Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen, and welc ome to the Ras pberry Pi Holdings plc final results investor presentation. Throughout this recorded meeting, investors will be in listen only mode. Questions are encouraged. They can be submitted at any time just using the Q&A tab. Simply type in your questions and press send. Before we begin, we'd like to submit the following poll, and I'm sure the company would be most grateful for your participation. I'd like to hand over to the management team. Eben, Richard, good afternoon.
Good afternoon. So welcome to our results presentation for 2025. Richard and I are gonna walk you through some abbreviated highlights of the year, a summary of our financial performance. We'll give an update on our progress against our strategy and conclude with some words on the outlook for the remainder of 2026. In summary, 2025 was an absolutely standout year for us. Shipments of boards and modules increased by 9% to 7.8 million units, and that delivered a 25% increase in EBITDA. We saw demand for our products build steadily throughout 2025. The second half was noticeably stronger than the first half, and within that, the fourth quarter stronger than the third. We saw particular strength in our two largest markets, the United States and China.
As we speculated in our half year results, this was indeed the crossover year for our semiconductors business. We saw a 47% year-over-year increase in chip sales to 8.4 million units, meaning that we sold more chips than boards for the first time. Raspberry Pi is at heart a product company, and we love to launch products more than pretty much anything else. 2025 was a somewhat slower year for us than 2024 in terms of product launches, but still one of our strongest historically. We launched many new hardware products, including new microcontroller variants that for the first time embed non-volatile memory alongside the RP2350 die. I think the star of the show for us was our first software product, Raspberry Pi Connect.
This was launched in beta in the middle of 2024, and we added many new features, including over-the-air firmware updates in 2025. Those features really being very finely targeted onto the needs of our OEM, our paid for OEM users of Raspberry Pi Connect, Raspberry Pi Connect for organizations. We ended the year with very nearly 400,000 devices registered, and we're over 500,000 devices registered today. Finally, we've been strengthening our marketing outreach. We've been increasing our presence at physical events, at trade shows. We've seen strong momentum in our board-to-board program, which aims to introduce and promote Raspberry Pi to major industrial OEMs at the C-suite level. We've seen particular interest from OEMs in smart home and in aerospace and defense. We've been refining the structure of our reseller c hannel.
We've retired a number of underperforming partners such that for the first year in a very long time, we actually left the year with slightly fewer resellers than we started the year with. But we've made a number of targeted additions of reseller partners targeting key geographies and key sectors. I'll hand over to Richard for the financials.
I think as Eben said, 2025 was a very good year. Perhaps to understand the story, it's good to look at the shape of the unit sales over the last 24 months, essentially on a quarterly basis. Quarter one 2024, we came into the year of 2024, really after that period of shortage through 2022, 2023 electrical products. We'd only had a back, a final back order, particularly on compute modules, which caused our direct sales, as you see in blue, to be particularly strong. Also at the same time, it was really the first quarter where we were fully selling Pi 5, through Premier Farnell, our licensee partner, which is the orange. That first quarter was very strong for a number of reasons.
Came into the middle of the year and really like a lot of the electronics sector. I think everybody had come out of that period of semiconductor shortage, had bought an awful lot of product, and there was a general industry-wide indigestion, which it really took through quarter two, quarter three, and a bit into quarter four to really settle through. You saw that in our sales volumes through that period. One of the bright spots in that third quarter was also we launched our second microcontroller product, which we sell on Pico board. So the actual number of units of boards was helped, but it's a much more low-cost product, much lower unit margin, which we'll touch on. Gradually, as we came into the start of 2025, that demand had settled.
There was much more opportunity in terms of industrial sector. We saw, which we would probably regard as one of our sort of bellwether products, the Pi 3, a product that's been with us since 2016, sorry, pick up in volume again as industrial customers really came back in, I think, after the overstocks had cleared. That sort of gentle progress really took place through the first three quarters of 2025. Until then, in the final quarter, we saw really that strengthening in demand quite significantly. Some of it was new products, some of it was, probably a little bit of stimulation from memory prices going up. Most strongly, it was people building in new products into their development of compute modules and purchases of Pi 5s and Pi 4s.
Overall, a very good finish to the year, and that has carried on into quarter one, which is seeing very similar volumes. I guess the day is yet young, but hopefully by the end of the quarter tonight, will be very similar numbers to the end of 2025, that last quarter. Overall, it was a year of 7.6 million units. That was up some 9% on 2024. Gross profit per unit, so that's one of the key metrics that we follow. How much profit have we made on each of those boards that we've sold was $8.70, which is up on $7.40 from a year ago. Number of factors there, a definitely better mix.
I've mentioned already our Raspberry Pi 5 boards, Raspberry Pi 4 boards, which retail from $45 right up to over $100, which much more substantial. Some of the other boards, such as Pico, which is sort of $3-$4 in price, were essentially flat year-over-year. That mix was a major reason for the lift in the higher margin that we then make. The other factor was the first 2 million of the Pi 5 boards we made, the chip that went into there was an early version or earlier version of the Broadcom BCM2712, and it was $5 more expensive.
Once we cleared through that, the costs of our Pi 5 boards became $5 cheaper, which is quite a significant uptick as well in terms of that margin, gross profit per board. Overall, our gross profit was up 23% as a result of those factors, as a result of more units being sold and of a better margin per unit. As a consequence of that, our costs ro se similar level to the gross profit such that our EBITDA was also up about 25% year-on-year to $46.4 million. That gave us, as that flowed through an adjusted EPS, earnings per share, rising 35% to $0.145 from $0.107 a year ago.
Overall, the result of that, with adjustments to working capital and things like that, we'll talk about later in terms of inflow and, paying off some of the payables that we've had previously, left us with cash of GBP 28 million from the year compared to GBP 45 million a year ago. In addition to that, we have a revolving credit facility of GBP 80 million that has remained undrawn. Essentially, we've ended up with cash at the end of the year of GBP 28 million, a clean number. Overall, I've talked about the units being up. You can see the direct share rose much more significantly. Royalties were flat, such that the direct share increasing means that of the total, it rose to about 76%, which is similar to the numbers that we expect to see in 2026.
We probably believe that our share of the boards that we sell as opposed to out of total boards, the other being royalty, is in the range of about 70%-80%. I think 70 was probably in 2024 about the lowest level, and we expect to see that rise closer to 80 in the year ahead. At the units at 7.6 million in total, we expect 2026 to be better on that, with that momentum that we saw in Q4 last year and quarter one of this year continuing for the year, and so numbers strengthening there. Gross profit per unit, as mentioned, $8.70. We expect that to come down in 2026. It really is memory prices. The cost of the memory that goes into our boards has been rising significantly.
We will talk more about that later. While we've put up prices, then obviously there is an effect there that means margin on the boards, in terms of $ per board will come down, and we anticipate that to be the case. Accessories, which is in the bright pink on the top, it was another strong performance that rose to about $1.40 per board. Those are things like that we sell alongside there. Some of them are products that we very much design ourselves. Others are products that we have bought from other people. We have intervened quite significantly in the design of quite a few of these items. So power supplies where we have been quite fastidious in terms of the quality of those.
Those overall have had a very good year in 2025. So that's areas like cameras, AI HATs, displays, power supplies, all stepping forward very nicely relative to the number of boards. It also includes areas like SD cards and SSD memory as well, which we started to bring through into 2025. We've seen significant take-up of those. It's very important for the quality of the product that the SD card is reliable. Again, it's part of this culture of engineering that the team at Raspberry Pi have really made sure that those products do not diminish the overall offer of the Raspberry Pi board itself.
Those have performed strongly in the period, and we'd see hopefully similar numbers into 2026 in terms of that sort of profit per unit, maybe even stepping up a little bit from there. In totality, we see revenue was up significantly, increases in higher prices, was up significantly, really driven by units and also slightly increased mix. We see that coming forward into 2026, where we've had to increase prices of certain boards really quite significantly to cope with memory price increases, that you would expect to see the revenue for 2026 increase substantially, at the same time as units picking up, but that board cost increase going up. Gross profit rose 23%, while the margin at this stage stayed pretty constant at 24%.
That's that margin that I think you would expect to come down in 2026. We're very focused on that profit per unit, and as the price is going to increase as we accommodate more expensive cost of sales from memory, the revenue will increase, whereas the profit per unit will stay at similar sort of levels. We would expect that margin to come down. It's not a number that we chase. We're much more focused on that profit per unit as a measure rather than the percentage. Offset against that increase in gross profit, we saw an increase in research and development costs and in administrative costs. Research and development costs were up year-on-year.
We saw the underlying salaries of people that we employ in this area. That line is dominated by costs of our colleagues. Their costs were up about 10%. A slight increase in the number of heads, but also increases in payroll. However, that total amount, we then deduct from that and capitalize up salaries of people on the projects they've been working on. In 2024, that was about 56% of those salaries. That came down to about 42% in 2023, such that net cost in that line therefore increased more substantially than just inflation. This is really a feature of depending on the projects that we've been working on.
In 2025, we had more in the way of software products, which we don't capitalize. 2024 was the year when we were finishing the launch of the RP2350, our microcontroller, and therefore, much more significant level of capitalization. We would think of this as being more typically about 50% into the future. Admin costs or administrative costs were up, really as a function of the first full year of being listed. They were up some 19%. We had additional heads, additional costs, be that stock exchange fees, but also actually just generally increases. We had a good year in terms of bonuses as well, driving that administrative cost up. I think going into the future, we'd expect to see that grow at a lower rate in future periods.
I think there was a bit of a sort of catch-up effect in these numbers. It brings us down to an Adjusted EBITDA number as referenced of about 25%. Depreciation and amortization was essentially flat year-on-year. Similar products were being amortized in both periods, and then we did also have a slight reduction in the rate of de-amortization on some semiconductor products where we saw longer lives on those. We did a reassessment based on the demand for the products, and the demand was of a strength where the idea that these economic lives of these products we exhausted within six years was just not practical. We've stretched that by another couple of years, and that's produced a slightly lower amortization charge. Our tax rate and taxation charge at the bottom.
Our effective tax rate, which is the sum of current tax and deferred tax, compared to our adjusted profit before tax, was down to about 18%. That was really two factors bringing that down from, I think, what we would regard as the U.K. norm of 25%, the government corporation tax rate. We have obtained a patent in respect of one of the elements of Pi 5 and also of the semiconductors. This allows us to put the profits of those businesses into what's called a Patent Box and attract only 10% tax. That taken with a release of a provision that we'd set up in the past brought that tax rate down. I think in the future, we'd expect that rate to be closer to 22%-23% in the future.
Those factors taken together, leads us to an adjusted earnings per share of $0.1448, which is up some 35% year-over-year. Turning to the balance sheet, the key elements within here are intangibles, which is the major part of our fixed assets. They were up to about $83 million from $73 million a year ago. That's essentially the capitalization, particularly of intangibles, that we've incurred in the year, normally at about sort of $20 million. This year was about $18 million. Less depreciation in the period. Our inventory, $145 million. The total amount improved. It came down slightly from about $156 a year ago as finished goods reduced.
During 2024, we had a period where they increased as we were continuing to manufacture it, demand slowed. We started to get on top of that. We pushed back quite hard in terms of production so that by the end of the year it was starting to come down. That continued through into 2025. It's probably fair to say now at the sort of levels of, I think about sort of $30 million-$40 million, that is probably about as low as we can realistically take it at the moment. We may expect to see some increase there, whereas components we did increase in 2025. Memory holdings went up, and also we had some increase in the processor chips that we used. All part of that making sure that our business is resilient as possible to these fluctuations in the key components.
Overall inventory came down slightly, but with those two factors of finished goods coming down and components going up. On the other side, receivables increased. It was up to $59 million from $36 million a year ago. That's really a function of how strong that last quarter was when we saw significant sales volumes going out. And also, in truth, the increase in the prices of finished boards and such like where you were seeing therefore a higher value per individual unit as well. That increased. Payables did come down. At the end of 2024, we had about $52 million of extended payables. It's really a function of just how soft, in truth, the market for components was during 2024. Really quite a turnaround since.
At that period we had the ability, the offer of paying certain suppliers over longer terms. That has unwound. During 2025, we were essentially paying those off as well. That came down by about GBP 52 million on that line, such that our payables finished at GBP 60 million compared to GBP 96 million previously. If you sort of look at those together, that increase in overall working capital to GBP 144 million from just shy of 100 million previously, that outflow really driven by those extended payables being resolved. We're now free of those to all intents and purposes. The flow over the period caused a reduction in cash through the period at GBP 28 million. At that point, we've I think have started to see an improvement in the cash position.
Our RCF remains undrawn at GBP 80 million. We increased that during the year in terms of the facility, but we haven't had cause to use it. It's there in reserve should an opportunity arise. Cash flow overall, slightly unsurprisingly, is the result of the factors that we were describing on the previous page in terms of the movement in the balance sheet. Profit of GBP 45.8 million, or EBITDA. Payables reducing, and therefore we consumed that level of payables. We've got CapEx, as you can see on here. We spent about GBP 18 million of cash CapEx, pretty close to the GBP 20 million of guidance that we give. We've flagged in the past, we'd expect that to rise to circa 25% of gross profit over time. It is lumpy.
There may be some periods where we spend more. We may buy IP, which you buy as a single piece in a given year. We also, on some of the chip design programs, that final tape-out, as we refer to it, where you send the designs across to TSMC, typically in our case, for them to turn it into full-scale production. Again, there are sometimes some significant one-off costs. I think that overall sort of trend of 25% taken across the years should make a lot of sense. We had a tax credit. We had two lots of research and development expenditure credit received in 2025, as opposed to more normally an annual amount of, say, GBP 3 million-GBP 4 million. That overall, I think, brings us down to the cash position referred to before of GBP 28.
Cash conversion, which is something really for the longer-term outlook. We think of this at the operating cash flow level, so it's essentially EBITDA minus the movement in working capital. I think over a period, we'd expect that to run at somewhere between 60%-80%. A smaller consumption of cash and working capital in the future. We don't expect any more extended payables to complicate things. It will, as the phrase that we've used a few times, be lumpy. If there is an opportunity to buy memory in significant quantity, we would take up that opportunity. Generally as a trend, I think it'll be of that order. I'm gonna say a little bit about memory and then hand back to Eben.
Memory costs have increased significantly really since the summer of last year. We were in the situation where, as I've referred to, the level of inventory we brought into the year was substantial, and therefore the impact on this current year has probably been slight. It is a feature that is very much in our thinking for this year ahead. The overall trend for memory is one that you can see in the graph on the left-hand side there. Bear in mind, this is a logarithmic scale here, so the declines are radically more substantial since sort of people started measuring this in 1975. I can remember buying a computer with the very exciting 32K of RAM in it, which is probably-
I think mine had been 16. I think I may have had the same machine, but mine had started as 16K and was then went up to 32K.
Wow. I see. Well,
The extreme left. We are on the extreme left of this curve here, aren't we? Yeah.
Yeah. Then slowly sloping down. It's one of the best expressions I think of Moore's Law you will see. It has trended down, but in the last six months, we have seen on the back of really the trend for investment in data centers, who want a lot of a particular category of memory called High Bandwidth Memory, have been purchasing significant volumes. The key memory manufacturers have diverted a lot of their production away from computing, the general purpose computing side of memory use and from mobile phones to make this High Bandwidth Memory for the hyperscalers and friends. And that has produced a significant increase in the prices of that memory, as you can see, up about seven times.
It's also producing some conditions now where we're having to work hard to make sure that we can properly source all the memory we need, and that's even in the situation where we're one of the largest purchasers in Europe of DRAM. We've seen significant increase in memory. We have been taking steps since the summer of last year. We're continuing to. We've increased the range of suppliers we're working with. Historically, we'd buy from really two of the major manufacturers, Micron and Samsung. We've now been talking much more widely to other people. The Raspberry Pi name is enormously helpful with that. We find a lot of places we go to, we haven't met people before, but they have used our products, either university or in the company.
Certain pieces of technical innovation that allow us to use memory more effectively to create four gigabytes from two gigabyte pieces of memory. We're also just having to pay more, and then we are taking more substantial purchases where possible to manage all of that. We've increased prices of our products already. As you can see here, there is a product, the 4-gigabyte Compute Module 4, which actually at one stage in early 2026, I think, we reduced the price to tidy it up. Since then, we've seen some quite substantial increases. I'm afraid there is every indication those price increases. There will be more coming over this year. It is a step that we've done to basically maintain that gross profit per unit at a sensible level to be positive.
About 25% of our cost of boards is made up of this kind of DRAM on the boards that use it. About a third of our boards, the older ones particularly, do not use this. They use what's called LPDDR2, which you may guess from the name, the two is an older generation of which we have ample supplies. In terms of outlook, I think we expect highly elevated DRAM prices to continue into 2026 and probably into 2027 as well. Really a solution to that is coming from more fab capacity, more places to actually make this, which will take time. These are phenomenally sophisticated machines make this and require many billions to do so. I think the resolution by additional manufacturers will likely be 2028 than 2027.
The price increases will, however, help in that unfortunate Adam Smith's hand of the markets. It will probably push some demand away. It has, I think we're seeing a little bit of it already, some more to come where customers are revisiting the effectiveness of their software and looking for to use smaller amounts of memory for the purpose that they have. Again, there'll be some reduction in demand there. But we're also widening our conversations to a much wider group of suppliers. Overall, we're taking and have taken significant actions. I think this will continue to be a major theme for the year. We have at the moment, we came into the year with significant levels of inventory into 2026.
We're in a good place, I think compared to many, a very good place in respect of 1 gigabyte and 2 gigabyte memory, so the lower ends. That should see us through right up to the end of 2026, almost to the end, I think is what we've said elsewhere. On some of the higher 4 and 8s, I think the doubling up, the clamshell, we've referred to it's one of the solutions at the 4s. That is something we're having to work very hard to achieve. We think this, we're comfortable with the numbers we have for 2026, but this is an area of significant activity for us for the whole of this year. Certainly, there continues to be uncertainty that will take us through into 2027. I'll pass back to Eben.
Oh, wonderful. Thank you. A quick update on progress against our strategy. This was another great year for product launches at Raspberry Pi. Out of the 13 or 14 products we launched, I'm just gonna pick out three that I think help illustrate where we feel we're going as a business. Firstly, we have Radio Module 2 launched mid-year. This product delivers turnkey wireless interfacing to our microcontroller customers, and it bridges the gap between these first-class deep embedded compute platforms that we build, RP2040 and RP2350, and the network. It's a fantastic complement to those microcontroller products, and it's become a successful product in its own right. Very much a demand-led product, this.
A product that we could only build because over the last five years, we've become enormously better at actually listening to our customers, listening to what our customers are telling us they need in order to make their Raspberry Pi-based designs a success. Next, we have my personal favorite. This is Raspberry Pi Five Hundred Plus, our latest all-in-one PC. As Richard was saying, I think we both grew up with the same machine. Both grew up with BBC Micros in our homes. This is a love letter. This product is a love letter to our enthusiast base who still remain at the heart of the Raspberry Pi mission. It's on-
Given you're 10 years younger than me, I was struggling to do things that you were doing at half my age.
Mine was a very old, beaten up second-hand BBC Micro at the end of the 1980s. This product is, you know, with its mechanical keyboard, with its back lit mechanical keyboard and 16 gigabytes of RAM, this is really a love letter to those machines that we grew up with. It's a wonderful demonstration for us. How does it fit in with our strategy? It's a wonderful demonstration that with the Raspberry Pi 5 platform, roughly 150 times the performance of the Raspberry Pi 1 that we launched 14 years ago back in 2012, that we've now reached a performance level where this platform really can pull its weight in a modern high-performance client PC.
Finally, we have AI HAT+ 2, an honorable mention, didn't quite make it into the year-end, launched in the middle of January. This is the second output of our very successful long-term collaboration with accelerator vendor Hailo. It builds on the success of our first generation AI accelerator products that we launched in 2024, and for the first time allows accelerated execution of modern AI workloads like vision transformer models, large language models, and vision language models. I'll talk in a moment about why we believe that this product and the concept of running AI workloads on Raspberry Pi is very important to the future of our platform. Of course, we can only build fantastic products because we first built a fantastic team. In 2025, we continued to hire into the engineering team.
We added a number of new senior engineers into the silicon organization, and we continued to take fantastic graduates from our very successful and long-running summer internship program. We continued to focus on retention. We had one retiree, 2025 was a flagship year for us in another sense. It was the first year that somebody retired from the engineering workforce at the age of 71. We had that one retiree, but otherwise we continued with our record of a 100% retention rate in the engineering team. We've made some targeted investments alongside growing the engineering team. We've made some targeted investments in business development, in application engineering, in communications, and in the finance and legal team.
Last but very much not least, I'm incredibly excited that Tim Mamtora joined us this month in the newly created position of Chief Operating Officer. Tim was formerly the Chief Technology Officer at Imagination Technologies and is a longtime friend and former colleague of mine at Broadcom. I've known Tim for very nearly 20 years. We'll be centralizing and formalizing a lot of our operations activity into Tim's new organization, including engineering operations, manufacturing operations, supply chain, IT, and cybersecurity. Really when we make these changes to the organization, we see that as building the architecture that will support the next phase of our growth story. Now, as we build the capacity to interact with our customers, we also build our capacity to learn from them.
I'm not gonna belabor this slide, but I thought it was worth giving you a few examples of the sectors that our OEM customers operate in, from digital signage to IoT gateways, retail and point of sale, smart home, and industrial automation, and many more. Now it's striking when we talk to these customers that across all these sectors, our customers share both common strategic concerns. They're deeply concerned with time to market and with optimizing the transition from prototype to production. They care about gaining access to advanced technology without having to shoulder high fixed costs inside their organizations. They're navigating, of course, an increasingly complex regulatory environment for IoT devices. They also share common product aspirations. Many of these customers are working to bring existing products to smaller form factors and lower price points. They're adding intelligence and connectivity to legacy products.
They're doing both those things in a world where security for IoT devices has gone from being a nice to have to being a legal necessity if you wanna be able to ship your product. All of these customers, as they confront these challenges, and try to pursue these aspirations, they're all confronting what we call the R&D air pocket. This is the challenge of recruiting and retaining the talent required to design an intelligent product, bring that product rapidly to production, and keep it in production in a rapidly changing environment. We're positioning Raspberry Pi to these customers as a solution to these challenges. To our largest customers, we're doing that through our board-to-board initiative, at the C-suite level. To smaller customers, we're doing this via more traditional marketing activity and physical presence at trade shows and other events.
I was at Embedded World in Nuremberg a couple of weeks ago, largely to speak to DRAM vendors. While I was there, I was struck by the hunger for solutions to these challenges among OEMs and really gratified by the growing awareness of and enthusiasm for Raspberry Pi as a supplier in this space. Give you a couple of examples of some of our favorite OEM customers. Firstly, Sixfab, they were a guest on our stand at Embedded World. They use our platform to build ruggedized industrial computers, and they build those around our compute module products. Our value proposition to companies like Sixfab is really very simple. We provide reliable, available, embeddable general purpose computing at an attractive price point, and we support those computers with world-class software and other collateral.
We have ProGlove. They're a long-standing German industrial OEM customer who we serve through our direct-to-OEM channel model. They build wireless gateways for warehouse operations around Zero 2 W, our $15, our most cost-effective SBC product, most cost-effective modern SBC product. Again, a very, very simple proposition to customers like ProGlove. We're providing them with the perfect mix of compute, interfacing, and connectivity that, in ProGlove's case, allowed them to rapidly add new functionality to an existing platform, and we're backing that with long-term software support and long-term availability guarantees. Now, a word on the Edge AI opportunity for Raspberry Pi. First of all, I think we have to remember that we come to this opportunity from a position of enormous strength. We're already the most popular platform for edge computing.
Many of our customers' workloads already have an AI flavor to them, generally because there is a lag in terms of how new technology makes its way into the OEM space. When we say an AI flavor, what we tend to mean is visual AI, vision AI, generally the recognition and classification of objects in still and video images coming into the Raspberry Pi. Some of those workloads will run on the CPU, some of them may be GPU accelerated, some of them may be accelerated by a dedicated accelerator platform from one of our partners, notably Hailo, and Sony.
We have fantastic relationships with these accelerator vendors and with the model vendors, and we leverage these relationships over time to expand the platform performance envelope, to expand the range of AI workloads which will run performantly on Raspberry Pi products. There's a cluster of mega trends I think that define and underpin the general Edge AI opportunity. Frontier models in the cloud are hugely capable, but when we build IoT applications on those cloud models, we build in latency, we build in ongoing cost, and we build in a dependence on the reliability and availability of the network, which translates into inherent brittleness in the resulting product.
In contrast, if we're able to run AI workloads at the edge of the network, that has the potential to deliver IoT applications which are more robust, more cost-effective, and which deliver low latency and address pervasive concerns around privacy and data sovereignty. Now, we know that over time, AI capabilities trickle down the performance ladder. Models become smaller, they become sparser, they are more heavily quantized, all without sacrificing performance. We've seen this already in vision AI. The workloads that people run, our largest OEM customers today are AI customers. They are running vision AI applications on Raspberry Pi. The workloads that they're running today on Raspberry Pi would have required a large Nvidia GPU a decade ago. We've seen this happen already.
We've seen the confluence of the increased performance of edge devices like Raspberry Pi and the reduction in compute intensity of models at constant quality output. We've seen those converge to enable vision AI at scale on Raspberry Pi platforms, and we're seeing this same trend replay itself today in large language models and other generative workloads. Taken together, this confluence of expanding performance and shrinking performance requirements will gradually bring more workloads into play for edge AI. What's the opportunity here for Raspberry Pi? Well, quite simply, the opportunity is to leverage our existing position in edge computing to become the platform of choice for AI at the edge. We have the opportunity to serve the existing demand for edge AI compute across markets from industrial automation to defense.
We have the opportunity to become the default embedded host for agentic AI, and we're already seeing this in the popularity of agentic platforms like OpenClaw running on Raspberry Pi. Together, these give us the opportunity to define the future direction of AI as inference migrates to the edge over the next decade. 2025 was a milestone year for us in semiconductors. As I said earlier, we sold 8.4 million devices. That's up 47% year-on-year, meaning that for the first time, we sold more chips than we sold boards. We really are just getting started. We believe that semiconductors let us make better boards and modules, and we believe that over time, they will become a valuable second franchise in their own right. Our roadmap for the next five years is informed by both these beliefs.
I think you're gonna see regular microcontroller releases aimed at expanding our TAM, whether that's by hitting new price performance points, whether it's by integrating new interfacing capabilities and new connectivity features into the platform, whether it's by qualifying our existing products at extended operating points. All of those grow the total addressable market for our microcontroller products. Building on the success of RP1, we expect to be able to deliver differentiated features and improved margins on our boards and on our modules. Raspberry Pi Connect. We're less than two years in to the Raspberry Pi Connect story, and the Raspberry Pi Connect platform continues to go from strength to strength. We have 370,000 registered devices on the Connect platform at the end of 2025, and over 500,000 registered devices today.
In 2025, we launched many new features aimed at OEM customer pain points, including over-the-air firmware updates and deeper integration with our imager utility to simplify the onboarding of devices and AVIs. Connect is the latest iteration, I think, of our mission to simplify the OEM product journey. Over time, it's becoming both a valuable complement to and enabler for our hardware business and an increasingly credible line of business in its own right. Finally, a word on Outlook. We said that in 2025, the second half was stronger than the first half and that Q4 was stronger than Q3. We brought that momentum and substantial customer backlogs with us into 2026.
We're very, very confident in the short-term demand environment, and in the work that we're doing to grow demand in the medium to long term, and particularly in the potential of the board-to-board initiative. On supply chain, clearly the DRAM environment remains a concern, but we're comfortable that we have the inventory and the relationships to navigate it. We really do see this more as an opportunity to take market share and build customer loyalty than as a threat to our business. On finances, we're expecting profitability for the year to be in line with market estimates, but we are flagging that obviously with price increases on the product, with an increase in product ASP, revenue is likely to be substantially higher than market estimates. I'm gonna leave you, not gonna belabor this slide either.
I'm gonna leave you with some quotes from some of our favorite OEM customers attesting to their enthusiasm for the Raspberry Pi platform, and I'll be very happy to take questions.
That's great. Eben, thank you very much indeed, and Richard for updating investors. Ladies and gentlemen, please do continue to submit your questions just using the Q&A tab situated on the right-hand corner of the screen. Just while the guys take a few moments just to review your questions submitted already, I'd just like to remind you a recording of this presentation, along with a copy of the slides and the published Q&A, will be available via the Investor Meet Company dashboard. Eben, Richard, you've received a number of questions from investors today. Thank you so much to everybody for your engagement this afternoon. Eben, if I may just hand back to you, if I could ask you just to read out the questions, of course, where it's appropriate to do so, and I'll pick up from you at the end.
Okay, well, I'll start with one which is very much at the top of my mind at the moment. We don't have a name attributed to this, but Raspberry Pi's mission is rooted in education and accessibility. I'm concerned about reports of boards and add-on systems ending up in conflicts and weapon systems via the gray marketplace. How is the company ensuring the products remain aligned with this educational mission, and what safeguards are being strengthened to protect the brand and its ESG standing? We are aware of the use of our products in particularly Russian drone platforms in the context of the invasion of Ukraine.
This news has prompted us to take, I think, another look, a very detailed look at, as you say, the gray market. We would classify these under these sales under the heading diversion. We've put a lot of work in over the last six months in particular to strengthen, particularly for units selling into China, the information that our resellers provide us in terms of the end use of our products. We've been very gratified by the assistance that our licensee partner, Premier Farnell, and our Chinese approved reseller partners have given us in allowing us to get that extra level of detail. We do believe it's possible.
I don't think this is a counsel of despair. We do believe that it is possible to meaningfully limit, hopefully to very, very small numbers, but potentially to zero, to limit the flow of our products into these sort of applications. Nobody is happy when they wake up in the morning and see these stories, and we are doing our very best to get in the way of this diversion of our products into these appalling use cases.
We've made it really quite clear to our resellers in China.
Yes
...and a few other intermediate-
Yeah
Highlights the unacceptability and reinforced how clearly that's set out in our terms of trade with them.
Yes. Fairly obvious question, but what is the effect of high memory prices on your sales? I think it's fair to say we've yet to see significant evidence of elasticity, of overall elasticity of demand of people not buying Raspberry Pis when they would otherwise support Raspberry Pis. I think we believe that over time we will see some density elasticity. We will see people trading down. I think we've come through an era of DRAM being incredibly expensive, incredibly cheap, coming into an era of being incredibly expensive. We come through an era of it being incredibly cheap. In that environment, both individual users and smaller volume OEMs are not heavily incentivized to trim their usage of memory.
I think as we come into this more expensive era, you know, it will be a time-limited era, but we do believe it'll be with us for a while. As we come into that era, we do expect to see. I think we've seen maybe a little evidence of enthusiast customers trading down already. I think we will see OEM customers. Obviously, there's a time lag for OEM customers because there's engineering involved in tuning a software stack to lower memory density.
I think taken in conjunction with an increase in boards, which we look forward to for 2026, we do have higher prices. I think the revenue line in our accounts will increase substantially on that basis. The thing I think that we just want to stress to people, we do focus on profit per unit, therefore the gross profit will not rise in the same way. There probably is a margin percentage. There will be some impact, some reduction in that margin percentage as a consequence of the maths in that.
Are there plans to bring Raspberry Pi Connect to the microcontroller family? Yes. There are plans to bring Raspberry Pi Connect to the microcontroller family. I think we are refining at the moment, if you think that Raspberry Pi Connect has its roots as a remote access solution. I think we are refining what the proposition there might look like for remote access. I think the proposition for over-the-air updates, which we added to Raspberry Pi Connect at the end of last year, and microcontrollers is much more straightforward. You may even imagine a world in which we ship OTA before we ship remote access in that space. Let's see. Do direct unit sales include sales to approved resellers or are these B2B direct?
No, when we say direct unit sales, that's the sum of the. If you think we have three channels, we have licensee, we have direct to reseller, and we have direct to OEM, so direct to reseller is mediated sales to OEMs, to industrial users, and to enthusiasts. Direct for us is the sum of the latter two. Direct for us is everything that isn't licensee. That's the number that we see in this kind of 70%-80% corridor, in any given year. Can you comment on the success of the China-only Compute Module 0? It seems like a nice sweet spot of price performance that the world would buy in large quantities. 2025 was also the year that we launched our first geographic-specific product. This is the CM0 low-cost Compute Module, that we launched for the Chinese market.
I think that, you know, we have seen that has been a success for us. I think we've seen inquiries and interest outside of China. I think the challenge for us with that platform is, it is not currently clear when we launch a new product. Increasingly, we are offering 10- 15 year windows of basically guaranteed availability. It isn't clear to us because of the chipset that we use in the Compute Module 0 platform that we can meet that criterion for Compute Module 0. That's important for a global market product. It's a little bit less important for a China market product.
I think we just have to understand how we either get comfortable with the long-term availability of Compute Module 0, or we get comfortable that we can message the reduced availability window for that product. It's likely to be a 5-10 year product rather than a 10-15 year product. We just need to make sure that we message this. It is an enormous gesture of faith when an OEM customer designs our product in, and we wanna be very clear that people aren't designing the product in on the basis of an unrealistic expectation about product availability. Let's see. Admin expenses include sales personnel, correct?
Yes, they do. Yeah.
Right. Let's have a look. How high is the risk of sourcing DRAM, etc , compared to bigger players like Lenovo? What is your strategy on this? There's always risk associated with sourcing components of any sort during a shortage for that component. I think that we benefit in general. My feeling and some of the feedback we've had from vendors is that being a large player in a particular market is advantageous to us in this situation. You know, just as I think Lenovo will probably benefit from being one of the largest, possibly still the largest, laptop vendor. We benefit from being one of the largest vendors of modular and single board computers.
There's always risk, but as I say, I think the formulation we've used is, you know, we're comfortable that we have the inventory levels because of course we did come into this year with substantial inventories of DRAM, particularly at lower densities. We have the relationships, and part of that is the brand equity associated with the Raspberry Pi brand that we can leverage to secure ongoing supply. I think, you know, we are optimistic. There is always danger there, but we are always optimistic about that. Let's have a look. How do you manage different currencies? Do you use options, futures?
Essentially all of our numbers down to gross profit are all in dollars. We sell some products to customers in euros, but that price is actually pegged to the dollar and sort of reevaluated certainly quarterly and more often if the price moves. We have overheads in sterling. We do hedge those out into the reported dollar number using essentially forward contracts. We keep it as simple as possible just to lock in that takes one area of risk out. Certainly we haven't looked at any more complex derivatives, and I think we've got other things to concentrate on.
There are no DRAM futures.
Sadly. That would be very good actually.
Sadly, no DRAM futures. Yes.
Yeah.
Did we see a significant increase in demand related to agentic AI on OpenClaw? No, I don't think we saw a prompt increase in demand. I think the reason we're excited about agentic AI is because it is a sign of things to come. Often what we find is that our enthusiast customer base are ahead of the game. The things our enthusiasts are doing now, our OEM customers will do. Our industrial customers, our OEM customers will be doing in 3, 4, 5 years' time.
The popularity, and there is undoubtedly substantial use of Raspberry Pi in this space, is an indicator that agentic AI, particularly in this kind of future agentic AI, in which more of the computer's migrated into the agent, has migrated into the local client device, is a powerful abstraction. I guess it's a powerful abstraction. It's a powerful abstraction to put around the underlying AI technology. It's more a forward-looking thing than a source of very substantial demand in here. Are we concerned about Chinese companies reverse engineering your products and competing? Obviously, we're always concerned about competition. We're very alive to the threat of competition.
I think what's striking about Raspberry Pi is that we've, you know, been able to build a sustainable business around not just building the hardware, but putting high quality software on it and building high quality collateral around the platform. I think that's probably what distinguishes us from nominally similar Chinese competitors. You know, we continue to be very alive to the risks of competition.
Yeah.
Continue to try and bolster the platform. You can see Raspberry Pi Connect as being an important part of this, right? You know, we are very focused, particularly for our OEM customers, on identifying their pain points.
Yeah
doing the engineering that's required to address those. The more of that you do, the more compelling. You know, there's a nonlinear benefit to being able to solve all of OEM or all of an OEM's problems rather than just a subset of them.
On things like Raspberry Pi 5 and Compute Module, it has our own silicon on it, so you would have to reverse engineer the silicon to actually produce a competing product.
Let's have a look. We have a Max B on the line. Hi, Max. Many questions as always from Max. Let's have a look. Many thanks to Investor Meet for the opportunity of this meeting. A lot of us on here, I guess, would like to own the shares. However, the small free float is contributing to a highly volatile share price. What can you say publicly about the likelihood of the free float increasing? I don't think we can say. I don't think we can nec essarily say anything about that. I mean, obviously it's, you know, we understand why the free float for the company is limited. We have a nearly 50% shareholder in the Raspberry Pi Foundation.
We have a number of other large shareholders in the business. I don't think that we have a perspective on that as a shareholder issue rather than a company issue, and I'm not sure we really have a valuable perspective on that. From George, what types of partnerships could accelerate your next phase of growth? I think that the partnerships, they look like customer relationships sometimes, but I think some of the companies that we're pursuing through the board-to-board initiative, the sort of super massive companies that we are pursuing through the board-to-board initiative, they do feel more like partnerships than customer relationships, both because they're large enough and deep enough.
Yeah
... to-
They've run for quite a while to establish certain things.
Yeah. Yeah, that's right. When you have a large multidivisional prospective customer, often you are interacting with that customer at the C-suite level. You're not interacting with anybody who makes anything. You're interacting with that kind of central organization. You often find yourself in a partnership relationship with the central element of a multidivisional organization. I think the board-to-board.
Yeah
... the board-to-board engagements that are working particularly well, are working well because we found in that central organization somebody who is prepared to be our partner, who is prepared to take Raspberry Pi, take the Raspberry Pi story, take the Raspberry Pi value proposition out into the organization.
Yeah
I think those have been very valuable.
I think we've also been with the help of particularly our brokers, we've actually been able to get quite senior-level access to these organizations. Perhaps something that maybe a partner in a purely sales view would provide is actually something we've been very lucky in terms of getting access at the right level in organizations in the last year.
Yeah. I guess obviously the other, you know, the simplest example is what sorts of partnerships? Well, the sorts of partnerships we've been building for a long time. We run a partner event.
Yes
... every October now, we have roughly 400 people. You look at the sorts of partners who are there. Originally it was a reseller event. I think all of these organizations-
Yeah
I go to the Arm partner meeting every year in Cambridge in August. That's an event that's that has over time evolved from being simply a meeting for Arm's IP licensees to being a meeting of the ecosystem that has convened around the Arm platform. I think we see that change. We see a world where, you know, five years ago, the event was about resellers, now it's about resellers, it's about ISV, it's about IHV, it's about the entire ecosystem that's grown up around the platform. Some of our vendors as well, some of our component vendors. We continue to try to nurture those partnerships, grow them, you know.
Deliver
deliver value to our partners, you know, whether they're upstream from us or downstream from us in the supply chain, or whether they're off to one side, whether they're producing complementary products that benefit from they benefit from the existence of Raspberry Pi, and we benefit from the existence of their solutions regardless of how or of what the business relationship with, is with the partners. I think that we have got better over time at at understanding what their needs are, and articulating an advantage to them in being involved with Raspberry Pi. Let's see, who else? Let's see. "What was happening throughout the year that led to more MCU units being sold in the first half versus the second half of 2025?" It's a good question. Nobody has asked this yet.
What's the outlook for the MCU business in 2026 and also the medium term? Will demand likely follow the product launches, or should we expect to see continuous growth for existing products?" A couple of thoughts there. I'm surprised that nobody has asked us this question before. Yeah, we definitely did sell more MCUs, fractionally more MCUs in the first half of the year than the second half of the year. We had a couple of big hits in the first half, so generally our, like a lot of our business, you know, our MCU business is made up of a very large number of relatively small orders. In the first half of the year, we had a roughly 500,000 unit order and an 800,000 unit order, the first from a Taiwanese customer, the second from a Scandinavian customer.
Those were sufficient to tip the balance, even though I think we were seeing underlying month-on-month growth. Those two were large enough, you know, our business is still small enough that our aggregate 1.3 million units is enough to tip the balance back into the first half of the year. I think we're seeing good momentum into this year. We've had some good
million months.
Yes. You know, I think I would expect to see continuous growth. You know, the interesting aspect of those sales, that 8.4 million units last year dominated RP2040, a real reflection. That's a product we launched in 2021, nominally superseded RP2350 in some ways in 2024. The design cycles are sufficiently long, and the cost structure advantage that RP2040 has over RP2350 is very real, that we continue to see.
I suspect, you know, I said to somebody the other day in the context of amortization periods, I said, these are conversations I have now, I used to be an engineer, that I would not be surprised if in 2036 we sell more RP2040s than we sold in 2035.
Yeah
I think your silicon products are particularly deeply embedded silicon products like these microcontrollers are weird, right? They-
You've been seeing that for 20 years.
Yeah, that's it. You know, I mean, you know, lots of these products have very long, while you talk about them having very long tails, in practice, they may continue to ramp pretty much indefinitely. That's quite exciting. Somebody, Mark saying, "I can see the advantage of getting your desktop 500+ kits into schools in Africa. Energy efficient, low cost, obviously solid state devices and therefore much more durable in rugged environments." We have a couple of you. One of the things we've done over the last five years is to build out in sub-Saharan Africa, a reseller community. Some of my favorite interactions at our partner events are with our African resellers.
We've built out a reseller community in sub-Saharan Africa, very much like the reseller community we have.
... in Europe and certainly, the 400 series product, which remains extremely cost-effective even in the
The 500 has got a memory
in the current environment. Yeah, 500 has a
Free memory
... memory, you know, memory challenges. 400, we're lucky enough to have come into the situation with reasonable inventory of that product, with low-price DRAM in it. We see 400, 500+, as being particularly interesting in that market. Let's see what else. I only have Max questions left. Let me have a look. Max has asked a bunch of technical questions about the RCF. Oh, "What other types of accessories do we envisage adding to the lineup?" I mean, that's very interesting. We always sort of feel that we must have got to the end of accessories.
Yeah.
You look at the accessory sales, they're quite dominated by cameras.
Displays.
Displays.
Power supplies.
Surpassed by storage.
Yeah.
Right. That's the heart of the business because every device needs at least the power supply and flash storage. Many of our certainly our OEM applications, to the extent they're vision AI applications, they need a way of capturing images and sometimes a way of displaying images in the field. We have a large number of other accessory devices. Enclosures, I suppose, is another one. We always think we're done.
The HATs.
Yes, the various hats. We always think we're done, but I'm sure we'll think of something. You think about the things we've not done, we've not done anything with cellular radio. We've not done anything with batteries. There's always been a little tiny squeamishness in the business about batteries. You know, we hold ourselves to very high engineering standards. Battery engineering is extremely challenging engineering. We've not done that yet. I suspect those two we might take a look at.
Yeah.
At the same time, I suspect you're gonna see more cameras, you're gonna see more displays. You know, you're gonna see us doubling down on the things that really work for us, in the business.
They're all things that we actually participate in the engineering of. They're not just sticking a name on.
Let's see, what is the time. Another Max question. "What is the timeline for Pi 6? Has it been impacted by the memory situation?" We've all seen the kind of reports about PlayStation timelines. No. I mean, I think that the timeline for Pi 6, you look at our history, our products generally have four or five years in the sun. Every product has four or five years as the flagship product. That puts us about halfway through the life, the nominal lifespan of Raspberry Pi 5. I suspect Raspberry Pi 5 has legs as a product. It's such an enormous step up. You know, Pi 4 was a very large step up over Pi 3.
To some extent, I feel that Pi 4 and Compute Module 4 are only coming into their own now.
Pi 4 is really coming in. Yeah.
Yeah. You know, to the extent that we had two successive very large steps up in performance in 2019 and 2023, I suspect that Pi 5 ma y have more life to it than a typical flagship product. Whatever happens, even at the most optimistic schedule for that product, I will be surprised, sad, and disappointed if we're not out of the woods on DRAM by the time that product reaches its natural launch moment.
I think we're coming to the.
Yeah.
Perhaps a few closing remarks.
Yeah. Let me just jump in there. Thank you to everybody for your engagement. As more questions keep coming in there, Eben, every question you answer, another one comes through. Thank you to everybody for your engagement. Eben, Richard, I know investor feedback is particularly important to you both, and I'll shortly redirect those on the call to provide you with their feedback. Before doing so, I wondered if I may, Eben, just ask you for a couple of closing comments.
Sure. Well, thank you all for your time today. 2025, as I've said, was a remarkable year for Raspberry Pi. 2026 I think is shaping up to be a remarkable year for us as well. Again, thank you for your time. Looking forward to seeing what the next year has in store.
That's great. Eben, Richard, thank you once again. Could I please ask investors not to conclude the session as we now redirect investors to provide you with their feedback. On behalf of the management team of Raspberry Pi, we'd like to thank you for attending today's presentation and wish you all a good afternoon.