Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, and thank you for standing by. Welcome to the Westlake Corporation third quarter 2022 earnings conference call. During the presentation, all participants will be in a listen-only mode. After the speaker's remarks, you will be invited to participate in a question-and-answer session. As a reminder, ladies and gentlemen, this conference is being recorded today, November 3rd, 2022. I would now like to turn the call over to today's host, Jeff Holy, Westlake's Vice President and Treasurer. Sir, you may begin.
Thank you. Good morning, everyone, and welcome to the Westlake Corporation conference call to discuss our results for the third quarter 2022. I'm joined today by Albert Chao, our President and CEO, Steve Bender, our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Roger Kearns, our Chief Operating Officer, and other members of our management team. During the call, we will refer to our two reporting segments, Performance and Essential Materials, which we refer to as PEM or Materials, and Housing and Infrastructure Products, which we refer to as HIP or Products. Today's conference call will begin with Albert, who will open with a few comments regarding Westlake's performance. Steve will then discuss our financial and operating results, after which Albert will add a few concluding comments, and we'll open the call up to questions.
Today, management is going to discuss certain topics that will contain forward-looking information that is based on management's beliefs as well as assumptions made by and information currently available to management. These forward-looking statements suggest predictions or expectations and, thus, are subject to risks or uncertainties. These risks and uncertainties are discussed in Westlake's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31st, 2021, and other SEC filings. We encourage you to learn more about these factors that could lead our actual results to differ by reviewing these SEC filings, which are also available on our investor relations website. This morning, Westlake issued a press release with details of our third quarter results. This document is available in the press release section of our website at westlake.com. We have also included an earnings presentation which can be found in the investor relations section on our website.
A replay of today's call will be available beginning today, two hours following the conclusion of this call. This replay may be accessed via Westlake's website. Please note that information reported on this call speaks only as of today, November 3rd, 2022 , and therefore you are advised that time-sensitive information may no longer be accurate as of the time of any replay. Finally, I'd advise you that this conference call is being broadcast live through an internet webcast system that can be accessed on our webpage at westlake.com. Now, I'd like to turn the call over to Albert Chao. Albert?
Thank you, Jeff. Good morning, everyone. We appreciate you joining us to discuss our third quarter 2022 results. In this morning's press release, we reported net income for the third quarter of 2022 of $401 million, or $3.10 per share on sales of $4 billion. We're all keenly aware of the changes in the global economic conditions with rising interest rates, high energy prices, and decelerating growth across our end markets that have occurred since mid-year 2022. During the third quarter, our earnings were pressured by high energy costs, particularly in Europe, decelerating industrial and construction activity, and inventory de-stocking by our customers. Westlake has proactively taken steps to navigate these market uncertainties to align our production to meet demand and prioritize higher value products.
Our energy and feedstock advantage in North America, where over 85% of our global production capacity is positioned, provided opportunities to reach export markets as domestic construction and building demand for PVC in the U.S. slowed. Thus, our product portfolio with a concentration in North America continues to leverage the benefits from the structural cost advantage in feedstocks, fuel, and power. This cost advantage, combined with ability to scale our operations to meet market conditions, puts Westlake in a good position to navigate through this challenging economic environment. Slowing demand for PVC and building products tightened markets for chlor-alkali and thus improved the markets for caustic soda. As a leading chlor-alkali producer in North America, pricing strength in caustic soda positioned us to capture strong margins in this quarter, partially offsetting lower margins in our other products.
Our leading positions in large diameter PVC pipe and fittings continued to perform well in the third quarter and is well-situated to benefit from government spending in infrastructure projects for years to come. I would now like to turn our call over to Steve to provide more detail on our financial results for the third quarter 2022.
Thank you, Albert, and good morning, everyone. This quarter, Westlake reported net income of $401 million, or $3.10 per share on sales of $4 billion.
Which includes a $70 million or $0.42 per share legal charge for a pending litigation matter. Net income for the third quarter of 2022 decreased $206 million from the third quarter of 2021, and $457 million from the third quarter of 2022. As Albert mentioned in his opening remarks, our results were impacted by the slowing economic environment, which began to unfold late in the second quarter and continued throughout the third quarter, and a $70 million charge to our cost of goods sold from a pending litigation matter.
Rising global energy prices, particularly in Europe, which began in early 2022, continued throughout the third quarter, while lagging economic growth in Asia and Europe, combined with rising interest rates in the U.S., led to softer demand for many of our products globally and pressured profitability. We proactively lowered operating rates and shifted our sales mix to match market conditions. For example, in Europe, we reduced production for chlorovinyls and epoxy resins to match demand. While in North America, we shifted PVC resin and polyethylene sales to export markets to offset weaker domestic demand, including from our own HIP segment. These efforts allowed us to maintain a solid EBITDA margin of 20%. Moving to our segment performance.
Our Performance and Essential Materials segment, third quarter 2022 EBITDA decreased $385 million from the third quarter of 2021 to $561 million on sales of $2.7 billion. As compared to the third quarter of 2021, the performance materials portion of this segment increased sales by $101 million to $1.7 billion, largely driven by contributions from our acquisition of Epoxy earlier this year. Meanwhile, essential materials sales increased $288 million year-over-year to $1 billion, driven by higher sales prices for caustic soda. As compared to the prior year period, our earnings were impacted by lower integrated margins for all of our products in our performance materials business, especially in the PVC export markets.
Lower production and sales volumes for chlor-alkali and PVC resin, particularly in Europe, higher feedstock, fuel and power cost, and higher turnaround activity. These headwinds were partially offset by higher production and sales volumes for polyethylene and higher prices for caustic soda, where the global supply-demand balance tightened as a result of lower operating rates. PEM segment EBITDA of $561 million decreased $601 million from the second quarter of 2022. This sequential decrease in EBITDA is a result of lower integrated margins for our performance materials, particularly PVC, lower production and sales volumes for chlorovinyls and epoxy resins, higher feedstock, fuel and power cost, and the $70 million litigation charge. Compared to the previous quarter, we also benefited from higher sales prices for caustic soda and higher production and sales volumes for polyethylene.
In our building products business, HIP segment EBITDA for the third quarter of 2022 increased $117 million to $254 million when compared to the third quarter of 2021, which did not include the businesses we acquired from Boral Industries in the fourth quarter of last year. Housing product sales increased $482 million compared to the third quarter of 2021, with pricing gains across all of our products, along with contributions from the businesses we acquired in the second half of 2021. Infrastructure product sales were up $30 million from the prior year period, with higher sales pricing across multiple end markets, including irrigation, automotive, and medical industries.
When compared to the second quarter of 2022, HIP segment EBITDA of $254 million decreased $56 million. Housing product sales of $1 billion decreased $98 million, while infrastructure product sales of $227 million decreased $36 million from the second quarter of 2022. The lower sales and earnings were a result of lower production and sales volumes across all lines in our HIP business. Turning to the balance sheet and cash flows, as of September 30, 2022, cash and cash equivalents were $1.8 billion, and total debt was $4.8 billion.
Our consistent focus on cash flow generation and working capital management support record net cash provided by operating activities for the quarter of $947 million, while capital expenditures for the third quarter of 2022 were $318 million, resulting in solid free cash flow of $629 million. Westlake's balance sheet is well positioned for all phases of the market cycle with trailing 12-month net debt to EBITDA leverage below 1x, a staggered long-term fixed rate debt maturity schedule with no substantial long-term maturities until 2026. In 2022, we renewed our revolving line of credit for five years and expanded it to $1.5 billion, ensuring additional long-term liquidity.
Based on our current view of housing demand, construction activities, and pricing, we are reaffirming our earlier guidance for HIP revenue in 2022 to increase by 50%-60% from 2021, with full year revenue for 2022 to be between $4.5 billion and $5 billion. Let me provide some guidance for your models. Our utilization of FIFO method of accounting provides a benefit in times of rising cost and a headwind in periods of lowering cost as compared to what our results would be reported on a LIFO method. As a result of the lower cost environment in the third quarter of 2022, we had an unfavorable FIFO impact of $26 million compared to what earnings would have been reported on the LIFO method.
For the full year of 2022, we expect our effective tax rate to be approximately 23%, interest expense to be approximately $170 million, capital expenditures of approximately $1 billion, and depreciation and amortization expenses expected to be about $1 billion. Now, let me turn the call over to Albert to provide some current outlook of the business. Albert?
Thank you, Steve. We have significant scale and leading market positions in our products across many geographies and value chains, and are very well positioned to navigate inflation and elevated interest rates, high energy and feedstock costs in Europe, and impacts from existing geopolitical tensions. With approximately 85% of our PEM capacity concentrated in North America, we benefit from globally cost-advantaged feedstocks, fuel, and power costs, while our integrated operations provide the flexibility to adjust our position to match demand and optimize our business in a variety of market conditions. In our HIP segment, rapidly rising interest rate has impacted affordability, leading to reductions in new housing starts. Although we are entering the seasonal winter slowdown in construction activity, near-term demand should be bolstered by the currently started yet unfinished housing stock, which is at a recent high.
The doubling of mortgage rates over the past six months will likely lead to lower new housing starts as we move through 2023. However, the slowing of new residential housing starts encourage people to invest in and upgrade their current homes, spurring demand for our products for repair and remodeling, or R&R activity, which represents about 50% of our housing products offerings. These factors, combined with a housing stock that averages 40 years old across the country, provide a strong foundation for repair and remodeling market and new home construction. Further, historical underbuilding of new homes over the past decade and favorable demographics support attractive long-term fundamentals.
Recently passed infrastructure bill will spur new demand for both of our segments, as our PVC resin and pipe and fittings products are well suited to refurbish America's aging water infrastructure, while our epoxy products are critical in windmill blades for alternative energy productions, as well as coatings on bridges and other structures. We'll also continue to benefit from the integration of the recently acquired businesses and our steady stream of innovative products, expanding our overall market product offerings, and providing more opportunity to cross-sell products, improve our operations, and generate efficiencies, and increase the vertical integration of our operations. We have a strong balance sheet, ample liquidity, and a long-dated fixed rate debt balance with no meaningful near-term maturities.
The combination of robust cash flow generation capability and an investment-grade rated credit profile enable us to deploy capital in a disciplined manner to grow shareholder value as we advance our sustainable product offerings. We are continuing to innovate to drive value now and into the future. We are committed to increasing the sustainability of operations in our product offerings and advancing our ESG initiatives. Our product innovation pipeline continues to introduce new and sustainable products as we work towards reducing our carbon intensity and to meet the needs of society, such as lower carbon-based caustic soda and PVC, bio-based solutions for building materials, lower carbon footprint PVC pipe, and our post-consumer recycled-based polyethylene and consumer products using recycled plastic material.
Looking ahead to the remainder of the year, given the normal seasonal declines in construction activity in the fourth quarter, volumes and prices will reflect this lower demand level, while lower feedstock and energy costs may soften this impact. As we head into 2023, the global macroeconomic environment remains very dynamic. That said, we expect our North American feedstock and fuel advantage will continue while we undertake cost reduction of efforts and manage our business to match market conditions. We expect to see a release of working capital in the fourth quarter, and we intend to deploy that capital in a shareholder-friendly manner, including the use of our recently board-approved $500 million increase in our share repurchase authority. Thank you very much for listening to our third quarter earnings call. I will now turn the call back over to Jeff.
Thank you, Albert. Before we begin taking questions, I would like to remind listeners that our earnings presentation, which provides additional clarity into our results, is available on our website, and a replay of this teleconference will be available two hours after the call has ended. We'll provide that information again at the end of the call. Haley, we'll now take questions.
Thank you. At this time, we will conduct a question and answer session. As a reminder, to ask a question, you'll need to press star one one on your telephone and wait for your name to be announced. With limited time, we'll only have time for one question and a follow-up. Please stand by while we compile the Q&A roster. Our first question will come from Michael Sison from Wells Fargo. Michael, your line is open.
Hey, guys. How you doing? I guess my first question is when you think about some momentum in chlorine and caustic pricing, and you look historically, they've had momentum heading into recessions. Can you maybe talk about, you know, the potential for those two to stay pretty healthy as we head into 2023?
Hey, Michael, it's Roger Kearns here. Yeah, a couple comments on that. We are certainly seeing momentum on the chlor-alkali side of the business continuing. As chlorine demand kind of pulls back on the PVC and other derivatives, we'll see production drop a little bit, which is certainly supporting pricing on the caustic side. We're also still seeing good strength on the merchant chlorine side, I would say, outside of PVC and the other big polymers. We expect that to continue at least, say, in through Q1.
In terms of HIP, your EBIT margin, you know, about mid-teens now, when you think about a downturn in 2023 for housing and debatable, you know, to what degree, where do you think margins will settle in for that segment, you know, given that, it's been above 20% for the last prior couple quarters and we're sort of back to the mid-teens?
Mike, it's Steve. You know, when you think about the performance that we've had in the preceding three quarters, we delivered a 20% margin in the most recent quarter for HIP, and we had north of that in the previous two quarters. I think you see that business has got significant scalability to it. We think, though, while we see the headwinds certainly in housing starts, we think that business continues to perform very well given the headwinds and the affordability we see. That business, we continue to see performing very well.
Great. Thank you.
You're welcome.
Okay, our next question will come from Bhavesh Lodaya. Hold on one second.
Bhavesh on for John.
Sorry, go ahead.
Sure. Good morning, Albert and Steve. This is Bhavesh for John. Within your HIP segment, can you provide some color on where the inventory levels are at your and your customers' levels right now? Within that, is there a difference between your PVC and non-PVC based products?
From an inventory level, you've seen some of the destocking that's occurred. As Albert noted, in his comments, certainly we're entering a slower construction season over the course of the fourth quarter. Typically, the fourth quarter and the first quarter of the years are seasonally slower in the construction season because of weather. You would imagine that as we think about the inventory levels for our business and for our customers' levels, they have certainly destocked because of those seasonal concerns, and certainly because of some of the headwinds we've seen, and housing has also destocked accordingly. As we look forward, we continue to see opportunities to build to customer demand levels for those inventory levels.
Got it. On PVC, we have seen some notable price declines over the past three to four months. When do you think PVC spot and contract prices stabilize, and what do you think needs to happen for that to happen?
Hey, Bhavesh. It's Roger. Yeah, we've seen PVC prices dropping certainly quite significantly in the export markets, certainly more than the domestic market. I think we have two things going on. We have the normal seasonal slowdown that we would always see as we come to the end of the year. We've also had the, I'd say a mentality shift of coming out of COVID for almost two years, PVC has been extremely tight. You couldn't get enough. People were ordering often and early, I would say. There's a bit of a shift now to say, okay, supply is available, and so the inventories are running down because the buyers know that they are able to get it now when they want it.
I think that shift a little bit, the whipsaw of inventory reduction in addition to the normal seasonal slowdowns. The real driver on this, though, is China. China demand is still quite slow. We've seen China actually increase their exports quite significantly in the second quarter, but we've seen those reduce in the third quarter. In fact, we're going into the fourth quarter now with China exports being similar to what I would say is 2021 because actually, the carbide producers that are non-integrated are underwater today, and the integrated carbide producers are basically flat. It's just becoming an issue where China's demand is slow, but we see their production slowing to match.
Thank you. Our next question comes from Aleksey Yefremov from KeyBanc Capital.
Thank you. Good morning.
Morning, everyone. I just wanted to follow up on the PVC price question. There's quite a bit of difference, as I'm sure you're aware, between domestic contract and export prices. I guess the question is partially, are people actually your customers transacting at this domestic contract price or are they getting deep discounts and is this more of a price discovery issue or are you truly getting you know, a fairly significant premium in the domestic market? If so, do you think this premium you know, can be sustained for some time?
This is Albert. As Roger said, the major reduction in export price is because of China. China is the largest producer of PVC in the world and largest consumer of PVC in the world. Because of the lockdown, economic slowdown, and especially problems in their construction industries, PVC demand dropped sharply, and they export despite the high cost with carbide position. Many of the countries around the world, especially developed countries, do not accept the carbide-based PVC as raw material. We don't see it impacting the North American market. Two, the downstream finished product PVC in the U.S. mainly is construction materials, and not much construction materials finished products are being exported to the U.S. from Asia.
Even though the export market price is low, we don't see a huge impact on the domestic market prices, even though it does impact. However, it does impact our export price. When U.S. companies export PVC, we had to match the export PVC price, which is impacted by Chinese PVC exports.
Thank you, Albert.
Yeah.
If we look at recent changes in the energy market, you know, European energy prices are much lower. Recently, you know, there's some more specifics around Germany capping industrial power prices as well. Caustic soda prices are up meaningfully. I don't know, could you maybe give us some sense of chlorovinyl's profitability could actually improve from the fourth quarter given all these dynamics? Or do you think it's still challenging and the trend in EBITDA is still flat to down in Q4?
Yeah, next is Roger. Q3 was extremely difficult in Europe with the spike in both natural gas and energy pricing. With what we're seeing today, especially if that was to hold, we would see Europe being significantly better in Q4 for chlorovinyls.
All right. Our next question is coming from the line of Kevin McCarthy from Vertical Research Partners.
Yes, good morning. With market conditions slowing, how will you manage the company differently? For example, on the PEM segment, I think you referenced turning down some operating rates in chlor-alkali and vinyls and Epoxy in Europe. Do you think you'll need to throttle back operating rates in the U.S. or accelerate maintenance activity, for example? That would be my first question.
Yeah. It's Roger again. Sorry. I think, if I look at where we are sitting here in Q4, we had, in Q3, a quite significant turnaround activity. In Q4 today in our epoxy business, we've got several of our plants down for turnaround. As demand has pulled off, fortuitously, we've had our turnarounds planned at this time. We're able to get a fair amount of the maintenance done here in Q3 and in Q4, in preparation for that.
I think the other piece, you know, we'll see both in the HIP segment and in the Epoxy business is, you know, we continue to work on creating synergies from the acquisitions, and we'll be accelerating that, in the coming quarters as business slows down just a little bit, and we'll be able to come back and bring our all of our processes, manufacturing, delivery into a much more, let's say, organized way, as opposed to, you know, the pace that's been in the last 18 months.
Okay. Secondly, we don't have, you know, a tremendous amount of history for your HIP segment. You resegmented the company, and there's been acquisition activity and so forth. How would you characterize typical seasonality in the fourth quarter versus the third quarter? You know, how much would we normally expect sales to be down? Given the cyclical pressures, how do you think this year would compare to a normal year?
Yeah. Kevin, from a seasonality perspective, you know, we've started seeing some of that come in obviously in late third quarter, and part of that was weather-driven, part of that was also because of the affordability issues. As you get into the fourth quarter, you do see some of that seasonality come into play. You know, the slowness that we typically see has started to come into the period of time that we're in today, being mid-November at this stage. As we continue into the first quarter, you will see that restart of construction activity begin to pick up in mid first quarter of 2023. We've seen that pull back already in the housing business in the third quarter.
You won't see a proportional drop in the fourth quarter as you've seen in the third quarter because of the strong headwinds. You will continue to see, I think, some restocking as we get into the first quarter as that seasonal construction activity begins to reestablish itself.
Perfect. Our next question comes from Josh Spector from UBS. Go ahead, Josh.
Yeah, hi. Thanks for taking my question. I just wanted to follow up on the European energy response earlier. Just understanding it's smaller for you, but just wondering if there's any way to quantify the added sequential impact that you saw between 2Q and 3Q, and how that impacted your PEM segment.
Well, this is Albert. As Roger said, in the third quarter, the high energy cost, both for natural gas and electricity, has had a definite impact on the profitability and the demand for European products. Even though right now we are seeing a drop in energy price, we don't know how long that will continue, and some of the government incentives are not quantified yet, and it's still going through political approval process within E.U. We think that will be a more long-term impact. People talk about 2023, how much natural gas storage Europe can build up, and depending on, of course, but nobody knows the geopolitical dynamics going on in Europe. We think that Europe going forward will still have an energy crisis to face until the geopolitical issues resolve.
Okay, thanks. If I could just ask, if you're willing to share your what are your operating rates in 3Q in North America versus Europe, and do they come down further in the fourth quarter, from where we are today?
Well, North American operating rates are measured with the industry operating rates. For Europe, probably commercial. There's not well published index of European industry rates, but it's come down substantially, as Roger has alluded to.
Okay. Our next question comes from Frank Mitsch from Fermium Research.
Hey, good morning. If I could follow up on the turnaround question that was asked earlier. Just curious as to what the net impact was of some of the outages in the third quarter and how we can compare and contrast that with what your planned outages are in the fourth quarter.
Frank, a lot of those expenses related to the turnarounds get capitalized and then get expensed over typically a period of five years. The impact that Roger referred to is certainly impacting production, but the financial impact gets capitalized, and then we'll expense that over typically a five-year period. You'll see that increase in other assets on the balance sheet, and then that gets amortized ratably over a five-year period of time.
We shouldn't think about a material shift in profitability 3Q to 4Q just based on the planned and unplanned outages that you experienced. Is that fair?
That's right. It'll be relatively small impact driven by the turnaround impact.
Thank you. Given the fact that your portfolio has materially changed over the recent past, I'm curious how you think about the minimal trough EBITDA levels or the earnings power of Westlake in a typical trough environment. How would you answer that question?
As you think about, you know, the change in portfolio, Frank, you're right. I think you've seen that when you look at the margin performance of the HIP business, you can see that it is very scalable. Certainly you can see the performance in the third quarter with a 20% EBITDA margin. That business is not as capital intensive, and it has the ability to scale well, in either end of the cycle. You can add to or reduce lines, operating lines. It has the ability to be very scalable. Certainly is, as you know well on the chemical side, there are certain levels from an operating rate perspective where you end up having a lot of fixed costs that just get absorbed because you get to too low an operating rate.
You have a lot more scalability on the building product side. Certainly you can see that the actions that we took in the third quarter reflect that. That's just how we maintain, you know, a very strong 20% EBITDA margin in the HIP side of the business.
Yeah, Frank, this is Albert also. Now, many of our products are really essential. You see during the pandemic that our production and demand for our products increased. We believe that year in, year out, demand is still pretty strong other than building material, which is impacted by new construction. We have a repair and remodeling, which is the 50% of our products in the building materials market, that should be pretty still doing quite well during the downturn. We believe that near term, yes, there will be fluctuations, but really on a longer term basis, the demand for our products are still very strong. We have the cost advantages, these low energy cost advantage around the world, supply from North American productions. We are leading producers in many of the products.
We believe housing market will return a new housing material, even though the discussion of a slowdown in new home construction. We're talking about a high single-digit decline, so not a substantial decline. We think that near-term, there will be fluctuation, but longer-term basis, we should be very strong positions.
Great. Our next question comes from the line of John Roberts.
Good morning. This is Matt Skowronski in for John. There's some new polyethylene capacity coming online in North America. Can you talk about how you envision supply demand for the next few quarters?
Yeah. It's Roger. I think we've got, you know, one plant that's kind of in the process of starting up now. The others have been delayed a bit in the second quarter, but I think the market has actually priced this in. This has been seen and expected for quite some time coming up. I think over the next three quarters, we'll see a bit more supply come in. You know, global demand and certainly with the U.S. advantage, most of that will be exported.
Yeah. John, I think those new capacities are high-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene.
Yeah.
They're more commodity grade. For Westlake, 50% of our polyethylene is LDPE and big part of that specialty LDPE. Our linear low-density, we also have a portion of that as being specialty linear low-density. It'll have some impact, but we are not directly confronting those new capacities.
Understood. Thank you. Can you comment on your M&A pipeline and if you would consider a more substantial deal than the smaller bolt-ons that you've been doing?
We'll continue, as you would guess, always, Matt, to look at opportunities that are out there. It is always a function of looking at the right opportunity and the right value for that opportunity throughout any stage of the business cycle. As you can see, we still have a very strong balance sheet, generated very strong liquidity, and I think you saw in our prepared remarks that we'll look for ways to deploy that in value added ways. There are a variety of ways to do that, and so certainly if we see good opportunities that make compellingly good returns, we have the firepower to be able to do that and keep our balance sheet really in strong position even after having done so.
Thank you.
Perfect. Our next question comes from the line of Hassan Ahmed.
Morning, Albert and Steve.
Morning, Hassan.
You know, just wanted to take another crack at the trough earnings power question. I mean, look, as I take a look at Q3, it just seemed like, you know, the business environment was the worst of everything, right? I mean, ridiculously high European gas prices, destocking, you know, China COVID lockdowns, PVC margins sort of, you know, break even to negative across the board. Even in that environment, obviously you guys generated $800 million in quarterly EBITDA. Obviously not to mention epoxy margins, some competitors of yours calling them even below trough. My question is this $800 million, you know, a good sort of guesstimate of what trough quarterly sort of EBITDA should be? You know, call it $3.2 billion annualized.
Hassan, good question. I think you can see there is still some forecasts showing exit prices certainly in, say, PVC to trend lower. I wouldn't wanna suggest that the average price we saw in, say, vinyls, is reflective of that. Certainly, you've seen strength really as both Albert and Roger commented in the caustic side of the business. As Roger also noted, I think the market has factored in the new polyethylene additions that we see in the marketplace in their forecast for polyethylene prices. I would say that with the destocking levels that we've seen both in polyethylene and PVC and other products, that we, you know, will continue to see, I think, opportunities to continue to grow the business. I would say there is still risk in pricing that you see in some of the forecasts that are out there.
Understood. Very helpful. As a follow-up, you know, obviously we continue to see pricing momentum both in chlorine and caustic. You know, the industry, you know, recently has done a very good job at focusing on value over volume, right? It seems, you know, that discipline continues. The question really is on the chlorine side, you know, in a recessionary environment, you know, I can continue to sort of feel comfortable that, you know, chlorine, obviously, you know, its gaseous nature and the like, is a very local market. Caustic, obviously on the other hand, is not. I mean, you know, what, you know, gives you guys faith or comfort that, the current sort of caustic pricing regime in a recessionary environment would continue? I mean, could we sort of see a situation where, you know, trade flows start sort of negatively impacting the caustic side of the market?
Yeah. It's Roger. I think, you know, you're a little bit right in the comment on chlorine. The way you export chlorine is you export PVC normally, right? That's that will continue I think because of the U.S. position on feedstocks and raw materials versus the rest of the world. I think they'll still be able to push chlorine out. Caustic as that slows, though, if producers pull back, it will reduce a bit the caustic volumes out there available, and we'll keep that caustic side tight. We see this each cycle, is they will move back and forth. If you think back in 2021, caustic was about six months behind chlorine running up. It usually comes late to the party, and it stays a little longer at the party, and we expect to see that again this time.
All right, our next question comes from the line of David Begleiter.
Thank you. Good morning. Now will you discuss your epoxy profitability, how it trended in Q3, and what you're looking for or expecting or looking for in Q4?
Yeah. It's Roger. I think on Epoxy we continue to see three geographies. We see China, which is extremely difficult, with demand dropping quite low and exports coming out of China. Europe demand was better, but with the high energy prices, it squeezed profitability certainly in Europe. The U.S. continues to be the bright spot with both, you know, better demand and lower costs. I would say overall, we, you know, we would love to see China restart. That's pretty significant move for, especially for the wind energy business to see that ramping. We continue to see U.S. okay. As energy prices drop in Europe, once again that will be positive for our European Epoxy business.
Very good. Steve, just on buybacks, even your cash balance, how much cash do you wanna carry going forward? Should we expect some higher levels of buyback activity even in Q4?
You know, David, you know, when you think about the minimum kind of cash balance you wanna maintain, it's between $500 million and $1 billion. When you think about where we are in the cycle, and as we commented, we're going to see a pretty substantial inflow of working capital over the course of 4Q and 1Q. When you think about where we ended the quarter at $1.8 billion of cash and cash equivalents, plus the inflow of a strong working capital inflow over the course of the fourth quarter, we have substantial firepower to really deploy that in shareholder friendly ways. I'm not too concerned about the ability to either buy shares back or deploy it in other fashions. There's plenty of capital really to put to work if we see the opportunity there.
Thank you very much.
You're welcome.
Our next question comes from Angel Castillo. Angel, your line is open.
Hi, this is Alyssa on for Angel. Thanks for taking my question. You reaffirmed your 2022 HIP revenue guidance of $4.5 billion-$5 billion. Do you mind breaking that down for us and maybe speak to your expectations on volume versus pricing?
Yeah. Certainly when you see that we've seen some pullback in some of the pricing in PVC as an example, you know, we set certain seasonal prices in with many of our distributors. There is an opportunity to see some margin growth. Certainly given a seasonal slowdown in the winter months, volumes will continue to slow in the new starts. Certainly remember, half of our business is in the repair and remodeling business, and certainly typically that activity is much more resilient in periods when we see a slowdown in new start activity. I do expect that we'll continue to see strength in the R&R side of the house.
Got it. That's very helpful. As noted earlier, you guys were able to maintain that, you know, 20% margin in 3Q. You know, is there something happening under the hood there that we should be mindful of that's going to allow you to sustain this level of profitability?
I think the comment that we spoke to is a combination of product mix as well as the ability to adjust production to demand levels. This business is very scalable. As we see demand levels ratchet up or ratchet down, we have an ability, given the way this business operates, to adjust on a very scalable manner. It's a business that is much more scalable than some of our more higher fixed cost businesses, say on the chemical side of the house. As demand adjust, we can run production to meet that demand level.
Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Matt DeYoe from Bank of America.
Morning. Obviously a lot of puts and takes, and we're still early in the quarter. Let me see if I can get something out of you on this one, I guess. Obviously you mentioned lower exit rates on vinyls prices. Epoxy is still pretty weak, but we have lower gas prices, lower ethylene cash costs, higher chlor-alkali levels. When you sit back and take a look at the bridge for next quarter, I mean, do you think PEM can kind of hold in here? Or do you expect the exit rate on vinyls and volumes to carry you lower quarter over quarter?
You know, we'll continue to see, I think, some declines really in PVC and polyethylene as we work through the inventory levels in a slowing, seasonally slowing area. Remember, third quarter was an average really of that declining period of time, and so we're certainly exiting at a time where the average price in some of these volume, some of these products will certainly average lower.
Can you talk a little bit about, I guess, your mix to export versus domestic PVC on the quarter? You seem to say with U.S. slowing, you put more into the export market. I think you were typically like 20% export. Can you comment, I guess, on where that was for 3Q?
Yeah. When you think about the industry exports for polyethylene, they tend to run, you know, somewhere in the high 30s%-40s%, and we typically export lower than that. You know, in the third quarter, we did have a more elevated level of exports, both in polyethylene as well as in PVC. The product shift in the third quarter was a higher mix of export exposure than is a typical run rate for ourselves.
Thank you. Just a reminder to our participants, if you'd like to ask our speakers a question, to please press star one one on your telephone and wait for your name to be announced. Our next question comes from the line of Matthew Blair.
Hey, good morning, Albert and Steve.
Good morning, Matthew.
Morning, Matthew.
You mentioned that you had reduced operating rates to match up with demand. Does that apply to PE? The reason I ask is one of your global PE competitors is talking about operating rates still in the mid-90% range. Wondering if you have any comments on that.
Yeah. That was a comment related to the overall PEM segment of the business. Certainly when you think about some of the performance related products that we produce, especially in polyethylene, where you see a higher value added, we certainly will again adjust market demands. Market demands in that more specialty end were stronger in the quarter. I don't know, Roger, if you'd like to add.
Yeah, Matthew, I'd say in polyethylene, you notice even in our press release, we actually said higher volumes in polyethylene.
Yeah.
Our specialties have remained quite strong. The demand is good on that side of the business, and that's about half of our business at least.
Great. Thanks for the color. Is there still interest in your green caustic product in this environment, and how are pricing premiums for that product trending?
Yeah. We introduced kind of a lower carbon caustic in Europe almost, I guess, a year now, and it's continued to grow. We're seeing demand in Europe. We've since then introduced the lower carbon PVC and then most recently a bio-attributed ethylene PVC, which actually has about 90% lower CO2. We're continuing to push down that path of creating products that are less CO2 intensive. I think it's quite important for our industry. Premiums are related really to our cost to create those, and we're continuing to cover any extra costs that we have on those.
Perfect. Well, at this time, our Q&A session has now ended. Are there any closing remarks?
Thank you again for participating in today's call. We hope you'll join us again for our next conference call to discuss our fourth quarter and full year results.
Thank you everyone for participating in today's Westlake Corporation third quarter earnings conference call. Westlake Corporation available for replay beginning two hours after the call has ended. The replay can be accessed via Westlake's website. Thank you, and have a great afternoon.