Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by, and welcome to the Zhihu Inc f irst quarter 2021 financial results conference call. At this time, all participants are in listen-only mode. After the speaker's presentation, there will be a Q&A session. Today's conference is being recorded at this time. I would like to turn the conference over to Ms. Jingjing Du, Head of Investor Relations. Please go ahead, ma'am.
Thank you, operator. Hello, everyone. Welcome to our first quarter 2021 financial results conference call. Joining us today are Mr. Zhou Yuan , Chairman and CEO of Zhihu, and Mr. Sun Wei, our CFO. Before we start, we would like to remind you that today's discussion may contain forward-looking statements, which involve a number of risks and uncertainties. Actual results and outcomes may differ materially from those mentioned in today's announcement and this discussion. The company does not undertake any obligation to update this forward-looking information, except as required by law. During today's call, management will also discuss certain non-GAAP financial measures for comparison purpose only. For definition of non-GAAP financial measures and a reconciliation of GAAP to non-GAAP financial results, please see the earning release issued earlier today. As a reminder, this conference is being recorded.
In addition, a webcast replay of this conference call will be available on our website at ir.zhihu.com. I will now turn the call over to Mr. Sun Wei , our CFO. Please.
Okay. Thank you, Jingjing. I'm pleased to deliver today's opening remarks on behalf of Mr. Zhou Yuan, founder and CEO of Zhihu Inc. Thank you, everyone, for joining our first earnings call. I'm pleased to report that Zhihu delivered a strong set of results in the first quarter of 2021. Our user base and revenue both experienced significant growth during the period. In Q1, our user base continued to grow rapidly. Our average MAUs reached 85 million, representing a year-over-year growth of 38%. This is an impressive growth momentum we successfully managed to maintain. Even after the significant growth we realized in Q1 2020, during which most users spent more time online due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our revenue increased significantly, growing 154% year-over-year to RMB 478.3 million. This growth was largely attributable to our commitment to the execution of our content-centric monetization capabilities.
Now, I will elaborate a little bit of our revenue growth by business line. Most impressively, our content-commerce solution, also known as ZHI+, continues to deliver expectation-beating results, contributing RMB 121 million in revenue during the first quarter. This compares with an annual revenue of RMB 136 million from this business line in 2020. The strong growth momentum of Zhi+ was reflective of the market recognition of its high marketing efficiency among merchants and brands. The number of customers for the business line experienced a tenfold increase compared with Q1 last year. In addition, our growing merchants and brand portfolio for the business line also represents a much broader industry coverage, such as fast-moving consumer goods, education, beauty, and personal care, as well as daily life services.
We see great growth momentum in the business line, delivering optimal marketing efficiency to our customers and contributing great commercial content to our users. Zhihu's advertising business continued its rapid growth in Q1 2021, effectively overcoming the negative impact of COVID-19 on the internet advertising sector. In the quarter, our advertising revenue reached RMB 214 million, representing a year-over-year increase of 70%. The increase was mainly due to the growth of brand advertising, which was driven by our growing user base and brand recognition, as well as our strong capability in offering tailored marketing solutions to our brand customers. We also saw a steady increase in performance-based advertising revenue.
We expect the advertising sector will experience a strong recovery as the implications of COVID-19 pandemic continue to weaken, and we will continue to benefit from both a favorable industry trend, as well as our strong recognition among advertisers' target audiences, uniquely strong product offerings, and execution capabilities. The rapid growth of Zhihu's paying members is another important engine driving the development of Zhihu's content-centric business model. In the first quarter of 2021, revenue from paid membership was RMB 127 million, representing a year-over-year increase of 127%. The average quarterly paying members reached 3.98 million, representing a 138% increase from a year-over-year basis. The paying ratio reached 4.7% in the quarter. Our paid membership program is a vital component of our community, with great growth potential. We will continue to invest in its growth through offering more premium content and improving our paying members' user experience.
In the first quarter, we continued to expand the coverage and depth of Zhihu's paid content library. By the end of Q1 2021, items of paid content had increased by 190% on a year-over-year basis, with a broader range of categories offered. In the first quarter, we continued to fine-tune and execute our other content-centric monetization channels and initiatives, such as Recommended Goodies. In the first quarter, the GMV generated by Recommended Goodies reached RMB 1.5 billion, representing a year-over-year increase of 214%. With our business benefiting from deep ongoing cooperation with our strategic shareholders such as Taobao and JD, we expect to make further breakthroughs in the e-commerce space.
We continue to deepen our monetization in the education sector as we sought to enhance the quality and depth of our education content offerings, including our self-operated course portfolio, which has expanded from examinations to now also cover courses in finance and business. We have also expanded offerings to cover more target audience through a variety of partnerships with offline third-party vendors. We will continue to seek strategic partners in the education sector who offer great growth potential and product synergies with Zhihu's current offerings. Now let's dig a little bit deeper to review our operations across a couple of our key operating perspectives, content creation, user growth, and monetization capabilities. As a comprehensive online content community, we are dedicated to addressing the needs of people as they seek inspiration, find solutions, make decisions, or have fun.
In Q1, we have maintained lifestyle and consumer content categories as our most active and popular categories on our platform. This was closely followed by the entertainment category and Zhihu's cornerstone categories, including natural science, engineering, psychology, and politics, et cetera, which form the bedrock of our content library. Active content creation, especially those focusing on high-quality content, is a vital factor in driving strong growth of our user base and monetization capabilities. To this end, we continuously strive to enhance the breadth and depth of our content offerings with strong product development and refined operational initiatives. During Q1, we also concentrated on strengthening the timeliness of content created in response to trending events and enriching the format of our content offerings to include more videos carrying strong Zhihu content features and styles. Trending topics in Zhihu communities are also attracting an increasing number of views.
In-depth discussions on trending topics have generated significant organic traffic and word-of-mouth recommendations. Zhihu trending topics in Chinese, Zhihu ZhaBa, has become a favored place for in-depth discussions following the occurrence of major events. In the first quarter, more than 23,000 trending topic events were discussed on Zhihu. Discussions of these topics increased user activity and interaction on our platform. This further strengthens Zhihu's brand recognition by encouraging user participation in both spontaneous content creation and in-depth discussions. Through our 20 years of operation, we have successfully developed a comprehensive system for attracting users and increasing their interactions on our platform. In order to cater to the various demands of users, we encourage our content creators to generate a diverse spectrum of content, making full use of the rich media formats our platform has to offer. We also launched creative online campaigns for targeted demographics.
Highlights of these included content creation workshops specifically organized for younger and amateur users, and open forums focusing on certain specialized areas for a certain group of users. All these events were well received by users and generated a great volume of content creation and engagement activities. We are focusing on offering a broader range of such events to a great catalog of categories and have received satisfying results. By the end of the first quarter, our content library, measured by accumulated content pieces on Zhihu platform, grew about 60% year-over-year. Now I will spend a little bit of time on our visualization initiative, which is rapidly becoming a core part of our business. Daily time spent on video by video viewers has increased by 1.6 x in the quarter compared to the same period last year.
We saw very impressive growth in the volume of uploaded mid-form videos in the quarter, increasing 17 x on a year-over-year basis. We believe that leveraging our rich content pool, Zhihu is well-placed to capitalize video's increasing dominance in online content consumption. By adopting a visualization strategy for our platform, our accumulated library of premium content will be consumed by ever larger groups of users, further accelerating our user growth. As part of our visualization strategy, we launched various video creation utilities and toolkits for our video content creators and have also introduced a dedicated video tab on the app homepage. Going forward, we believe our premium video content will differentiate Zhihu in the market and will be a key driver of growth for the segment. To facilitate our strategy, we will continue to invest in product innovation and introduce more monetization channels for video content services.
As we move to the next stage, we are committed to providing more mid-form video content with a differentiating sense of fulfillment for our users. Our content creators continue to be highly active on our platform. In the first quarter, there were 3.4 million active content creators per month on average, representing an increase of 100,000 from the fourth quarter of 2020. Our creator community contributed more than 12.8 million pieces of content in March 2021 alone. This achievement reflects our continuous effort in improving the ecosystem for our content creators. We provide our creators with a sophisticated and dedicated platform encompassing various effective creativity toolkit and utilities, such as AI-powered video creation functionality that greatly simplifies the process of making video content.
We also offer full-service assistance to the video content creators through a project we call Project Haiyan, which includes training courses on video creation, traffic support, cash incentive plan, and connectivity with the merchant partners for content monetization. We are excited to see that these efforts have led to a rapid increase in video creation volume over the past 12 months. As I just mentioned, mid-form videos increased 17 x in the quarter on a year-over-year basis. Most likely, we are seeing more and more video content created not only by our top content creators, but also from medium level and new content creators, encompassing an increasing coverage ratio among our content creators. Our continuously solidifying partnership with a growing group of new talented creators will help us further accelerate the visualization of our business.
In addition to supporting operation and content creation, we have also provided our content creator community with multiple channels for recognition and ways to monetize their contribution. An example of this is our recent new generation of knowing ceremony in Chinese. Here we recognized, awarded, and honored 187 outstanding young people who provided premium answers to high-quality topics on our platform. By continuously building partnerships with younger generation and new content creators, we are fortifying our ecosystem by building a pipeline of future premium content for the benefit of our entire community. Zhihu has maintained its industry-leading position in terms of user acquisition efficiency by adopting a content and technology-driven growth strategy. The acquisition cost per new MAU for Q1 was RMB 37, which represents an optimal level of cost efficiency among other players in the online content community industry.
Going forward, we will continue to grow our user base while maintaining user acquisition efficiency. On our 10th anniversary in January this year, we launched a series of branding campaigns to further improve Zhihu's brand awareness in the marketplace centered around our new tagline, "If there's a question, there will be an answer." In Chinese, [Non-English content]. We believe this branding concept clearly reflects Zhihu's value and mission and will enable us to attract a wider range of users to our content community. In the quarter, we launched events such as An Adventurous Evening with Answers, [Non-English content], an online new generation of knowing ceremony, [Non-English content], aimed at encouraging excellent answers and recognizing them for their contribution to our community. These branding campaigns have enhanced Zhihu's brand identity and recognition among content community users.
In future, we will continue to invest in our brand, which is a key asset to driving long-term user growth. The foundation of our closed loop ecosystem is trust. Trust in our community enhances the partnerships among content creators, brands, and merchants, encouraging an integrated approach to answering user acquisition and fulfilling their needs. In the first quarter, the number of content creators that received income on the Zhihu platform increased by 296% compared to the same period of last year. This is a solid evidence of how the growing maturity and success of our content monetization approach has incentivized our content creators. In conclusion, we are very pleased with Zhihu's solid growth in the first quarter. In the past 10 years, we have become China's largest Q&A-inspired online content community.
Going forward, our growing user base, enriching premium content, expanding content creator base and diversifying monetization channels will continue to make Zhihu well-positioned to capitalize opportunities in China's rapidly expanding online content sector. Okay, this concludes the remarks of Mr. Zhou Yuan, our founder and CEO. I will now start with our financial performance review for the first quarter of 2021. As a quick review, in the first quarter of 2021, our total revenues experienced solid growth. Our total revenues amounted to RMB 478.3 million, representing a 154% year-over-year increase compared with the same period of 2020. This was driven by our strong user growth and the fast-evolving content-centric monetization model. In the first quarter, our new monetization channels continued to grow and contributed a more balanced portion to our total revenue.
For example, content-commerce solutions represented 25.3% of our total revenue in the quarter, compared with 0.6% in Q1 2020 and 10% in 2020's full fiscal year. The contribution of advertising revenues decreased to 44.7% from 66.8% in the same period of last year. Paid membership accounted for 26.5% of our total revenue, compared to 29.6% in Q1 2020, and other revenues accounted for the remaining 3.6% for the first quarter of 2021. Gross profit for the quarter was RMB 272.7 million, up 248% year-over-year. Our gross margin was also significantly enhanced to 57% in the quarter compared to 42% in Q1 of last year, benefiting mainly from our change in revenue mix, with higher contributions from business contributing significantly higher margins, such as content-commerce solutions. Moving on to the costs and expenses.
Our costs increased in line with our growth of our business scale, though at a relatively lower pace, delivering a higher gross margin. In particular, increased advertising execution and content-related costs drove much of our 87% year-over-year increase in cost of revenue, which were RMB 205.6 million for the quarter. We also saw increases in cloud services and bandwidth costs incurred in support of the significant increase in user traffic and activity on our platform. As an illustration, our average MAU increased by 38% in the quarter on a year-over-year basis, we experienced a 138% year-over-year increase in average monthly paying members. Our total operating expenses also increased in support of our growth, with the total expenses amounting to RMB 650.1 million. As a percentage of total revenue, it increased to 129% in the quarter compared with the 154% during the same period of last year.
This shows a continuously enhancing operational efficiency, which we focused a lot on in association with driving our growth. The main driver of operating expense growth in the quarter was selling and marketing expenses, reflecting various marketing and branding events and campaigns we launched during the same period. We also experienced higher personnel and share-based compensation costs as we continue to invest in talent to support our growth. Loss from operations was RMB 342.5 million, compared to RMB 210.9 million for Q1 2020. Net loss for the quarter was RMB 324.7 million, compared to RMB 201.3 million for the same period of last year. Our adjusted net loss, which is a non-GAAP measure that excludes share-based compensation expenses, was RMB 193.6 million for the first quarter of 2021. Proceeds from our IPO continued to enhance our balance sheet.
As of the end of March 2021, the company had cash and cash equivalents, term deposits, and short-term investments of RMB 7,960.4 million. I will make a brief remark on our financial outlook. Looking into the second quarter of 2021, the company expects that our total revenue will be in the range of RMB 622 million and RMB 627 million. This only reflects our current and preliminary estimate and is subject to any change due to factors, including those that are beyond our control.
This concludes our earnings remarks. We will take questions from the audience. Could the operator please open the line and let us commence our Q&A session?
We will now begin the question and answer session. To ask a question, you may press star then one on your touchtone phone. If you are using a speakerphone, please pick up your handset before pressing the keys. To withdraw your question, please press star then two. At this time, we'll pause momentarily to assemble our roster. Our first question comes from Piyush Mubayi from Goldman Sachs. Please go ahead.
Good evening. Congratulations on your numbers, as well as the listing a couple of weeks ago. My first question centers around your MAU progression, which we note has done very well. May I ask you to talk through the MAU as of the end of the quarter, and where you're seeing that growth come through. If possible, could you reflect on the trajectory you're observing at the end of the quarter and whether that trajectory can be maintained at that pace through the rest of the year, potentially? That's my first question. My second question. At the time of the IPO, you disclosed what the total visitor number was, I wonder if we could go back and get a feel for how that visitor number has changed potentially since the last time we saw that number reported in the filings. Thank you.
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The MAU growth in Zhihu has always been driven by our content. We have a very high percentage of new users are coming from the content created by the organic traffic. In terms of profiling our new users, we noticed that they are presenting the same features and behaviors generally. However, relatively speaking, I should say, the female new users are giving us a higher percentage on a year-on-year basis.
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In terms of our content, our ecosystem has been growing very sustainably. We are well penetrating into a wider range of topic areas. In different scenarios, we are able to meet the demands from various users. We have best-in-class content as well as content creators in 10 knowledge areas. We have been maintaining our advantage in our industry all the time. I can give you some examples. For instance, our unique visitor number increased by 220% in material science and by 560% in microeconomics year-on-year.
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At the same time, we are also well positioned in other topic areas such as hobbies. For instance, in ACG, in 3Cs, and in gaming, the content and content creators are also very active. These help us to attract more younger users. Our percentage of users under 25 years old are also on the rise.
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In terms of on top of knowledge sharing and interest discussion, we are also helping our users to solve their actual problems. These kind of contents are also on the rise. For instance, we have a very popular topic that is about preparation for the exam for graduation school in China. Right now, every day there are more than 1 million users looking at those information. We're also helping our users to gain life skills such as cooking. We are also providing solutions for the newbies in the workplace. This will help our users not only to share their views about their interests, but also solving their actual problems in their work and life.
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We see that in both retention rate and in CAC. These new contents are giving us very nice numbers in terms of users that we have, and we will continue to invest in gaining more and more users this way. Thank you.
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As to your second question, the monthly viewers we are having right now is 460 million, maintain a stable level.
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Also the percentage of MAU to monthly viewers are also on a stable uprising trajectory. Thank you.
Thank you. The next question comes from Alex Xu from Credit Suisse. Please go ahead.
Thank you very much for taking my question and congratulations on very good results
I'll ask my questions first in Chinese and translate in English by myself. [Non-English content] My first question will be about progress in the video monetization strategy. Would you please share some more figures about the scale of video consumption and production? Also, what will be the key initiatives to further drive the penetration of video in MAU and content creators?
My second question is about the GP margins breakdown and outlook. Would you please share about the business segment GP margins, such as for example, GP margins for content-commerce solution and the membership business. How should we think about the GP margin trend in the rest of this year? Thank you.
[Non-English content]
Thank you. Mr. Zhou Yuan will address your first question about video strategy. Video content is a very important part in our ecosystem. In the past couple of months, we see that our volume of video, both in terms of creation and consumption, increased significantly. For those videos that are over one minute long, the daily uploading volume increased by 17x on the past quarter, and the average consumption on video also increased by over 60%.
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Our Zhihu community is very open and highly accommodating to different kinds of content creators, different kinds of media formats, and different kinds of user groups. Right now, you see video penetrated DAU is now over 30%. People do enjoy watching video on Zhihu's platform. Also, as we are progressing in our product as well as technology innovation, video is going to be a very important element to content creators as one of their creation tools. We believe that every answer on Zhihu should have a video version. Text and image as well as video are just part and parcel of our entire content library.
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As we can see in our community, video is presenting very nice growth rate and also the content as well as the categories are looking very healthy. On the other hand, in the entire industry of video, mid-form video is still at a very early stage. If you look at many other similar content communities, if we put all the uploading volumes of mid-form videos all together, the daily uploading volume is only by hundreds of thousands. We believe that going forward, this volume will explode to about millions on a daily basis. We believe that this sector still has enormous potential, and we believe that we will be able to see more and more quality video content and video content creators in the community of Zhihu.
[Non-English content]
Thank you. I also want to mention the ecosystem that we are building for video development. Unlike many other platforms, our community video strategy is driven by our ecosystem, which is very healthy, that promotes the good quality to come out from the rest. This will again reinforce the healthy atmosphere that we are enjoying in our community. In Q1, we actively taking some measures to control the low-quality content, meaning that it will give more exposure opportunities for better quality videos. Also at the same time, our content creators for better quality videos are enjoying a wider space for their creation. In the second quarter, we hope to make some structural changes to the content videos as well as further build on our ecosystem so that as an entirety, our video business will continue to grow very fast. Thank you.
Yeah. This is the CFO of the company, Sun Wei. I will try to answer the second question from Alex regarding the gross profit margin. I will speak in Chinese, and Grace will help on translation. [Non-English content]
Thank you. This is CFO, Sun Wei of Zhihu. The answer to the gross margin is, by 2021, our Q1 gross margin stood at 57%, which represented a very significant increase over the same period last year. The first reason for that is the economy of scale that we are enjoying as a result of increased revenue that we are seeing from our business. Both of our Zhi+ and paid membership business represented over 100% increase, whereas our advertisement grew by over 70%. Second reason is the significant mix change that we are seeing in our revenue. For instance, for Zhi+ business in 2020, first quarter accounted for only 1% of our total revenue, whereas by the Q1 2021, it's accounting for 25%.
Our revenue contribution from paid membership and advertisement stood at 67% and 30%, respectively, in the first quarter of 2020, whereas the percentage has now dropped to 45% and 26%, respectively. Therefore, you see that our higher margin business, that is Zhi+, is contributing more to our gross margin as a whole.
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The third reason is that we keep a very good control on our fixed cost items. For instance, the costs for bandwidth as well as for servers are not increasing at the same pace as we are increasing our user base and our business. Therefore, due to the economy of scale that we're getting from the fixed items of cost, we are also registering a higher gross margin. The above-mentioned three reasons are contributing to a higher gross margin this quarter. Thank you.
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Going forward, I think in the next couple of quarters, we might see some slight changes in our gross margin level as we are seeing very nice perspectives in terms of the video content that we have. Therefore, we will invest a little bit more in encouraging the video creation and content creators by compensating them more on their content creation in video format. Thank you.
The next question is from Binbin Ding from JP Morgan. Please go ahead.
[Non-English content] I'll translate myself.
I have two questions. My first question is about the content-commerce solution. Can management share some colors in terms of the drivers behind the strong growth in the first quarter? For example, what are the key industries or notable business customers who have contributed to the growth? How does operating metrics such as click-through rate, ECPM look like in the first quarter, and how should we look at the trend in the rest of 2021? My second question is about your sales and marketing expenses, which nearly tripled in the first quarter of 2021 compared to the same period last year. Can management elaborate on the key investment areas of the sales and marketing investment, and how shall we look at the trend in the following quarters? Thank you very much.
Okay, Ding Binbin. [Non-English content]
Thank you. Let me address the first question on content commerce solution first. Well, actually in Q1, content commerce solution beat our expectations for that, which registered a revenue of RMB 121 million, accounting for about 89% of the number that we got from last year entirely, increasing by over 100%. Even on a quarter-over-quarter basis.
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As for the drivers behind the content-commerce solution, I would say that we are very happy to see that both the number of the brands and merchants on our platform are on the rise as well, increased by about 10 x if you compare the number in Q1 2020. Because there are larger volumes of merchants working on our community platform, we are seeing very nice price out of the bidding from the merchants. Therefore, we have very nice CPC numbers as well. In conclusion, I think I would say that both the volume as well as the price are the drivers behind our CCS growth, content-commerce solution. Thank you.
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In terms of the industry concentration, we see very nice popularities from the sectors such as FMCG, education, beauty products, 3Cs, and automobiles. Whereas we are seeing very nice conversion rate from the CCS that we're having. I would say for FMCG, education, and beauty, they have been the biggest contributors to our merchant base and brand base.
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As to your second question, the increase of sales and marketing expenses in our Q1. Well, I should say that in January, we were celebrating the 10th anniversary of Zhihu as a community. Therefore, we launched a number of brand campaigns heavily in the country, such as Nice Party Adventure, as well as the award ceremony for New Generation of Knowing, which is very welcomed by the community as a whole. This helped us a lot in building our brand recognition, and that is why we see a jump in terms of sales and marketing expenses, especially in this Q1.
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That said, I should say that we are still very stringent in terms of our sales and marketing expenses and looking at the efficiency of our marketing dollars spent. The CAC of our MAU still stood at RMB 37 per MAU, and therefore are still keeping at a very low level.
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Thank you.
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The next question is from Xueqing Zhang from CICC. Please go ahead.
[Non-English content] I'll briefly translate myself. Thanks management for taking my question and congrats on your strong financial performance. My question is regarding the drivers of the advertising business. Since it is said that brand ads have strong performance, how do you view and project the growth of performance ad load and in CPM? Maybe in terms of advertisers, is it because that you have gained more share in their accounts or there are more KA or SME clients? Thank you.
[Non-English content]
Thank you for the question. Well, our advertisement business revenue increased by 70% compared with the previous year, that was mainly contributed by our brand advertisement. It used to account for the majority part of our advertisement income. That is because we have launched a new product as well as helping our brand advertisers building more values on our community by giving them better high quality content that would accumulate in our community. Our advertisement income mainly comes from the KA.
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Our performance ad is accounting for less of a percentage versus the brand ads, which is pretty much in line with our development strategy. We hope to work even harder for the brand advertisement and trying to gain more of their budget on advertisement.
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As for the ad load, going forward, we will keep our ad load unchanged. We will rely on the increase on our user base, the better and higher recognition of our Zhihu as a community, and also diversifying our format so that there will be more forms of our consumption of advertisement on our community. Thank you.
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Due to time constraint, that concludes today's question and answer session. At this time, I will turn the conference back to Jingjing f or any additional or closing remarks.
Thank you once again for joining us today. If you have any further questions, please contact our IR team directly or TPG Investor Relations. Thank you.
Thank you once again for joining us today. If you have any further questions.