Good morning, welcome to the CEMEX Fourth Quarter 2022 Conference Call and Webcast. My name is Daisy, I'll be your operator for today. At this time, all participants are in a listen only mode. Later, we will conduct a question and answer session. If at any time you require operator assistance, please press star followed by zero and we will be happy to assist you. Now I will turn the conference over to Lucy Rodriguez, Chief Communications Officer. Please proceed.
Good morning. Thank you for joining us today for our Fourth Quarter 2022 Conference Call and Webcast. We hope this call finds you in good health, and let us take this opportunity to give you our best wishes for 2023. I am joined today by Fernando Gonzalez, our CEO, and Maher Al-Haffar, our CFO. As always, we will spend a few minutes reviewing the business, and then we will be happy to take your questions. Now I will hand it over to Fernando.
Thanks, Lucy. Good day to everyone. 2022 was a year of unexpected challenges for many businesses as inflation spiked to 40-year highs. I'm pleased with how we responded and expect to continue to see the benefits of our strategy in 2023. Let's move to the fourth quarter. Our top-line growth grew double digits driven by strong pricing performance. EBITDA was higher in three of our four regions. The U.S. reported record fourth quarter results. As you know, our top priority has been to recover 2021 margins. After several quarters in which we have been able to offset inflation in dollar terms, I'm seeing growing evidence that actual margin recovery is underway.
We continue to roll out our growth investment strategy with the recent announcement of the acquisition of Atlantic Minerals, which will increase our U.S. aggregate reserves by approximately 20%. The growth strategy has proven to be quite accretive with an approximately $100 million contribution to EBITDA in 2022. We continue our work on rebalancing the portfolio with divestments of more than $600 million during the year. Achieving an investment-grade rating remains a top priority. During the quarter, Standard and Poor's upgraded our rating to BB+, one notch away from investment grade. In climate action, we led the industry in validating our new 2030 targets and 2050 net zero goals with the SBTI under the newly announced 1.5 degree scenario. Even more importantly, we continue to achieve record reductions in CO₂ emissions.
Since we introduced our Future in Action program in 2020, we have reduced emissions by 9% to date. We continue to explore new ways to take our existing decarbonization levers even further in our sustainability journey. During the quarter, we launched our new business, Regenera, which is devoted to waste management and circular solutions and the latest addition to our Urbanization Solutions segment. Net income after adjusting for a non-cash impairment of goodwill rose 36%. Finally, our return on capital remains in the double-digit area, well above our cost of capital. For the full year, net sales rose double digit due to strong pricing momentum. With the sudden spike in inflation in second quarter attributable to energy and distribution costs and exacerbated by supply chain disruptions stemming from the Ukraine war, margin declined by 2.5 percentage points.
Lastly, due to our effective pricing strategy, we were able to contain the impact on EBITDA to a 3% drop. Free cash flow after maintenance CapEx declined due primarily to working capital and maintenance. Fourth quarter sales growth continued to reflect significant pricing contribution of all regions. Inflationary headwinds, particularly in energy, were significant, but our year-long effort to offset rapid rising cost is paying off with stable year-over-year EBITDA. While EBITDA margin declined, the contraction was the lowest of the year and sequential margins stabilizing a quarter where we historically see a significant decline due to seasonality. As is typical for fourth quarter, we experienced strong free cash flow conversion, generating close to $60 million more than the prior year.
The decline in fourth quarter consolidated cement volumes results from difficult weather conditions in the U.S., weak bag cement demand in Mexico and SCAC, and slowing growth in Europe. We continue to see strong growth from the formal sector in Mexico and SCAC, but not sufficient to completely offset the informal sector decline. Consolidated prices accelerated in fourth quarter with cement prices rising between 12% and 35% across all regions. Europe remains the standout performer, with price increases that have been able to compensate for much of the margin pressure. The 2% sequential growth in consolidated prices speak to the strength of our fourth quarter price increases executed in select markets. We are implementing price increases in the first quarter that will reflect the cumulative input cost inflation we have experienced across our portfolio.
I am pleased that the January price increases, covering more than 70% of our volumes, are evolving well despite weaker demand dynamics in some markets. Pricing, however, is not the only lever, and we remain focused on managing costs with our energy diversification, supply chain, and climate action strategies. The decline in EBITDA continues to be largely explained by a lower margin caused by persistent input cost inflation. We are seeing an important inflection point, however. In fourth quarter, the net contribution of pricing over cost was the highest in the year. The evolution of the net price contribution, as well as the outperformance of fourth quarter year-over-year margins versus full year, gives me confidence margin recovery is happening. In our effort to recover margins, we monitor progress on a product basis.
Cement, due to its energy intensity, has been the product most impacted by inflation and the biggest headwind to margins. Since second quarter, we have successfully offset input cost inflation in cement in dollar terms. In fourth quarter, we began to see actual margin recovery. EBITDA margin for cement reach its highest level in the year, driven by the U.S. and EMEA. We still have work to do to return to 2021 margin. In 2023, with easing cost pressures and pricing momentum, I expect to see further margin improvement, particularly in the second half. Progress, however, will not be linear due to seasonality and timing differences on maintenance and pricing increases. This has been another important year in our sustainability efforts.
CEMEX was among the first companies in our industry to receive validation from the Science Based Targets initiative of our 2030 and net zero CO₂ goals under the 1.5 degree scenario, the most aggressive pathway for our industry, covering Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions. It is not about goals, it's about performance. In that regard, CEMEX has also delivered. In the two years since we first rolled out our sustainability program, Future in Action, we have achieved a record reduction in carbon emissions, driven largely by an expansion in alternative fuel usage and a lower clinker factor. During this period, our CO₂ emissions declined by more than 9%, a reduction that in the past took more than a decade to achieve. This is equivalent to the annual emissions of approximately 700,000 cars that run on gasoline.
In 2022, alternative fuels hit a record 35% of total fuels usage. The introduction of innovative hydrogen technology in more than 40% of our plants accelerated our progress. Record alternative fuels is occurring at an opportune moment and serves as an important hedge to elevated fossil fuel prices. Clinker factor declined 1.5 percentage points, opening up capacity in highly constrained cement markets. Critical to our journey is customer acceptance, and in three short years, our Vertua family of sustainable products and solutions has gained widespread acceptance across all regions. Vertua sales now account for 41% of cement volumes and 33% of our concrete sales. As I watch CEMEX transform, I am more convinced than ever that our products are essential to society, our goals are achievable, and the path to get there is profitable.
Over the last two years, our Urbanization Solutions business has been focused on the products and services to serve the needs of growing sustainable cities of the future. It includes four verticals, and one of these verticals, circularity, received a big push in fourth quarter with the launch of our new business, Regenera. Regenera will focus on recovering, managing, recycling, and coprocessing three waste streams. First, municipal and industrial. Second, construction, demolition, and excavation waste. Finally, third, byproducts of industrial processes. The business will leverage CEMEX global footprint and our more than 20 years of experience in managing non-recyclable refuse and industrial byproducts, as well as identifying more sustainable substitutes for fossil fuels and natural raw materials. We are already making big strides. For example, in Mexico, we are processing around 25% of Mexico City's municipal waste.
On a global basis, we are recovering municipal waste equivalent to the combined annual total produced by the cities of Paris and Berlin. Now back to you, Lucy.
Thank you, Fernando. 2022 brought new challenges for our Mexican operations. Our business experienced significant cost pressures, mainly in the form of higher fuel and distribution costs, coupled with a post-pandemic rebalancing of bagged cement volumes. While pricing increases were some of the highest on record, it was still not sufficient to recoup margins. In fourth quarter, with continued inflation pressuring retail demand, bagged cement volumes moderated while bulk cement grew high single digits. The formal sector benefited from nearshoring investments in border states, tourism construction, and distribution and logistic activity in the central part of the country. As our pricing strategy continued to make inroads in catching up to inflation, year-over-year EBITDA rose for the first time in five quarters. While margins declined due to higher energy, raw materials, freight, and wages, as well as product mix, the decline moderated versus full year performance.
We remain committed to recovering margins, and with that objective, we announced price increases for all of our products effective January 1st . As part of our cost containment and decarbonization efforts, we have moved aggressively in Mexico to substitute fossil fuels with alternative fuels for our kilns. In the quarter, alternative fuels exceeded 40%, a record representing a 12 percentage point year-over-year increase. For 2023, we expect cement volumes to remain flat while ready-mix and aggregates grow at mid and high single digits, respectively. The industrial and commercial sector, driven by nearshoring and tourism, should remain the driving force behind 2023 volumes, while government social programs should help offset continued weakness in household demand. In the U.S., despite significant weather challenges impacting much of our markets, EBITDA grew mid-teen percentage points to a record fourth quarter result.
Growth was fueled by price gains in excess of 20% that more than offset lower volumes. We estimate that weather impacted EBITDA by approximately $18 million in the quarter. Year-over-year EBITDA margin expanded for the first time since early 2021, while sequential margins also improved for the second straight quarter, benefiting from higher prices, lower maintenance, and lower imports. Full year EBITDA was driven by mid-teen percentage point growth in pricing and low single-digit volume growth. We remain focused on regaining margins lost due to the significant levels of inflation of the past year. We announced a price increase effective January 1st. To date, we are seeing good traction. In January, we signed an agreement to purchase Atlantic Minerals Limited in a transaction that will expand our U.S. aggregate reserves by 20%.
We expect this deal to close shortly and to be accretive in 2024. For 2023, we expect low single-digit volume decline across all products driven by the residential sector. We remain optimistic on growth in industrial and commercial and infrastructure sectors, underpinned by nearshoring trends, along with funding available under the CHIPS Act, the Inflation Reduction Act, and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. As of December, trailing twelve-month contract awards in our key states for highways and streets and industrial and commercial were up 16% and 29%, respectively. In EMEA, sales and EBITDA grew double digit in 2022. In fourth quarter, while sales continued to show strong growth driven by pricing, EBITDA growth slowed due primarily to energy costs, declining volumes, and higher maintenance. Pricing remained strong with sequential increases in cement and ready-mix, reflecting fourth quarter price increases in several markets.
Europe showed strong cement pricing traction with a 5% sequential increase in 35% year-over-year growth. We are in the process of executing additional price increases, which will roll out over the next few months. In Europe, EBITDA growth of 9% in fourth quarter largely reflected our pricing efforts, while volumes declined as a result of recessionary fears. Margin declined by less than 1 percentage point, due primarily to energy cost. During the year, our European operations continued to lead the way on climate action, achieving a 41% reduction in carbon emissions since 1990. The region is well on its way to achieving the EU emissions reduction target of at least a 55% decline by 2030.
For 2023, we expect cement volumes in Europe to decline mid-to-high single-digit, with ready-mix volumes falling low-to-mid single digits and aggregates volumes relatively flattish to down. Over the medium term, volumes should be supported by public and private projects worth more than EUR 2 trillion related to transportation, climate adaptation, and energy reconfiguration, as well as onshoring investment opportunities. In the Philippines, cement volumes declined as the country transitions to a new government and macro challenges impact demand. Margin was impacted primarily by higher energy costs and major maintenance. This year, we expect volumes to perform between flat and a low single-digit decline. For more information, please see our CHP quarterly earnings, which will be available this evening. Our operations in Egypt and Israel continued to show strong top line and EBITDA growth.
For Israel, while demand remains robust, we expect ready-mix and aggregate volumes to decline low single digit, reflecting our capacity constraints. Net sales in our South, Central America and the Caribbean region slowed in fourth quarter. Pricing remained the driver of top-line growth, with cement prices up 12% year-over-year. Similar to Mexico, cement volumes in the region have been pressured by the rebalancing of bag cement post-pandemic. Bulk cement, ready-mix, and aggregate volumes continue to grow, supported by formal sector demand, mainly in the industrial and residential sectors. The decline in EBITDA and EBITDA margin reflects energy, freight, and raw materials cost headwinds. In Colombia, cement volumes rose slightly in the quarter, driven by social housing. For 2023, we expect cement volumes in Colombia to be flat, while ready-mix volumes to increase high single digit.
Construction activity should continue to be supported by social housing and infrastructure projects, particularly in the Bogotá area. In the Dominican Republic, cement volumes declined in the quarter due to a drop in retail cement demand that was partially offset by higher bulk cement related to tourism projects. For the year, we expect cement volumes in the Dominican Republic to remain flat to slightly down. Activity should be supported by tourism and industrial investments. In Panama, we continue operating as an export hub, sending record cement volumes to nearby markets within the region, reducing dependency from third-party suppliers. I invite you to review CLH's quarterly results, which were also published today. Now I will pass the call to Maher to review our financial developments.
Thank you, Lucy. Good day to everyone. As we all saw, financial markets experienced unprecedented volatility, with inflation reaching levels not seen in decades and central banks implementing monetary tightening measures globally. In our industry, this volatility played out largely in the form of rising energy and transportation costs, as well as continued supply chain disruptions. Our pricing and energy hedging strategies were able to offset much of the inflationary impact. Of course, this is an ongoing effort, and you should expect continued execution of our pricing strategy in 2023 to regain our 2021 margins. We remain focused on several initiatives to improve efficiency and lowering the cost of managing our business. The stable year-over-year EBITDA in the quarter, the first in three quarters, speaks to the success of our pricing strategy.
The improving EBITDA trend, coupled with a higher turnaround in working capital and lower maintenance CapEx, delivered approximately $60 million more in free cash flow after maintenance CapEx than last year's fourth quarter. On a full year basis, free cash flow after maintenance CapEx was $553 million, down from the prior year due to a higher investment in working capital and maintenance CapEx. The investment in working capital reflects strong revenue growth and the inflationary impact on inventory, as well as the need to run higher inventories to address persistent supply chain issues. On the collections front, the credit quality and the turnover efficiency of our receivables are at record levels, leading to a significant improvement in our receivables collection cycle.
The increase in maintenance CapEx for the year relates primarily to some catch-up maintenance, as well as the delayed delivery of mobile equipment and spare parts in 2021, which pushed our maintenance calendar into 2022. The decline in quarterly net income results from the non-cash impairment of goodwill for $365 million, primarily in the U.S. and Spain. Adjusting for this impairment, net income for the quarter would have been $266 million, 36% higher than last year's fourth quarter. Last year, we took advantage of market volatility to conduct several accretive transactions. We bought back about $1.2 billion of our bonds at an attractive discount, resulting in an NPV of approximately $160 million.
We partially funded these bond purchases through the closing of a EUR 500 million sustainability-linked loan with similar terms and conditions as our current bank credit agreement. Overall, we reduced total debt by $409 million during the year. We maintained robust risk management strategies that in 2022 partially shielded us from the impacts of rising interest rates, a stronger dollar, and higher energy costs. Despite market volatility, our leverage ratio stood at 2.8x , relatively flat to December 2021. In 2022, we further aligned our funding strategy with our climate action agenda. During the year, we linked our new EUR 500 million loan and migrated our Accounts Receivable Securitization Program to our Sustainability-Linked Financing Framework. This is, of course, the same framework linked to our umbrella $3.5 billion credit agreement.
The price under these programs will now be indexed to certain sustainability KPIs. With the inclusion of these programs, we now have approximately 42% of our debt linked to sustainability KPIs, we remain on track to reach our goal of 50% by 2025 and 80% by 2030. We will continue to undertake strategies that bolster our capital structure and remain focused on achieving investment grade in the short term. With the recent upgrades from S&P and Fitch, we are now only one notch away from our goal. Now back to you, Fernando.
We expect low single-digit growth in EBITDA in 2023, as we assume continued pressure on volumes due to global recessionary concerns. While we acknowledge moderate risk to volumes, we believe that markets will remain supportive of pricing. We do expect continued headwinds on cost, particularly in electricity, the impact should be less than what we experienced in 2022. Energy cost per ton of cement produced is expected to ease, estimating a 10% increase for this year. Our efforts to recover to 2021 margins will continue, while I expect progress, it will not always be linear. Total CapEx is expected to be lower than the prior year at approximately $1.25 billion. We continue to expect an investment in working capital in 2023, reflecting higher sales, overall days working capital should improve.
Cash taxes are expected to increase by approximately $50 million. Our cash cost of debt, including the coupons of our subordinated notes, is expected to increase around $70 million, reflecting the repricing of our limited floating rate debt exposure. As always, our guidance is based on like-to-like assets as well as the foreign exchange at the time of guidance. Now back to you, Lucy.
Before we go into our Q&A session, I would like to remind you that any forward-looking statements we make today are based on our current knowledge of the markets in which we operate and could change in the future due to a variety of factors beyond our control. In addition, unless the context indicates otherwise, all references to pricing initiatives, price increases or decreases refer to prices for our products. Now, we will be happy to take your questions. In the interest of time and to give other people an opportunity to participate, we kindly ask that you limit yourself to only one question. If you wish to ask a question, please press star followed by one on your touch-tone telephone. If your question has been answered or you wish to withdraw your question, press star followed by two. Press star one to begin.
The first question comes from Carlos Peyrelongue from Bank of America. Carlos, please go ahead.
Thank you, Lucy. Good morning, Fernando and Maher. My question is on costs. On your total costs, COGS plus SG&A, what is the most relevant energy input cost? Is it diesel or petcoke? Can you comment, last year, what percentage of these two costs were hedged, just to get a sense of the impact for this year? Thank you.
Yes. Thank you, Carlos. I'll take that question. You know, in terms of fuel and electricity, last year, about $1.7 billion or 12% of our COGS were represented by that. As you know, you know, we have a guidance of 10% growth for the year in that. Most of that is due to electricity. In fact, 90% of that is due to electricity. Just to put it into perspective, diesel, you know, compared to the 1.7, was around $340 million or 2% of COGS. In the case of diesel, we currently have about 75% hedged for 2023.
We may get a little bit of a higher cost because of the hedging activity that we did towards the second half of last year. On the petcoke side, that is predominantly a spot market, we should be benefiting from the important drop in the price of petcoke towards the third and fourth quarter of last year. I don't know if that answered your question, Carlos.
It does. Just one quick follow-up. On the hedge you did on diesel, was that primarily done in the fourth quarter or second half of last year?
It was probably done closer to the fourth quarter.
Perfect. Great. Yeah, that does. Thank you so much, Maher.
Thank you very much, Carlos.
The next question comes from the webcast from Paul Roger from Exane BNP Paribas . Do you expect the 5% rate of reduction to accelerate in coming years as new technologies play a role, or could it get harder if a lot of the conventional solutions have already been widely adopted? As a follow-on to that, what were the most exciting developments in the Cemex Ventures portfolio last year?
Thanks for your question, Paul. On the first part on CO₂ reduction, the maintaining or accelerating the ratio that we managed to reduce close to 5% in 2022 and also in 2021. Let me start by clarifying that the reductions that we have been making and the ones related to our CO₂ reduction targets are related to what you're calling conventional technologies or conventional processes or materials. In these numbers, we are not including the benefit of potential CO₂ reductions because of CO₂ capture and storage or use, which might come through time because of the type of pilots that we are developing as we speak. On the conventional part, the 5% for a couple of years, I think, you know.
We took opportunities that were there and speeded up the process in order to make them a reality. If we refer to the public targets we have, just to use one example, on CO₂ reduction, we have a target of in 25 of 520 kg per CO₂. When comparing to the 2022, reported data, that's a reduction of 9%, which implies a reduction of 3% per year, meaning we are expecting that these 5 percentage points of reduction will start little by little declining, and they will remain for the whole period from now or from 2023 up to 2030 in the range of a 3%-3.5%.
That will allow us to comply with commitments. Perhaps in 2025, they will allow us to complete them even before that date or to exceed those targets in that date. Another clarification that I would like to make is that the conventional ways to reduce CO₂. It happens that there are, you know, there is innovation in those conventional ways, improving or increasing the impact that they historically had. For instance, the use of certain amounts of hydrogen in the plants using high levels of RDF waste as a fuel. You know, it's been working very well.
As reported in the last quarter of last year, and for first time in history, we had as much use of alternative fuel when compared with what has been our principal source of fuels, which is petcoke. Considering just the month of December, that proportion for alternative fuels is even higher. I think in 2022, 2023, we are witnessing the milestone of alternative fuels becoming the principal source of fuel in our plants with all the advantages. Advantages in cost, they cost less than half of primary fuels. Benefits in terms of contribution to participating in the use of and recovering waste. As we have commented before, we are taking care of 25% of waste of Mexico City, and we use most of that in our plants as fuel.
In the case of Europe, which last year we even though we had a large proportion of alternative fuels, we increased it for another 8 percentage points. Nowadays, we're consuming the equivalent of the waste of a city like Berlin. There are many advantages. We continue doing progress. 2022, we increased our use of alternative fuels in 6 percentage points, for the target we have in 2025 is an additional increase of 5 percentage points in three years. I think the reduction will start seeing a reduction moving from the 4.5%-5% to the range of the 3%-3.5% until we are ready to commit with reductions because of CO₂ capture. On the second part, exciting developments.
I think what excites me or what excites us is not necessarily one particular event, and I will mention one or two, but I think what excites us is to see how Cemex Ventures is allowing us to attract and to invest and to integrate a number of different technologies that nowadays have to be integrated into our cement plants. I'm referring, for instance, of this idea of small injections of hydrogen in our plants. Nowadays, more than 40% of our production have this type of hydrogen injection. I'm referring to the possibility of electrifying more the changes in process, like electrifying the process itself, in order to use more electricity and less fuels.
Other processes, completely different processes to produce cement or the process that we announced through our partnership with Synhelion, meaning to produce clinker. Now that it is feasible to concentrate solar energy into very high temperatures, the ones needed to produce clinker. What I see is that we have a very large map of different technologies that we think will be integrated into cement production or distribution. That's what we are excited. We are having a very good response and interest in the Constructech world, and that is moving forward. We just announced, for instance, the availability of the first full electric ready-mix truck that can work all day long with its battery, produced by Volvo. It was in a sort of agreement we made two years ago.
We are very happy with all those advances, and they make us believe that we will continue delivering in our commitments.
Thank you, Fernando. The next question comes from Ben Theurer from Barclays. Ben?
Yeah, good morning, Lucy. Thanks for that. Fernando, Maher. My one question would be on the pricing traction, what you're seeing and how you think about pricing initiatives for 2023, particularly in key markets like the U.S. and Mexico. Any comment you have on the recently announced increases and how we should think about pricing throughout the year to offset these 10% cost headwinds? Thank you.
Yeah, Ben, maybe I'll take a stab at that. You know, we're coming in from a very healthy pricing environment, albeit, and you saw the results, you know, the pricing contribution to our EBITDA for the year and certainly for the quarter, has been in excess of inflation. However, you know, we continue with our pricing strategy because the inflation acceleration has been much higher than our ability to raise prices, and that's part of the reason why, you know, we saw an EBITDA margin erosion. There's definitely the job is not done completed yet on the pricing strategy. We continue to accelerate. The good thing about this is that, you know, we're coming in with good momentum.
We have tailwinds of about 5%, coming into, you know, assuming the December 2022 prices in local currency terms, and this assumes no additional increases, okay? Now, having said that, you know, we've seen very good evolution of pricing increases in all of the markets. More than 80% of our volume is being repriced. So just to give you an idea, for instance, Mexico, we have a pricing increase, double-digit, 15%-20%. In the U.S., we have a high single-digit increase, in, you know, in January, March. We have double-digit increases, you know, mid to high teens in several of our European markets, Spain, Poland, Czech Republic, Croatia. The Philippines is also experiencing a pricing increase January, March.
Double-digit increases in Colombia, in the high teens, 20% range. The story goes on. I mean, you know, essentially, more than 80% of our volume is being repriced in the early part of the year. We think that there is very good, you know, traction. In Europe, a very important part of the pricing pressure on everybody is the continued pressure on the price of carbon. That's a very important part of inflation there. You know, we're optimistic. I mean, we think that this momentum should continue despite a little bit of a backdrop of slow, slower demand in some of the markets that we're operating in. I don't know if that answers your question.
Perfectly. Yep. Thank you.
Great. Thank you very much.
The next question comes from the webcast from Adrian Huerta from JP Morgan. Regarding deleveraging, last year you reduced $300 million in net debt, and the implied free cash flow for this year looks around $300 million-$400 million. Will this pose a risk for your deleveraging pace for 2023 and to obtain the investment grade rating soon? Do you expect additional divestments and use proceeds to continue paying down debt?
Fernando, do you want me to start that? Maybe, you can weigh in. Adrian, I think it's very important to clarify to you and to everybody else on this call, you know, why is investment grade so important for us. Investment grade on its own is not the issue. It's what it implies, which is the strength of our capital structure, you know, lower volatility, you know, our ability to generate more free cash flow per dollar of EBITDA, be able to eventually, as a consequence of that, you know, consider returning capital to shareholders. So for us, investment grade is not just getting an investment grade, it's really continuing this journey of, you know, strengthening and bulletproofing our capital structure and our business model.
In that direction, you know, my expectations is that yes, we will continue to reduce debt and potentially deleverage as well. Now, I'm not gonna comment on, you know, your number of free cash flow, but I will turn over the call to Fernando to kind of share with us, you know, potentially some ideas on where we're likely to be able to continue this journey to reducing debt and potentially de-leveraging. Fernando?
Yes. Thank you, Maher. Thank you, Adrian. A couple of comments. I think what you have observed is pretty well aligned to the adjustments that we announced early 2020, adjustments to our strategy. Just to remind them a little bit is to strengthen our portfolio in the U.S. and Europe to include what we're calling Urbanization Solutions as a fourth leg in our portfolio and strategy to continue reducing our leverage ratio and making some divestments in emerging markets. If you review what has happened in the last couple of years, that it's precisely that. The divestments we did, you know, it's Costa Rica, El Salvador, NEORIS, and some other small divestments, you know, it are aligned with that idea.
The investments that we have announced recently in the U.S., the aggregate business in Canada to serve markets in Florida and in general, the East Coast of the U.S., some ready-mix businesses in Texas, another aggregate business in Europe, those investments are also aligned with that strategy. We are also taking the opportunity to invest and increase our EBITDA in one of the issues that have proved being very useful and profitable, which is alternative fuels. Last year, we finished and put in operation four investments, one in Rüdersdorf, another one in Rugby, one in Tepeaca, and Jacob in Mexico. You know, those, even though they were not fully operational for the 12 months, they were very helpful for our increase of six percentage points in alternative fuels and very profitable. You know, you compare.
They were very profitable when we thought and planned them, but nowadays with the current cost of primary fuels, they are, you know, they have an extremely good paybacks. What I'm saying, what you see is pretty well aligned to what we have announced. What you know, what is not doable or what we think, you know, we have to be flexible, is that given that this involves investments and divestments and there is, you know, uncertainty in the events, we in short terms, in quarters or even in a year, we don't have the, let's say, the proportion that we would like to have between debt reduction and growth investment.
If you take a couple of years, you will see that the proceeds we use for debt reduction and for growth investments are very similar, are almost half and half. If you take 1 year, it might be a different story. We want to keep this pace of strengthening our position in the U.S. and Europe, divesting in some emerging markets, increasing and growing our Urbanization Solutions sector and, you know, doing more and more portfolio management. Now, our leverage ratio, you know, it's below 3x . We were last year upgraded to BB+. We continue having the objective of getting to investment grade.
We have to consider that except for the investments that in cement expansion like the one in Solid or Maceo or Tepeaca, the rest of investments are the bolt-on type of investments that we started making mid-2020 with the characteristics of having high returns, short paybacks, and related to our current business base. As we commented, last year, those investments already contributed with more than $100 million of EBITDA, and this year will be higher. Even those investments with that profile will start contributing in a different manner with a different profile, but will start contributing also in our de-leveraging objective. That's, that's what I can comment, Adrián. I hope that answers your question.
Thank you, Fernando. The next question comes from Nick Lippmann from Morgan Stanley. Nick?
Yeah, hi. Thanks for the call and for taking my question. I was wondering if you could provide a bit of color on how much you expect to import into the U.S. market. I think you've been talking about a third in 2022. If you can give us some color on that into 2023. Also any potential color on some of the maintenance work that you had done in the U.S. and to what degree that's going to be continued into 2023. Thank you very much.
Let me start by commenting on maintenance that is related to the works we are doing to improve efficiency in our cement plants in the U.S. In the last couple of years, you know, we've been developing an initiative. It's Cementing Our Future in order to improve the conditions of certain plants. There were some plants in the U.S. that for many years were not highly demanded. Now that we are at full speed, there were, and still are, some investments needed to bring those plants to its highest capacity and higher possible reliability. We think imports, because meaning local production will be slightly higher this year.
When you engage in this type of projects, you know, and that was the case during last year, sometimes you need to make investments, and you need to shut down your plant more than 15 days, which is more or less the average of our regular, you know, annual shutdown impacting production. This year will be in better conditions. There will be two reasons for a moderate reduction in imports is markets potentially adjusting to lower figures and us being able to produce higher quantities of product locally. What was the other part of your question, Nick?
Well, there was if you could provide a bit of a sense. You're saying the import is going to be coming down a bit. That was a way.
Yeah. Well.
I understood that, so from 30 to maybe-
Ex-exactly.
2020.
Exactly. Exactly.
That was it. I think you answered the maintenance question as well.
Yeah. Okay.
Thank you.
Very well. Thanks, Nick.
Thanks, Nick. The next question comes from the webcast from Vanessa Quiroga, from Credit Suisse. Does the 10% increase in energy cost per ton at the consolidated level already incorporate higher petcoke cost resulting from the Pemex contract expiration?
Yes. Hi. Thank you, Vanessa. It's too bad that you're not joining us on the call, so I can talk to you directly. The answer to your question is that yes, the 10% increase in energy cost per ton that we have announced does incorporate the impact of those contracts not being there anymore. I think just very important to stress to everybody, if you don't, if you're not aware, that the benefit of those contracts really was part of our electricity generation part of our business in Mexico, and so that's where we're likely to feel that. But I think, you know, again, I would point you to the guidance.
We're guiding towards total energy increase of 10%. you know, that's about $160 million. That's for the whole company. Roughly 90% of that is electricity. Mexico is roughly about a quarter of that. That does include any impact that we may have from those contracts not being there. I hope that answers the question, Vanessa.
Thank you, Maher.
Yeah.
Okay. The next question comes from Gordon Lee, from BTG Pactual. Gordon?
Yeah. Hi, good morning. Thank you very much for the call. Vanessa actually beat me to the punch. That was gonna be my question. I'll ask another question, Fernando, which is.
Morning
What's the... How are you feeling generally in the U.S. on the, on the sort of take-up and the speed of the infrastructure plan-related projects? Are you seeing? I mean, I think when you spoke to sort of industry sources, people thought by the fourth quarter of this year, you will have sort of perceptible traction on that. Is that still more or less the timing that you're seeing, or do you think the sort of real infrastructure pickup will now likely not occur until 2024?
I think the outlook that you described continues being valid. Of course, it is another way to put it is that it is clear that order books for the next three to six months are still not capturing that type of volume, but things are moving forward. We do expect that for the, let's say, late this year, that would start showing up. We don't have additional info or color that we can observe in the market.
Fernando, maybe.
Maybe.
Maybe I Sorry, I was just gonna add unless you, Lucy, wanna?
I was just gonna add two points. Certainly in contract awards for our footprint, we're seeing double-digit increases both on the infrastructure side as well as the industrial and commercial, which I think is very important to note. The other thing that we haven't talked about much on the call is the impact of weather in fourth quarter. We have seen residential slowing a little bit in some of our markets, particularly Northern California, is the one that, you know, we've been citing the most. Weather had a very large impact in our results, which were still very good in the U.S. I think that's important to note. We attribute about an $18 million EBITDA headwind to the weather impact in the quarter. That is not slowing demand so much as it was weather disruption.
I said I wanted to be clear about that. Sorry, go ahead, Maher.
Thank you very much, Lucy. Gordon, I just wanted to stress one thing is that our performance in the U.S. has been despite the fact that we've seen slower than expected spending on the Infrastructure side. You know, it's good and bad, right? I mean, we wish we had higher spending and better volume performance. On the positive side is that should bode well for the U.S. business for the next couple of years. There is a very material pent-up fiscal stimulus in many ways, both because of the Infrastructure bill, because of the CHIPS, and innovation bill. For the next couple of years, the outlook should be quite positive for volumes.
If we take a look at what's happening in industrial and commercial, you know, which has been the sector that has been the best performer for us, it's growing in the fourth quarter almost 9%. It's because of all of this, you know, reshoring that is taking place with massive projects that are being constructed in several of our markets. You know, you're right. You know, in 2022, the contribution of infrastructure in terms of growth was not necessarily there. As Lucy said, the contract, you know, the pent-up demand and contract awards is very healthy. The amount of unspent numbers under those contracts is quite material.
Also, very importantly, is the health of the states that we're in, fiscal health of the states that we're in is also very positive. We think that going into 2023 and 2024, you know, it should be contributing. We'll have to wait and see what happens.
Perfect. That's, that's super helpful. I guess just it's still fair to say that in your footprint in the U.S., sort of the sum of your non-residential segments is still around 70% of volumes, right?
Yeah. I mean, I mean, residential was 35 in 2022. Industrial and commercial is about 15. Then infrastructure is about half of, is the remainder, is half.
Perfect. Thank you very much.
Thank you, Gordon.
Thanks, Gordon. I think we have time for one more question. I believe Anne Milne, you're on deck from Bank of America.
Thank you. Good morning, Fernando, Maher, Lucy. Okay.
Good morning.
What hasn't been asked yet? Can you hear me?
Yes. Yes, we can. Hi, Anne.
Yes. Okay. Hi. I wanted to ask you, I think, of what your future expectations are for some of your new bolt-on investments. I think you indicated that previous ones added about $100 million in 2022. Was wondering if you have a range of what you think in the future. As part of that, you just made an announcement recently about a fully electric vehicle joint venture with Volvo, and what your timing is for the rollout of that. Can that be something you do more globally?
Hi, Anne. Let me take the second part. I will ask Maher to take the first one. As somebody asked before on Cemex Ventures, and are we excited because of what's going on. Volvo Trucks is one of those partnerships, agreements, collaboration agreements for us to integrate a number of technologies that traditionally has not been part of the cement or ready-mix technologies. Meaning we think we know how to make cement and ready-mix and aggregates, but, you know, for sure we needed to learn about how to use and to design and to use electric heavyweight vehicles, the same way we needed to learn about solar energy, the same way we needed to learn on hydrogen to be used in combination with the RDF.
Many technologies in which we are not the experts, but there is knowledge, experience, and scale we can apply to other parties, other partners that are interested in working with us. In the case of Volvo, I think is one of those examples. We put our experience in ready-mix, they put their experience in vehicles and electric vehicles, and at the end, you know, they ended up producing this more than 20 tons vehicle, fully electric, being able to work all day long with one battery charge. And of course, we're excited of that type of examples. Having said that, the electric ready-mix truck is not the only solution we are working in, and it's not perhaps the short-term solution.
The short-term solution is what we are already doing, which is switching from diesel to natural gas. That will reduce our CO₂ emissions in Scope 3 by about 30%. We are trying a number of different options. Some of them, you know, commercial and available in the market, some others needing some additional development before being available for our use. That's what I can comment on that part.
Thank you.
Yeah, if I can complement, sorry. Anne, did you have a follow-up to Fernando, or can I go ahead with the growth component?
Please go ahead.
I mean, on the growth side, as you saw in 2022, the growth component contributed a little bit over $100 million in incremental EBITDA and that's a variety of projects that, you know, that we've announced during the course of the year. For this year, for 2023, we're expecting a little bit more than that. We're expecting about $125 million contribution to EBITDA. We have a very important pipeline, and the pipeline is made up of, as we've said always, bolt-on investments and some acquisitions.
You know, on the bolt-on side, in addition to a number of projects which I can give you some examples of, we do have some completion of some legacy projects, in terms of, you know, ton cement production, that is probably in excess of 4 million tons of additional capacity. Most of our investments are gonna continue to be focused on the U.S., Europe, and to a lesser extent, in Mexico. The areas where we are continuing to focus on are, you know, aggregates, supply chain, sustainability. Sustainability really the big part is the substitution of alternative fuels, and the ability to improve, you know, the fuel efficiency in our kilns. Operational efficiencies are also an area of investment and Urbanization Solutions.
Those are the areas that we're going to be continuing to invest in. These are gonna be tending to be fairly smaller projects, although, you know, the transaction that we did recently, the aggregates transaction that you saw in the U.S. is, you know, it's not that big, but it's quite material. It increases our aggregates reserves by almost 20%. You know, we've done something like that in Germany, where it almost doubled our aggregates business there. That's kind of the focus. You know, we're quite confident because of the diversification of those investments, and because of the fact that they're in very known markets complementing known footprint and existing business positions.
We're fairly confident about the IRRs that we're expecting to get, you know, which continue to be well above 20%. With quick paybacks, probably the quickest paybacks are in the sustainability area, as it relates to, you know, alternative fuel consumption and or complementing our fuel consumption with hydrogen. These tend to be much shorter, much higher paybacks, especially in light of the escalation in fuel costs that we have seen. I don't know if that gives you, if that's a adequate kind of response to the question. If you have any follow-up, I'll be more than happy to deal with that.
Okay, great. Thanks very much. Very helpful, Maher.
Thank you very much, Anne.
Great. Thanks, Maher. We appreciate you joining us today for our fourth quarter webcast and conference call. If you have any additional questions, please feel free to contact investor relations. We look forward to seeing you again on our first quarter webcast that will take place on May second. Many thanks.
Thank you for your participation in today's conference. This concludes the presentation, and you may now disconnect. Have a good day.