by one on your telephone keypad. If you change your mind, please press star two, and for operator assistance, please press star zero. I now have the pleasure of handing the call over to our host, Jennifer Guenther, Vice President of Investor Relations. Jennifer, please go ahead.
Thank you, and welcome to our second quarter 2022 conference call and webcast. Turning to slide two, on our call today are John Romano and Jean-François Turgeon, Co-Chief Executive Officers, and Tim Carlson, Chief Financial Officer. We will be using slides as we move through today's call. Those of you listening by internet broadcast through our website should already have them. For those listening by telephone, if you haven't already done so, you can access the presentation on our website at investor.tronox.com. Moving to slide three. A friendly reminder that comments made on this call and the information provided in our presentation and on our website include certain statements that are forward-looking and subject to various risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the specific factors summarized in our SEC filings. This information represents our best judgment based on what we know today.
However, actual results may vary based on these risks and uncertainties. The company undertakes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements. During the conference call, we will refer to certain non-U.S. GAAP financial terms that we use in the management of our business and believe are useful to investors in evaluating the company's performance. Reconciliations to their nearest U.S. GAAP terms are provided in our earnings release and in the appendix of the accompanying presentation. Additionally, please note that all financial comparisons made during the call are on a year-over-year basis unless otherwise noted. Moving to slide four, it's now my pleasure to turn the call over to John Romano. John?
Thanks, Jennifer, and good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining us today. I'd like to start this morning's call by setting the stage with a quick overview of Tronox. We're the world's largest vertically integrated TiO2 producer with nine pigment plants, six mines, five upgrading facilities across six continents. Our 2021 revenue totaled $3.6 billion, which was fairly evenly distributed across the Americas, Europe, Middle East, and Africa, and Asia Pacific. Our 1.1 million tons of pigment capacity supports our well-balanced base of approximately 1,200 customers globally. Our vertically integrated business model supplies approximately 85% of our internal feedstock needs, and this ensures consistent and secure supply for our customers. In addition to TiO2, we also generate significant value as the world's second-largest producer of zircon, with approximately 300,000 tons of capacity.
We held an Investor Day in June to review the transformation of Tronox over the last several years and where we're heading. We are very proud of the organization we've created and the value we have and will continue to generate for our stakeholders. I invite you to listen to a replay of the webcast, if you haven't already, to learn more about our strategy, key initiatives, and our mid and long-term financial targets. Now let's turn to slide five for a review of our key highlights. Tronox delivered record earnings and a strong margin performance this quarter. We achieved adjusted EBITDA of $275 million, slightly above the midpoint of our guided range, an adjusted EBITDA margin of 29.1%, exceeding expectations.
This was the 21st quarter in a row that we achieved adjusted EBITDA margins greater than 20% and the seventh consecutive quarter where margins were above 25%, evidence of the strength and resilience of our business through a variety of economic scenarios. We also achieved adjusted EBITDA of $1 billion on a trailing 12-month basis, another demonstration of our earnings potential and a testament to the benefits of our vertically integrated business model. In the first half, we invested $202 million in key capital projects. This included newTRON, our project to digitally transform our global portfolio, which is expected to generate savings of $150-$200 per ton on a run rate basis by the end of 2023.
We also invested in our mining extensions in South Africa and the Atlas-Campaspe mine in Eastern Australia, and JF will review these investments in more detail later in the call. We returned $91 million to shareholders year-to-date, including share repurchases and dividend payments. Finally, we published our 2021 sustainability report in June, highlighting the significant accomplishments the company has achieved over the last year and the ongoing projects to advance our leadership role in sustainability and protecting the environment. Turning to slide six. This year, as Melissa Zona reviewed at Investor Day, we updated and accelerated our carbon neutrality targets enabled by our solar renewable energy project in South Africa that we announced earlier this year and numerous other initiatives we have ongoing across the company.
Our initial goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions intensity by 15% by 2025 has now been increased to 35%, and the initial goal of 35% reduction by 2030 has now been updated to 50%. We reiterated our goal of zero waste to external dedicated landfills by 2050, and we remain committed to our target of zero injuries, zero incidents, and zero harm. We are also striving to improve the gender balance and diversity of our workforce, leadership, and succession planning. I invite you to review our 2021 sustainability report on our website for more on these and other initiatives. Turning to slide seven, I'll briefly review our second quarter financial highlights. Revenue of $945 million represented a 2% increase versus the prior year, driven by higher TiO2 revenues.
Income from operations was $190 million, an increase of 27% primarily due to improved pricing. Net income of $375 million included a $262 million reversal of a portion of our deferred tax valuation allowance in Australia, which is further evidence of the strength of our business model and the earnings that it generates. Our effective tax rate in the quarter was -147% due to the valuation allowance reversal. Excluding this and the loss on debt extinguishment, our normalized second quarter effective tax rate was 22%. Our GAAP diluted earnings per share was $2.37, and our adjusted diluted earnings per share was $0.84, an increase of 38%.
Adjusted EBITDA of $275 million represented a 16% increase, and our margin increased 350 basis points to 29.1%, driven by improved pricing and favorable product mix from pig iron volumes that rolled from Q2 to Q3 due to logistics and shipping delays. This shift of these volumes into Q3 will unfavorably impact our EBITDA margins in Q3, given the lower contribution margin from pig iron. Finally, we returned $66 million to shareholders in the second quarter through share repurchases and dividend payments. Moving to slide eight. While demand remained solid in the quarter, our TiO2 volumes came in slightly below our expectations due to ongoing supply chain and logistics challenges across the regions. Pricing across both TiO2 and zircon was in line with our expectations, driven by continued execution of our commercial pricing strategy.
Revenue from TiO2 sales was $769 million, an increase of 4%, driven by 19% increase in average selling prices on a local currency basis or a 15% increase on a U.S. dollar basis, partially offset by a 9% decrease in volumes. Compared to the prior quarter, TiO2 revenues were relatively in line. Volumes declined 3% sequentially, driven by lower volumes in Asia Pacific, while average selling prices increased 4% on a local currency basis or 2% on a U.S. dollar basis. Zircon revenue decreased 8% to $111 million, driven by a 38% decrease in volumes, which was partially offset by a 47% increase in average selling prices. The volume decline year-over-year is due to higher sales from inventory in 2021, as we've communicated previously.
Sequentially, zircon volumes declined 5%, driven by the orders that rolled into the third quarter due to logistics challenges and shipping delays in Australia and South Africa, while average selling prices increased 8%. Revenue from other products was $65 million, relatively flat versus the prior year quarter, primarily due to higher pig iron average selling prices offset by lower pig iron volumes. The strengthening of the U.S. dollar in the quarter was a headwind to revenue due to the unfavorable translation impacts, primarily from the weakening of the euro. As we enter the second half of the year, despite challenging macroeconomic conditions and increasing inflation, we continue to project solid financial performance through strong execution and operating agility.
At this stage, we continue to see steady demand across the majority of our end markets, though we expect demand in Asia Pacific and Europe to remain dynamic. Notwithstanding, we are confident that, in Tronox's position and our ability to deliver for our customers, given our integrated business model and our global footprint that allows us to quickly adapt to changing market conditions. Our dedicated team of employees is working to ensure we earn the right to be the supplier of choice. Our enterprise optimization model enables us to maximize our global footprint, and we're investing today to advance and sustain our competitive advantage. We're focused on executing against our strategy to deliver safe, quality, low-cost, sustainable tons.
Looking ahead into the third quarter, we anticipate TiO2 volumes to be relatively in line with the second quarter 2022 levels based on what we're currently seeing in the market and our order books. In the third quarter, TiO2 pricing will continue to increase globally across all contract categories, including margin stability agreements and volume contracts. As Jeff Engle outlined at Investor Day, our pricing strategy remains focused on optimizing pricing over the long term and supporting our margin stability initiatives. Zircon volumes are expected to increase sequentially, benefiting from the rolled orders from the second quarter, and fourth quarter volumes are forecasted to remain in line with production levels, while pricing in the third quarter is forecast to increase sequentially. Now I'm going to turn the call over to JF for a review of our operating performance and profitability in the quarter. JF
Thank you, John, and good morning, everyone. Moving to slide nine, our adjusted EBITDA growth of 16% to $275 million was driven by higher pricing across all product and favorable exchange rate. This was partially offset by higher costs to serve our customer, including increased commodity costs in addition to lower volume. We also benefit from product mix, as John mentioned, as lower sales of pig iron in the second quarter had a favorable impact to margin. Freight rate remained elevated, largely due to incremental costs in South Africa. While commodity costs continued to increase, improved production drove cost improvement on a sequential basis. The weakening Australian dollar and South African rand had a favorable impact on production costs and more than offset unfavorable FX translation impact to revenue.
This resulted in a net positive FX impact on EBITDA versus the prior year. Costs have been a significant headwind in the year no different to other players in our space. Our major material costs have increased 56% from the first half of 2022 compared to the first half of 2021 with the largest increase from natural gas, sulfur, sulfuric acid, chlorine, coke, and electricity. Our flexible business model has allowed us to leverage our enterprise optimization model to rapidly adjust to market changes. This resulted in our record adjusted EBITDA performance this quarter and is driving our expectation for another record next quarter. Consistent with our long-term goal, we are confident we can continue to generate margin in the high twenties in the second half of the year due to the continued market demand, our vertically integrated model and forecasted pricing increase. Turning to slide 10.
As we reviewed at Investor Day, there are two key initiatives we are undertaking across Tronox to support our long-term strategy, newTRON and investing in our mining asset. The implementation of newTRON will yield top to bottom saving across the entire enterprise. We have already recognized value from this initiative in 2021 with approximately $20 million in procurement saving, and we expect total saving to grow significantly over time with annual run rate saving between $150-$200 per ton by the end of 2023. On the mining side, we are investing now to secure long-term supply of feedstock.
We anticipate investing $150 million-$175 million in 2022 across our mining projects, which will sustain Tronox 85% internalization of feedstock, supporting $300-$400 per ton saving relative to average high-grade feedstock market price. Turning to slide 11. Atlas-Campaspe represents the next phase of our mining plan in Australia, and the Namakwa and Fairbreeze extension represent the next phase in South Africa. These are the key mining investment over the next three year that will secure our vertical integration level for the next 10+ year and are our first investment in new mine since the Fairbreeze mine investment in 2014 and 2015.
Atlas-Campaspe, as a reminder, is currently being brought online to replace the Snapper-Ginkgo mine as they reach end of life and the mining area is rehabilitated with best-in-class sustainability practices to reintroduce indigenous plants. These tenements are abundant in natural rutile, high-value zircon, and high-grade ilmenite suitable for synthetic rutile, slag processing or direct pigment production. The investment in Atlas-Campaspe will also put in place the infrastructure for this new mining area, where we have other important mining resources in our portfolio that would replace Atlas-Campaspe in about 10 years, as you can see on this page. The Namakwa and Fairbreeze extension will ensure sustained production beginning in 2024 and 2025 respectively, and extend the mine life in South Africa beyond 2035.
We are strategically managing our portfolio of mining tenements to align with our vertical integration requirement, which will provide additional revenue opportunity and significant long-term cost savings. These projects are expected to deliver IRR in excess of 50% and payback in less than five years. We are making investment today in order to be positioned to capture future growth. We expect to invest a total of approximately $400 million on these mining projects for the rest of 2022 until the end of 2024, when we expect to complete significant mining investment for the next 10 years. However, we have the ability to be nimble with our spending and can pause or ramp up projects as market demand dictates. Turning to slide 12. NewTRON will transform our business, enabling us to remain among the lowest cost TiO2 producer and enhance service to our customer.
The project is already pre-funded based on previously realized savings and cash benefit. As you heard from John Srivisal at Investor Day, we are tracking to anticipate savings in a very detailed model that rolls up savings into four main categories: an optimized global supply chain, efficient maintenance spend, enhanced automation and throughput, and standardized processes. Our optimized supply chain enabled by a new vendor management system that improved handling of catalog, purchase order, and invoice is expected to drive the majority of our savings at just under 40%. Efficient maintenance, which will reduce downtime at our plant, is expected to drive 18% of the forecasted savings. Enhanced automation, which includes technology implementation such as advanced process control at our site that Russ Austin reviewed at Investor Day, is anticipated to drive 14% of savings.
Finally, standardization across function, including the automation and optimization of our integrated business planning model, which will enable better data visibility and decision making, is forecasted to drive the remaining 29% of saving. We expect approximately two-thirds of the total saving to be driven by cost reduction and one-third from volume contribution. NewTRON remains on track and is delivering in line with expectation, a testament to the dedication by the newTRON team and the entire Tronox organization. Finally, I'd like to provide a brief update on our slagging operation in Jazan. The first slag was tapped at the end of November 2021, and the ramp-up is progressing according to plan. We are continuing to utilize the slag produced at Jazan at our Yanbu facility.
At a time where tight feedstock conditions are impacting the TiO2 industry, a fully operational Jazan would make Tronox more competitive by strengthening our vertical integration strategy. We expect the site to continue to ramp up from here forward, ensuring a safe and sustainable operation, and we'll keep the market updated on the progress of the site. I will now turn the call over to Tim Carlson to cover our balance sheet and outlook. Tim.
Thank you, JF. On slide 13, we provide an overview of our financial position, liquidity, and capital resources. We ended the second quarter with $2.5 billion of debt, and our balance sheet is very healthy. We have no significant maturities until 2028, no financial covenants on our term loans or bonds, and fixed rate interest on approximately 70% of our total debt. Total available liquidity as of June 30th was $508 million, including $112 million in cash and cash equivalents, which is well distributed across our global operations.
While this level of cash is below our generally targeted range of $150 million-$200 million, we're comfortable with current and forecast liquidity given the strength of our vertically integrated business model, so we opportunistically bought back $25 million of shares in Q2 and paid down a piece of our revolver draw from the Venator settlement. Capital expenditures totaled $99 million in the second quarter, with the increase year-on-year driven by the key capital projects JF reviewed. Depreciation, depletion, and amortization expense was $67 million. Our free cash flow for the quarter was a use of $67 million, due primarily to the $85 million settlement paid in Q2. We anticipate second half free cash flow to significantly outpace first half free cash flow in order to achieve our full year cash flow target.
We returned $66 million to shareowners in the second quarter, $25 million in the form of share buybacks, with the repurchase of approximately 1.5 million shares, and $41 million in the form of dividends as we paid out the dividends declared in the first and second quarter. Year-to-date, we've returned $91 million to shareowners, inclusive of the $25 million of share repurchases in the first quarter. Turning to slide 14. As John mentioned, while there have been recent shifts in the broader macroeconomic backdrop, our business remains sound. We continue to monitor developments given current economic conditions. We actively monitor developments through monthly bottoms-up view of market trends, and our process involves a robust discussion to thoroughly evaluate all identified risks and opportunities to our forecast.
The demand we are seeing in our end markets and the status of our order book today are both consistent with our projections for the rest of the year. We anticipate third quarter TiO2 volumes to remain relatively in line with second quarter volumes, reflecting the latest outlook across all markets, including the current demand trends we are seeing in Asia Pacific and Europe. We do not expect inflationary cost pressures to significantly abate. However, the planned increase in production through the end of the year will enable improved fixed cost absorption and help lower our cost per ton. We expect another record adjusted EBITDA quarter in Q3 with a range of $275 million-$295 million.
These expectations are a result of our commercial price initiatives, improved zircon volumes due to rolled orders, improved production rates as a result of the investments in our assets, and cost savings from newTRON, partially offset by headwinds from commodity cost inflation. As John and JF previously mentioned, we do anticipate slightly lower margins sequentially as a result of significantly higher pig iron volumes in the third quarter at lower contribution margin relative to TiO2 and zircon. We continue to expect to realize adjusted EBITDA margins in the high 20s. For the full year 2022, our outlook remains unchanged from Investor Day. We are very confident with our adjusted EBITDA range of $1.075 billion-$1.125 billion and our adjusted EPS range of $3.15-$3.59 per share.
As a reminder, our cash use assumptions are as follows. We expect working capital to be a use of $100 million-$150 million, driven by our expectation of rebuilding inventories in the second half to more normalized levels and purchases of Jazan slag. Net cash interest expense of $110 million-$120 million. Cash taxes of $50 million-$60 million, and capital expenditures of $400 million-$425 million. Based upon these cash assumptions, we expect our free cash flow for the year to be a minimum of $300 million. Adjusted to add back one-time uses of cash, our free cash flow for the year would be $460 million. These continue to represent our best estimates based upon our current market outlook.
As a reminder, and as we reviewed at Investor Day, we have ample levers to ensure sufficient liquidity under any conceivable scenario. Our capital expenditures are flexible, and we can manage the balance sheet to generate cash. Turning to slide 15. We expect to continue to focus our capital allocation across three key areas, growth, returns, and the balance sheet. Growth will be supported by capital expenditures with the projects we've reviewed expected to drive significant value for Tronox both today and in the near future. Return on these projects exceeds our return threshold of 25% and will allow Tronox to grow with our customers. After capital expenditures, returning value to share owners through dividends and share repurchases will be our near-term priority. Dividend increases will be evaluated annually.
We expect to continue share repurchases under the remaining $250 million program through February 2024 as cash generation permits. We also announced our net debt to EBITDA target of 1x-1.5x at Investor Day that we anticipate achieving by the end of 2025. While we anticipate share repurchases and debt repayment to be fairly evenly split over the next three and a half years, we do not anticipate an equal allocation on a quarterly or even an annual basis. I will now turn the call back over to JF for closing remarks.
Thank you, Tim. Turning to slide 16, this page outlines our key focus areas for 2022. We remain committed to strong execution, operational excellence, and returning capital to shareholders. As we wrap up today's prepared remarks, I want to take a moment to reiterate our confidence in the fundamentals of our business owing to the actions we have taken over the last several years to create a stronger and more resilient enterprise. This would not be possible without our dedicated global employees. Thank you to everyone for your continued efforts. We are committed to executing against our strategy and delivering value to our stakeholders. That concludes our prepared remarks. With that, I'd like to turn the call over for questions. Brika?
Thank you. The Q&A session will now begin. If you would like to ask a question, please press star followed by one on your telephone keypads. If you change your mind at any time, please press star two. Please stand by while we poll today's roster. We have our first question on the phone lines today from David Begleiter of Deutsche Bank. Please go ahead. You may proceed with your question.
Yeah. Thank you. Good morning. John, JF, spot price in Asia continues to weaken. I think they're down for 12 of the last 13 weeks. Yet we still see U.S. and European prices move higher. How long can this dynamic continue, falling Asian spot prices but firming or rising Western prices?
Yeah. Hey, thanks, David, for the question. This is John. Look, you know, what's happening in Asia Pacific has a lot to do with the Chinese exports. Clearly, they've gone up a little bit as the lockdowns, quite frankly, some people are talking about how they've ended. There's still lockdowns going on over there, so demand has slowed down. Some of the housing effects in China have also created some impacts on the level of exports. We have seen exports, you know, we're exporting out of that facility we have out of our plant in China. You know, to be specific to your question, we're still seeing positive momentum on pricing.
We talked about in the prepared comments that our pricing for the third quarter will be higher. I mean, in the third quarter is higher than it was in the second quarter. We saw price improvement across all region and across all of our contract types. I referenced margin stability and our volume contract. At this particular stage, we're still confident in the forecast. That's why the range that we put out had a variety of different, you know, scenarios that were built into it. I'd say more predominantly focused on FX and volume that could roll from one quarter to the next.
We feel good about our pricing at this stage because it's already negotiated. We're a third of the way through the quarter.
Understood. Just quickly, zircon demand in China. Can you talk to how that is trending right now?
Yeah. Look, we are still getting more requests for orders than we can fill. That being said, you know, we're not immune to what's happening in China, but I think it's good for you to understand. I think anecdotally, people talk about 50% of the zircon consumption that goes to China. For us, it's about 35%, and only about 27% of that 35% of our volume actually goes to the ceramic market, which is more impacted by the housing element. When we think about where we're seeing orders, even if China were to slow down more, we've got more requests for volume in other regions of the world, and we're placing that volume so that we can invoice those accordingly.
David, it's JF I would add to that. The story on zircon is more a supply story than a demand story, because what happened is there's all the zircon mines have basically lower yield, and there's less production of zircon that has been produced around the world, significantly less. No new project and new mines has been added to add zircon capacity. So that's why we're very confident in our zircon position.
Very helpful. Thank you very much.
Thank you, David. We now have the next question from Josh Spector of UBS. You may proceed.
Yeah. Hey, everyone. Thanks for taking my question. I wanted to ask on the fourth quarter implied guidance. If you look at that, it's kind of flat to sequentially up a lot. Normally, fourth quarter volumes are down. It's harder to get pricing. Just curious what gives you that conviction that earnings could be up sequentially or perhaps up 10%+, to get to the top end of your guidance? What's in your control? What's not? Thanks.
Hey, Josh, it's Tim. Just looking at the Q3 and Q4, specifically Q4, you know, just given anticipated pricing, volumes improved over absorption due to our higher production volumes. Incremental savings from newTRON, some isolated commodity cost reductions that we're starting to see in favorable FX. We're quite confident in our full year guidance, which gets you where you're thinking for Q4.
Look, on the third quarter, Josh, you know, we have a range there, right? Some of that has to do with volume expectations. Specifically, nobody really knows what's going to happen in Europe this quarter with there will be a holiday period. There hasn't been one for a couple of years, and people are going to go on holiday.
Those volumes that we have forecasted are probably a little bit lighter than what they may be because we're assuming it might be a little bit worse. The reality is it depends on where you look at the range. We do feel confident that the numbers that we put forward, and specifically when we think about newTRON, we talk a lot about newTRON, but the benefits of newTRON are going to continue to ratably move up as we move through the balance of the year. Those are additional dollars that'll be reflected in EBITDA.
We also start Atlas Campaspe, and that mine is a less expensive mine than the Snapper Ginkgo that we have shut down. Obviously it's producing more. Those explain why we're confident in our Q4, Josh.
All right, thanks. Very helpful.
The next question comes from John McNulty of BMO Capital Markets. Your line is open, John.
Yeah, thanks for taking my question. Maybe just a quick housekeeping one. Just on the zircon that's rolling over from 2Q to 3Q, can you quantify what the value of that was?
Yeah. The rollover is close to $4 million-$5 million of incremental EBITDA quarter-on-quarter relative to the tons that rolled.
And-
Got it. Okay.
To be fair, though, when we talked about that earlier, there's still some opportunity that, you know, we're not planning for rolling. When we think about logistics and shipping, it's getting better, but we're not out of the woods yet. That's again, why we have a bit of a, you know, that is a factor in the range that we have for the quarter.
Got it. Okay. No, that makes sense. Can you help us? You know, it sounds like between Atlas and Project newTRON, you've got some cost benefits that we're rolling through in the second quarter, and it seems like that's going to continue to ramp throughout the year. I guess, can you help us to think about on Project newTRON, at least, what the run rate was for the second quarter in terms of savings and where you expect it to end the year? Is it a back-end loaded kind of thing? Is it a little bit more of a, you know, straight line? I guess, how should we be thinking about the savings and how they flow through?
Yeah, John, think of it more as a straight line. As a reminder, you know, $20 million in 2021, and then an incremental $70 million-$80 million coming into 2022. That'll be realized ratably each quarter. That's one of the reasons that's driving the incremental improvement quarter-over-quarter by $10 million-$15 million.
Got it. Maybe just one last question if I can throw it in there. You know, can you help us to get a little bit better color on what you're seeing from your European markets? You know, I know there's been, I guess, some commentary about pockets of weakness, et cetera. At the same time, we're seeing pricing continue to push higher. I... Look, maybe that's cost related, maybe it's the demand's still really tight. I guess maybe a little bit better color on European TiO2 demand in the market would be helpful.
Yeah, John, just on the comment you made about price. With regards to cost, we're pushing price. These aren't surcharges, these are what we're pricing in for quarters. It's price momentum moving into Q3. From the standpoint of the European market, it is a little bit soft in pockets, but when we think about that compared to the inventory that we have to meet the orders, and we think about where we were in the second quarter versus the third quarter, which we said was going to be relatively flat, you know, that's factored into the European numbers, it's factored into the Asia-Pacific numbers. The North American volume still remains, I would say, the strongest globally.
That being said, we're still seeing solid demand in Europe, although you know, clearly with some of the things that are going on. Again, I mentioned the holiday period. August is normally a down month, and there you know, we are forecasting it to be a little lower than what it would normally be because people are likely going to take a little bit longer of a holiday, and nobody really knows what they're going to do when they come back. There's a variety of puts and takes on the volume in Europe. Again, we use the word dynamic. It's constantly, I'd say, adjusting, and we're confident in the numbers that we put forward in the forecast.
Got it. Thanks very much for the color.
Thank you, John. We now have the next question from Frank Mitsch of Fermium Research. Please go ahead when you're ready, Frank.
Yeah. Hi, good morning, folks. You know, if I look at your pricing year over year and sequentially, it's a little bit behind maybe what some others are. I'm wondering if some of that might be due to the margin stability agreements that you have, where your, you know, your price improvements there are perhaps lower than what you could get on the open market. Is that how we should think about it? How are your pricing moving through the various agreements that you have?
Yeah, Frank, this is John. Again, we've been very open that, you know, our focus from a commercial strategy is to try to stabilize our business throughout a variety of economic conditions, and margin stability does have an impact on that. You know, over the course of the last 18 months, prices have been moving up, and I think we have to remember that margin stability existed back in 2018 and 2019, where pricing didn't go down as much. It's a two-way street with our agreements. Not everybody has a margin stability agreement. We don't have a target for that because they're based on individual customers and their, you know, interest in margin stability. Some of them are still volatile. We have a mix, but I would say our strategy is in fact longer term more than it is spot.
Got you. That's very, very helpful, John. Tim, you know, in your discussions about free cash flow, you're looking at a stronger second half versus the first half. You also mentioned in terms of buybacks that you were opportunistic in the second quarter, and it looks like roughly the price per share that you paid in the second quarter is roughly where the stock is today. Taking those two comments together, is it fair to assume that we should be looking at, you know, kind of this recent $25 million per quarter run rate in terms of buybacks?
Yeah, Frank, we did buy 1.5 million shares at $16.75 during the second quarter. As we generate cash and we have cash available for deployment, we'll definitely look opportunistically at share repurchase.
I'll take that as a yes. Thank you. Much appreciated.
Thanks, Frank.
The next question comes from Hassan Ahmed from Alembic Global Advisors. Please go ahead when you're ready.
Morning, John and Jean. You know, just wanted to revisit that question about implied Q4 guidance. Look, I mean, you guys did $275 million in Q2 in EBITDA. The midpoint of Q3 guidance is $285 million. In order to sort of, I guess, with that in mind, hit the midpoint of your full year guidance, you guys need to generate $300 million in Q4 EBITDA, which obviously, you know, historically has been a seasonally weak quarter. I'm just, you know, wanting to revisit the moving parts over there that, you know, what makes you guys so comfortable that for the full year, Q4 will actually be the highest point in EBITDA?
Hassan, I think that newTRON is a big element of why we feel good. We're working on our costs. We're also pushing our production. We need to rebuild inventory that helped the fixed cost absorption. We have our new mine at Atlas-Campaspe and basically the solid demand that we have for our customer and price. I'd say that the exchange rate, specifically in South Africa and Australia, has been very beneficial for us. Those are all the key components that make us feel very confident about our full year range.
Understood. You know, if we could quickly sort of, you know, go over what you guys are seeing on the ore availability and ore pricing side of things. You know, because, you know, there's some out there that are talking about maybe, you know, availability becoming less of an issue in the back half of this year into 2023. You know, some of that pricing momentum that we've seen, kind of, easing a bit. You know, I mean, to me, it seems more of a secular thing where, you know, folks have underinvested in mining operations and, you know, these higher ore prices are here to stay. I mean, which camp are you guys in?
Look, Hassan, I'd say that we haven't seen high grade feedstock price going down. In fact, if you listen to some of the key player in that industry, Rio, Iluka, Kenmare, they're all talking about price that will continue to increase. It's all linked to the fact that, to your point, there was underinvestment in new mine and new capacity. In fact, Tronox, with our vertical integration, we're the only one who have invest to add mining capacity with Atlas Campaspe starting in Q4 and with Jazan, that has continued to produce slag. That positions us in a very good place, because obviously we control the cost of that important part of the market. As you can imagine, having a plant in China, we track the ilmenite price in China very closely as well.
We haven't seen the ilmenite price going down, like it had been the case in previous different cycle.
Yeah, no, I mean, the reality is it's at a high, and there are other reasons. I mean, you think about iron ore is produced, and a lot of ilmenite comes as a byproduct. As the iron ore market has kind of softened a bit, there's less iron ore being produced, therefore less ilmenite, which is just exacerbating a bad situation from the ilmenite equation. I would agree with what JF said.
Very helpful. Thank you so much, guys.
Thank you. We now have Michael Leithead of Barclays. Your line is open, Michael.
Great. Thanks. Good morning, guys. First question on the currency side. I just wanted to follow up on what you're assuming to be the year-over-year benefit in the second half of the year, just because you guys have a bit of a unique setup, as you mentioned, with the Aussie dollar and the South African rand.
Hey, Michael, it's Tim. Looking at last year, the rand traded in the $14-$15 dollar range, $14.60-$15.5 in the back half, and the Aussie dollar was at $0.73. You know, just looking at current rates, which is pretty much where we are settling in from our overall range perspective. You know, it does give us upside, you know, because as a reminder, every one movement in the rand gives us $7 million-$8 million a quarter, and every $0.01 movement in the Aussie dollar, you know, gives us $2 million-$3 million a quarter. We get hurt a little bit from the euro.
The euro was, you know, in a much different place last year, but we've accounted for that in terms of our overall implications on revenue. It will be a pretty good tailwind for us year-over-year in the back half.
Makes sense. Thank you. Secondly, can you just kind of broadly walk through your input cost basket, just kind of where you're seeing incremental pressure, where you think things can maybe stay flattish versus maybe I think you had mentioned something about, some areas that you could see some easing in the back half. Thank you.
Yeah. Overall, we've seen, you know, that 56% increase year-over-year that JF had talked about. That's going to moderate quite a bit sequentially. We only see an additional about $40 million first half to second half increase. Most of that is coming in the energy utility area and also some process gas. As it relates to some easing in cost structures, we're seeing both sulfuric acid and sulfur coming down in Q3 and Q4, just given overall macroeconomic conditions. All in all, you know, an overall net reduction in the pace of growth first half to second half.
Energy, as I mentioned, continues to be, you know, our number one driver for increased costs. Those cost increases obviously vary by location. Energy, as a reminder, is about 10% of approximately 10% of our overall cost stack. It's not material, but it ranges from 4% in Saudi Arabia to 20% in the U.K. There's quite a bit of concern as it relates to, you know, what was happening in the current spot market. Just given our current forecast, we've built that into our forecast.
With that being said, we are hedged to about two-thirds of our exposure in Q3 and have probably an additional $3 million-$4 million of exposure at current spot rates for the back half. If that mitigates at all, it'll be a benefit for us. All of that obviously factors our forecast.
Thank you. We'll move on to our next question, which comes from Matthew DeYoe of Bank of America. Your line is open, Matthew.
If you look at the ramp of Atlas capacity in the analysis of Snapper Ginkgo, how should we think about the earnings uplift from switching to the higher-grade ore bodies? I mean, maybe on a 2023-2022 basis. It also just seems like you're talking about some tailwinds to 4Q. Kind of often when we see new mines ramping across other industries, you have some pretty poor fixed cost absorption. Why is that, I guess, not the case for you this year?
Matthew, Atlas-Campaspe is a mine that has started mining. The run of mine has started. Obviously in Q2, we had the high cost that you're talking about as we start, you know. In Q4, obviously we'll have more momentum, and because of that, this will improve the situation. We're also still operating Ginkgo and Snapper at the moment, so we're basically operating more assets, and that's additional costs, and that will stop as we progress with the year. I can tell you, John and I received picture this morning of the Atlas-Campaspe mine, and the geologist was so excited about some patch of ore that he said we can bypass the concentrator, you know. I think I explained that previously.
When you start a new mine, you start in the high-grade area, and Atlas is a very high-grade mine, and we will benefit for the first three year of operation with very nice rutile and zircon and ilmenite high-grade spot in that mine. Look, it was an important investment. It's a capital that we put, but it will create real value for the business.
Some of that value is going to come through the zircon that's coming through the system, to JF's point, which is very high quality. It's our prime. It's going to yield the highest price, and that'll factor into our sales forecast moving towards the end of the year.
I guess if we were to look at zircon in a bubble, off Atlas, right? Like, what do you expect for next year volume growth for zircon versus this year, for example?
Look, as it comes. We're going to get more volume. Again, you have to start thinking about where we are in the supply chain too, right? We mentioned we've got more volume, more orders than we can place. Ginkgo will start to phase out. Snapper will start to phase out. Atlas comes on. The body of ore that we're mining in is going to yield more zircon, to JF's point, in the first two to three years. There's no specific volume estimate that's, I would say, sufficiently over the, you know, 300,000-ton capacity we referenced. I would say early in that mining process, we're going to have more volume available. Again, it comes back down to the quality of the ore that's coming out of there, which is going to be very high grade. JF.
No, no. Look, it's hard, Matthew, for us to give guidance on 2023 at the moment and the benefit it would have. We'll track that closely, and as we progress with this year, we'll be able to give you more color for 2023.
Understood. I guess in a similar light, if I can slide one more in just with the Jazan slag, and I know it's not running at full rates. Is that a positive for earnings right now? Is it neutral or is it negative? Just thinking about, you know, the tailwinds from the use of the product, but maybe the headwinds from operating only one of the two furnaces and lower costs. I don't know. I'll leave it there.
Matthew, I mean, we don't own Jazan. Jazan
That's right. Yeah.
This is a Tasnee asset. Obviously, I mean, we're buying the slag. We have an agreement to buy all the production from the smelter, and we're buying at market price. We're paying full price for the Jazan slag. Look, I'd say it's an advantage because in a tight market, having additional feedstock put us in a very good position, and we always claim that being vertically integrated would have advantage for our own customer. It's really more when we would own the asset and operate it that you would start to see benefit from Jazan.
We talked about $150 million or $100 million-$150 million, working capital build in the year. Some of that is in fact the slag that we're getting from Jazan. We need that to get our inventory levels. We talk about a tight market, it's tight on the feedstock, so this will get our safety stocks at our individual plants up. Even though right now we're only selling or using the slag from Jazan at Yanbu, we have other mines that we're moving volume around and securing our supply position for the long term.
Understood. Thank you.
Thank you. We now have Jeff Zekauskas of JP Morgan. Your line is open, Jeff.
Thanks very much. I think your volumes are running down 7% year-to-date. If you're right about your forecast for the third quarter, maybe they'd be down 5% for the nine months, and the fourth quarter is light. I don't know, maybe your volumes are down 5% this year. Venator's volumes are down, and maybe Chemours' volumes are running flat. Yeah, I think Chemours' volumes are running flat. There's no growth in titanium dioxide in the West. If you look at Sherwin-Williams' volumes, they're down, PPG's volumes are down, Akzo's volumes are down. Is this a year of contraction in overall titanium dioxide demand? Because there have been so many shortages of raw materials for the coatings companies, they have very, very high inventories.
You know, in general, are we going to have another year as a base case of declining TiO2 demand in 2023? What do you make of this whole situation?
Hey, hey, Jeff. It's John. I guess we just talked specifically about our forecast for the third quarter. We said relatively flat to the second quarter. When we compare that to the third quarter of 2021, it's relatively flat to the third quarter of 2021. 2021 second quarter was a very high quarter, and a lot of that had to do with our inventory and our ability to actually fill those orders. Moving into the second half of the year, we talked about flat volume in Q3. Could there be some seasonality in the fourth quarter? I think a lot of that's going to depend on what happens as we get into this holiday period. We're not really forecasting a significant shift in the fourth quarter volume, and that's why we're confident in our full year guidance.
You know, from a year-over-year, yeah, 2021 was a peak year with regards to growth on TiO2. At the same time, we still believe that year-over-year, there's still going to be a need for 200,000, 225,000 additional tons due to just regular growth in the market. I don't think the growth is over. The hyper cycle of expansion that happened after COVID has probably leveled out a bit. JF?
Yeah. Jeff, as you know, there was no expansion of capacity in the West. The comment I made about feedstock on Hassan's question earlier still remain valid, that there is no investment in feedstock, and that would limit the capacity that could be added of new pigment. Look, pigment would grow as the world GDP grow. It doesn't track year-on-year, but it track on the long term.
Maybe just one more comment on the inventory, because we still believe that the inventory throughout the supply chain from a TiO2 perspective is low. Our inventory is low. Even with any kind of, we talk about dynamic movement around Asia and Europe, we're still having trouble filling orders. You know, at this particular stage, we think the supply chain, although some of our customers have talked about the supply chain getting better, I don't think that's necessarily fully representative of the TiO2 market.
In the $262 million valuation reversal, is there a cash tax benefit over the next five years from that, or is it just a non-cash, you know, accounting mechanism? What are your cash taxes this year in addition?
Yeah. Jeff, it's Tim. We have over $8 billion of loss carry forwards that'll give us an estimated cash benefit of $1.2 billion over the next 15-20 years. It's a non-cash item for the current year, but it'll definitely give us cash benefits in future years. From our attributes, we got about $70 million of cash benefits in 2021, and that number is going to be closer to $110 million-$120 million in 2022 in terms of cash benefits. Our cash taxes for the year, we're currently estimating $50 million-$60 million.
What were they last year, Tim?
Last year, they were $45 million-$50 million.
Okay, great. Thank you so much.
Thank you, Jeff. We now have Vincent Andrews from Morgan Stanley. Please go ahead when you're ready.
Hey, guys. This is Will Tang on for Vincent. Thanks for taking my question. I think previously you had talked about possibly increasing TiO2 volume production this year. I mean, it sounds like, you know, from the previous question, your sales volumes, you know, won't be increasing by much, if anything. Can you help us think about, you know, whether that production increase is kind of still in the plans and kind of if so, how quickly you're thinking about selling through that? Is that like, you know, or a fourth quarter, you know, type of sales increase or maybe like a first half 2023 type of thing?
Yeah, yeah. Well, it is in our forecast for the back half of the year. We do anticipate increasing production. You know, that's going to be a driver of lower cost per ton, and it's actually also a bit of a driver for our working capital assumptions for the year, because we do need to get inventories back to levels that are appropriate to support our customers.
Got it. Thank you, guys.
Thank you. We have our final question on the line from Ed Brucker of Barclays. Your line is open, Ed.
Hey, thanks for taking that question. Just one for me, today. It seems like debt reduction remains priority, although maybe it's, given what you've done, probably maybe lower on the stack. I've noticed obviously your bonds trading at a significant discount. Just with, as free cash flow improves at the end of the year, would you be open to buying back bonds, in the open market at that discount? Secondly, just what kind of debt level are you comfortable with over the next three years as you pay down debt?
Yeah. Ed, it's Tim. As you know, we really don't have any maturities until 2028, so very comfortable with our position on debt. In addition, 71% of our interest rate is fixed. So, I'm comfortable there. You are right in terms of where our bonds are currently trading, you know, in the low 80s. You know, it is something that we're looking at, and it's something that we'll definitely consider opportunistically with an opportunistic share repurchase as well as we generate cash.
Thank you.
Thank you. As we have no more questions, I'd like to hand it back to John Romano for some closing remarks.
Well, we'd like to thank you for joining us for the call today. In summary, we're focused on the levers within our control, executing against our strategy, focusing on our operational excellence, and delivering on our key capital projects to enhance our vertically integrated portfolio. We believe we're well-positioned to continue to delivering on our commitments. We're confident in our forecast, and we look forward to reporting results to you and speaking with you throughout the quarter. Thank you for joining us today.
Thank you all. That does conclude today's call. Thank you again for joining. You may now disconnect your line.