Being recorded. Good morning. Welcome to the Manulife Financial fourth quarter 2022 financial results call. Your host for today will be Mr. Hung Ko. Please go ahead, Mr. Ko.
Thank you. Welcome to Manulife's earnings conference call to discuss our fourth quarter and year-end 2022 financial and operating results. Our earnings materials, including webcast slide for today's call, are available on the investor relations section of our website at manulife.com. Turning to slide four. We'll begin today's presentation with an overview of our progress in 2022 and an outlook for 2023 by Roy Gori, our President and Chief Executive Officer. Following Roy's remarks, Phil Witherington, our Chief Financial Officer, will discuss the company's financial and operating results and provide an update on IFRS 17. After the prepared remarks, we will move to the live Q&A portion of the call. We ask each participant to adhere to a limit of two questions, including follow-up questions. If you have additional questions, please re-queue, and we will do our best to respond to everyone.
Before we start, please refer to slide two for a caution on forward-looking statements and slide 45 for a note on the non-GAAP and other financial measures used in this presentation. Note that certain material factors or assumptions are applied in making forward-looking statements and actual results may differ materially from what is stated. With that, I'd like to turn the call over to Roy Gori, our President and Chief Executive Officer. Roy?
Thanks, Hung. Thank you everyone for joining us today. Yesterday, we announced our fourth quarter and full year 2022 financial results. We've made significant progress against our strategic priorities and are pleased to have delivered strong results, which are a testament to the resilience and strength of our diverse global franchise. We're especially pleased with these results against the backdrop of the year that was challenging for businesses broadly, with multiple headwinds impacting our industry as well as ongoing market volatility. On our financial results, we're proud of two records we achieved in 2022. A record net income of $7.3 billion and the highest-ever remittances of $6.9 billion.
Meanwhile, we've also driven robust new business value growth in both of our North American segments in 2022, with NBV growth in the U.S. and Canada of 25% and 18% respectively. This strong performance demonstrates the power of our diversified franchise, given the impacts of COVID-19 restrictions in Asia. We also took meaningful actions to significantly reduce the risk profile of our business. We reinsured more than 80% of our legacy U.S. variable annuity block through two transactions that released $2.5 billion of capital and further reduced our go-forward risk profile. Core earnings from the LTC and VA blocks represent only 18% of total company core earnings in 2022, a material reduction from 25% just two years ago. We are on track to deliver on our 2025 business mix targets.
Our sensitivity to market movements has also greatly reduced since 2009. At the end of 2022, our sensitivity to interest rate movements was approximately 1/10 of that in 2009. Our sensitivity to equity markets has more than halved during the same period. We're also growing our scale and market share globally. In Asia, we are not only at scale, but we are also the fastest-growing life insurer among the top three Pan-Asian players between 2017 and 2021. Our global WAM business recorded $3.3 billion of net inflows in 2022 against an industry backdrop of net outflows in North America. This performance extended our remarkable track record of delivering positive net flows in 12 of the past 13 years.
In Canada, we grew our net income, core earnings, and MBV at double-digit growth rates in 2022. We continue to distribute significant cash returns to our shareholders. Between 2017 and 2022, we grew our common share dividend by 10% per year on average, and I'm pleased to share that our board approved an increase of 11% starting in March 2023. In addition to sustained dividend increases, in 2022, we enhanced shareholder returns through $1.9 billion of share buybacks, which represents 4.1% of outstanding common shares. We're also strategically deploying capital to invest for the future. In 2022, we acquired full ownership of Manulife Title, making us the first foreign company to be given approval to acquire an existing asset management JV in China.
In Vietnam, we commenced offering insurance solutions under our 16-year exclusive partnership with VietinBank, one of the largest banks in Vietnam. Turning to slide seven. The achievements that I've mentioned earlier were supported by our strong digital and ESG leadership, as well as our winning team. We've made notable progress on our digital customer-centric initiatives, as evidenced by the 15 percentage point increase in our global straight-through processing metric compared with the 2018 baseline, with improvements across all segments. Our 2022 NPS marked a significant 19-point improvement from the 2017 baseline. We also led or were on par with the leading peers in 11 of the 16 business lines where we benchmark. We have invested $1 billion since 2018 to enhance our digital capabilities to make decisions easier and lives better for our customers.
While at the same time, driving significant efficiency improvements in our operations. As a leader in ESG, we're also achieving strong results and serving our customers and other stakeholders in a socially responsible and sustainable way. In 2022, we shared our Impact Agenda, an articulation of our long-standing commitment to empowering health and wellbeing, driving inclusive economic opportunities, and accelerating a sustainable future. While we are already net zero in our Scope 1 and Scope 2 greenhouse gas emissions, we are committed to further reducing our absolute emissions by 35% by 2035, and to achieving net zero Scope 3 finance emissions in our general account by 2050.
In recognition of our continued and strengthening commitment to sustainability performance, in 2022, we were once again named to the S&P Dow Jones Sustainability Indices, one of only seven insurers across North America to be included, and within the top 10% of our industry peers globally. Our high-performing team and winning culture have been key to our success. We have achieved a top quartile employee engagement ranking annually since 2020. In 2022, we ranked in the top 6% amongst global financial and insurance companies. In addition, we've been consistently recognized as an employer of choice, including as one of the world's best employers by Forbes for the third consecutive year. The Canadian insurance industry will adopt IFRS 17 in 2023.
While this is a significant endeavor, we are fully prepared for a successful implementation and are looking forward to the improved transparency and stability in our financial results that the new accounting standards will bring. Throughout 2022, we've been proactive in providing insights into the expected impacts of IFRS 17, both on transition and on our medium-term targets. Let me highlight a few points. First, IFRS 17 does not impact the fundamental economics of our business. Second, we expect our core earnings, book value, and LICAT to be more stable under IFRS 17. Third, the contractual service margin or CSM for short, is a key value metric under IFRS 17. A growing CSM balance will drive future earnings growth, and we have announced a target of growing our CSM balance by 8%-10% per year. Turning to slide eight.
Looking ahead, while we continue to navigate macroeconomic uncertainties in the short term, we see both challenges and opportunities in 2023 and beyond. Some of the notable headwinds and tailwinds are: First, we may see volatility in equity markets and interest rates continuing in 2023, but higher rates are clearly beneficial to our insurance businesses as we've seen in our 2022 results. Second, while we may see short-term disruption related to the transition from COVID zero policies in Asia, we expect business momentum to strengthen as pandemic restrictions normalize. Third, while in North America we may see GDP growth slowing down, many Asian countries are forecast to deliver economic growth of 5% or higher in 2023, which is a benefit to our business, given our presence at scale in the most attractive growth markets across the region.
Notwithstanding the pandemic and recent macro headwinds, the three mega trends that underpin our strategy remain unchanged. Our business is uniquely positioned to continue to capitalize on these mega trends. As a top-three Pan-Asian insurer, we see significant growth opportunities emerging in Asia, including in Hong Kong, where we are a leading insurer and well-positioned to benefit from the significant MCV and GBA opportunities following the reopening of the border between mainland China and Hong Kong. Our Global WAM business is not only a leading global retirement solutions provider with approximately 9 million customers, but we are also a top 10 global retail multi-manager. In our home market of Canada, we serve one in four Canadians, and we are a leader across many of our business lines. Globally, we are a leader in our unique behavioral insurance offering.
We are confident that our all-weather strategy, diverse business model, and considerable financial strength and flexibility position us well to win and deliver in 2023 and on our 2025 strategic targets. Thank you. I'll hand it over to Phil Witherington, who will review the highlights of our financial results. Phil?
Thanks, Roy. Before we start, I would like to recognize that the fourth quarter of 2022 is our last reporting period under IFRS 4. Starting with the first quarter of 2023, we'll be reporting under IFRS 17 and IFRS 9. In the latter part of my presentation, I'll provide an update on our IFRS 17 transition impacts. I'll start on slide 10. We generated core earnings of $1.7 billion, a modest 2% decrease from the prior-year quarter. The results reflect a number of factors, including lower core earnings in Global WAM, lower new business gains in Asia and the U.S., and lower in-force earnings in the U.S. due to the VA reinsurance transactions.
These were largely offset by higher yields on surplus fixed income investments, gains on seed money investments, and lower withholding taxes in corporates and other, improved policyholder experience in North America, and in-force business growth in Asia and Canada. Net income attributed to shareholders of $1.9 billion decreased by $193 million from the prior year quarter, mainly due to losses from investment-related experience and a smaller gain from the direct impact of markets, partially offset by the favorable impact of an increase in the Canadian corporate tax rate. Of note, investment-related experience in the fourth quarter reflected losses in our older portfolio, driven by real estate fair value appraisals, partially offset by the favorable impact of fixed income reinvestment activities and favorable credit experience. I'll speak more about our older performance in a moment.
We recognized a net loss of $357 million from investment-related experience. A $100 million gain was included in core earnings and a loss of $457 million was reported outside of core earnings. On a full year basis, overall investment-related experience was a gain of $1.2 billion, of which $400 million was reported in core earnings. Our net income in the fourth quarter also included a $297 million gain from the impact of the Canadian corporate tax rate change, an $86 million fair value gain as a result of acquiring the remaining 51% equity interest in our asset management business in mainland China, and a $35 million gain from the reinsurance of our legacy New York VA block.
Slide 11 shows a recent history of our investment-related experience, including a total gain of $1.2 billion in 2022, as I noted earlier. In addition to the continued strong credit experience and gains from fixed income reinvestment activities in 2022, our older portfolio also achieved higher than expected returns, contributing $147 million to investment-related experience gains. The strong performance of our older portfolio is shown on Slide 12. The average annual return of our diversified portfolio since the acquisition of John Hancock 18 years ago was 9.3%, outperforming our current best estimate long-term return assumption of 9.2%. Slide 13 shows our source of earnings analysis for the fourth quarter of 2022 compared with the prior year quarter.
Expected profit on in-force decreased by 1%, driven by lower U.S. annuities in-force earnings due to the two reinsurance transactions completed in 2022, partially offset by in-force business growth in Asia and Canada. Excluding the impact of the VA reinsurance transactions, our in-force earnings would have grown by 5%. New business gains decreased by 21%, primarily driven by lower gains in Asia and the U.S. In Asia, the weaker customer sentiment in Hong Kong, seen in the third quarter, continued into the fourth quarter, leading to lower sales volumes. This was partially offset by higher sales and improved margins in Japan. Lower new business gains in the U.S. were primarily due to lower brokerage sales.
Policyholder experience was a net charge of $82 million on a pre-tax basis, an improvement of $38 million compared with the prior year quarter, mainly driven by improved policyholder experience in Canada. Slides 14 and 15 show our earnings by segment and return on equity in the fourth quarter and full year 2022. My remarks will focus on the fourth quarter results. Core earnings in our global WAM business decreased by 34%, primarily driven by a decrease in net fee income from lower average AUMA due to the unfavorable impact of markets. Core earnings in Asia increased by 1%, driven by favorable changes in new business product mix and in-force business growth, partially offset by the impact of lower new business volumes, primarily in Hong Kong, due to the factors I noted earlier.
We continued to deliver 22% core earnings growth in Canada, reflecting more favorable experience gains in all business lines, higher Manulife Bank earnings and higher in-force earnings. Core earnings in the U.S. decreased by 25%, largely driven by reduced in-force earnings due to the VA reinsurance transactions and lower new business gains. The core gain in corporate and other of $86 million was $165 million favorable compared with the prior year quarter, mainly due to higher yields on fixed income investments, gains on seed money investments, and lower withholding taxes, partially offset by higher interest on allocated capital to operating segments. We delivered core ROE of 13.2%, an improvement of half a percentage point compared with the fourth quarter of last year. Turning to slide 16, which shows our APE sales and new business value generation.
In the fourth quarter, we generated APE sales of $1.3 billion, down 12% from the prior year quarter. In Asia, APE sales decreased by 9%, reflecting continued weak customer sentiment in Hong Kong. This was partially offset by higher sales in Japan and Asia Other, notably, mainland China. In Canada, APE sales decreased 15%, reflecting lower segregated fund and par insurance sales, partially offset by higher group insurance sales. APE sales in the U.S. decreased 21%, reflecting lower customer demand amid volatile equity markets. On a full year basis, APE sales decreased 7% compared with the prior year. In the fourth quarter, we delivered new business value of $525 million, a decrease of 9% from the prior year quarter.
In Asia, NBV decreased 17%, reflecting lower sales in Hong Kong and unfavorable changes in product mix in Asia Other, partially offset by the benefit of higher interest rates and higher individual protection and other wealth sales in Japan. NBV increased 6% in Canada, primarily due to higher margins in our insurance businesses, partially offset by lower volumes in annuities. In the U.S., NBV increased 12%, driven by higher interest rates, higher international sales volumes and product actions, partially offset by lower brokerage sales volumes. For the full year, we delivered new business value of $2.1 billion. Turning to slide 17. Our global WAM business recorded net outflows in the fourth quarter after eight consecutive quarters of positive net inflows. The net outflow of $8.3 billion reflects weak investor sentiment amid record industry fund outflows in North America amid market volatility.
On a full year basis, we delivered net inflows of $3.3 billion. In retail, net outflows were $4.7 billion compared with net inflows of $7.5 billion in the prior year quarter. The decrease reflects higher mutual fund redemptions and lower investor demand amid higher interest rates and equity market declines. In retirement, net outflows were $4.6 billion compared with net outflows of $1 billion in the prior year quarter, primarily driven by higher plan redemptions in the U.S. Our institutional asset management business recorded net inflows of $0.9 billion compared with net inflows of $1.6 billion in the prior year quarter, driven by lower net flows in real estate, timberland, and infrastructure products, partially offset by higher sales of fixed income mandates.
Overall, 2022 global WAM's average AUMA decreased by 12% compared with the prior year quarter, driven by unfavorable market movements in the earlier part of 2022. Turning to slide 18. Net fee income yield of 43.7 basis points was modestly lower than the prior year quarter, driven by lower fee spread. Our core EBITDA margin of 27.3% was 4 % points lower than the prior year quarter, reflecting lower fee revenue from lower average AUMA. For the full year, our core EBITDA margin was resilient at 30.4%, enabled by our substantial scale and disciplined approach to managing operating expenses. Moving to slide 19.
We have achieved a remarkable track record of generating positive net flows in 12 of the past 13 years, a demonstration of our strong and diverse global WAM franchise across retail, retirement, and institutional business lines, and across geographies. Turning to slide 20. Our strategic focus on digitization and efficiency and disciplined approach to managing operating expenses enabled us to contain core general expense growth to 5% in the fourth quarter and remain in line with 2021 on a full year basis. We achieved an expense efficiency ratio of 50.9% for both the fourth quarter and the full year 2022, despite the inflationary environment. We're committed to the target efficiency ratio of below 50% and see it as an important strategic priority to deliver sustainable shareholder value. Slide 21 reinforces our strong balance sheet and capital position.
Our LICAT ratio of 131% remains strong and represents approximately $20 billion of capital above the supervisory target. The 5 percentage points decrease compared to the third quarter was driven by a capital redemption, continued common share buybacks, and the unfavorable impact of market movements on capital, primarily due to the narrowing of corporate spreads. Our financial leverage ratio declined by 1.1% points from the prior quarter, reflecting the redemption of $1 billion of subordinated debt, share buybacks, and retained earnings growth. We delivered record remittances of $6.9 billion in 2022, an increase of $2.5 billion compared with 2021, supported by two VA reinsurance transactions completed in 2022. Turning to slide 22. We're committed to creating value to shareholders, including through the use of regular dividends and share buybacks.
As Roy mentioned earlier, we have increased our dividend per common share by 10% on an annualized basis since 2017. We announced yesterday a $0.035 or 11% increase to the quarterly dividend per common share. In addition, we repurchased 4.1% of the company's outstanding common shares for $1.9 billion in 2022, demonstrating our strong conviction to execute on buybacks. For the five-year period from 2018 to 2022, we returned a total of $14.7 billion of cash to our shareholders, which represents approximately 33% of our market capitalization as at the end of 2022. Slide 23 shows the summary of our financial performance for the fourth quarter and the full year 2022. Slide 24 outlines our medium-term financial targets and recent performance.
Our performance reflects the resilience of our business against the backdrop of a challenging macro and operating environment in 2022. Turning to slide 25, which provides additional information on our IFRS 17 opening balance sheet as of January first, 2022. Our opening total equity under IFRS 17 was $46.9 billion, 20% lower than reported under IFRS 4 and in line with our previous guidance. The main driver of the decrease is the establishment of the CSM, partially offset by other measurement changes, including two provisions held for noneconomic risks and changes to discount rates. As a quick recap, one of the key impacts of IFRS 17 is the requirement to set up a new insurance liability component, the CSM, which represents expected future profits and is treated as available capital under LICAT.
For these reasons, we believe that CSM is an important metric for measuring future earnings capacity and value of the business. As noted previously, we expect the new business CSM balance to grow at 15% per annum, and the CSM amortization into core earnings to be approximately 8-10% per annum. The difference in discount rates used for IFRS 17 compared with IFRS 4 has a modestly negative impact. Under IFRS 17, liability discount rates reflect the characteristics of the liability and not the expected returns of assets supporting the liabilities. The weighted average liability discount rate has decreased overall, but the impact varies between segments and business lines. Turning to slide 26.
Based on the preliminary results from our IFRS 17 parallel runs for 2022, which is still underway and not yet complete, I would like to provide an update on our estimated transition impacts. Under IFRS 17, core earnings for the 2022 comparative year are expected to be lower than IFRS 4 2022 core earnings by 5%-10% compared with the previous estimate of approximately 10%. As I noted earlier, opening balance sheet total equity declined 20% on January 1, 2022, in line with the guidance that we provided. With respect to January 1st, 2023, we expect total equity to be approximately 15% lower on an IFRS 17 basis compared with IFRS 4 and book value per common share to be approximately 20% lower on an IFRS 17 basis compared with IFRS 4.
Along with our second quarter results and with reference to the final 2023 LICAT guideline that was released by OSFI in July 2022, we announced that the estimated impact of IFRS 17 on our LICAT ratio was approximately neutral based on 30th of June market conditions. We also said that we expected the IFRS 17 LICAT ratio to be more stable than under IFRS 4 and, in particular, less sensitive to changes in interest rates. Changes in market conditions, specifically rate movements in the second half of 2022, have reduced our LICAT ratio under IFRS 4. Given the greater stability of our LICAT ratio under IFRS 17, we expect a low single-digit increase in our LICAT ratio as of January 1st, 2023. There is no change to our medium-term financial targets, including the new CSM-related targets that were communicated last year. This concludes our prepared remarks.
Before we move to the Q&A session, I would like to remind each participant to adhere to a limit of two questions, including follow-ups. Operator, we will now open the call to questions.
Thank you. We will now take questions from the telephone lines. If you have a question and using a speakerphone, please lift your handset before making your selection. If you have a question, please press star one on your device's keypad. To cancel the question, please press star two. Please press star one at this time if you have a question. There will be a brief pause while participants register. Thank you for your patience. The first question is from Meny Grauman from Scotiabank. Please go ahead.
Hi, good morning. Just wanted to ask about investment related returns. Phil, you referenced fair value changes on real estate. Just wanted to get some more details on that in terms of the asset class geographies. Is it something concentrated? We'll start there, please.
Sure, Meny. This is Scott Hartz. Thanks for the question. Yeah, when we look at investment related returns, as Phil pointed out, it's been a very strong year with $1.2 billion of investment gains, $800 million above what we would have put into core earnings. For the all the portfolio in particular, we had gains of $147 million for the year, meaning we slightly exceeded our long-term return expectations. You know, those returns will vary quarter to quarter, particularly the all the returns given the mark-to-market flows through earnings. In the fourth quarter, we did see lower investment returns. That was largely driven by our real estate portfolio. Most of our other five all the categories performed in line with our long-term expectations.
The loss you see, the $357 million for total investment gains was driven by the real estate portfolio. It's important to note that our real estate portfolio is almost entirely mark-to-market by external appraisers each quarter, over 95% of the portfolio. It's only a few small properties that are not. What we saw in the fourth quarter is that external appraisers raised their discount rates on real estate, and that was really across the board. It really hit all categories, not just office, which office has been weaker over the last couple of years. In the fourth quarter we saw that weakness extend across all categories, particularly in North America. Asia held up a little bit better. It's important to note that these were mark-to-market losses based on higher discount rates.
Given the higher discount rates, we would expect to recover those losses in the future, through higher returns. That was really the driver, Meny.
Okay. Yeah. I guess it answers the question. I mean, everyone's worried about office values in particular. The question is, you know, are we seeing the start of that downward revaluation of office properties? As you're saying, it's more broad-based than that, in terms of what we're seeing this quarter.
Yeah. That's correct. I think we've seen weakness in office for a couple of years now. You know, we've got a highly diversified all the portfolio, other things we're doing well, so that didn't really show much. In the fourth quarter it really did extend to all categories of real estate.
Thank you.
Thank you. The next question is from Gabriel Dechaine from National Bank Financial. Please go ahead.
Hey, good morning. I've got a couple questions. One is on the, you know, the reopening in, in Asia, specifically Hong Kong. I know these things don't turn on a dime. I'm just wondering, you know, what sort of lag you expect from now until your sales hit, you know, what you consider their normal run rate or something above where they are today.
Thanks, Gabriel. It's Damien here. Appreciate the question. Firstly, we saw an uptick in MCV, Mainland Chinese Visitor sales in the fourth quarter of 2022, which is very positive. We registered strong double-digit growth in Mainland visitor sales for quarter-on-quarter and year-on-year in Macau, which was a very positive sign. As we go into the first quarter, we are seeing a step change in Mainland Chinese visitor sales into Hong Kong, albeit off a low base, Gabriel, very positive signs. Whilst, you know, clearly the recovery is happening here, clearly the inflows are there. The pace of that recovery over coming months is clearly got to be determined, positive signs so far.
The last thing I'd say here is we're very well positioned to capitalize on the Mainland Chinese visitor opportunity as it returns to Hong Kong. We've got 12,000 agents. We've been focusing very, very hard over the course of the pandemic in beefing up our Mainland Chinese visitor sales capabilities as well as partnership channels, including DBS Bank. Thank you.
More like back half where you expect it to ramp up?
I see. Definitely what I would say is we're expecting a significant recovery over the course of 2023 with a ramp up in Q1. That's the way I see it. Thanks.
Okay. My second question on the policyholder experience, I don't know if you can break that number down for us. We just get the one number which, you know, in and of itself is fine, but you know, how much of it was, you know, mortality gains in LTV? How much of it was, I'm assuming group, in Canada was positive? On the other side, how much of it was, you know, negative lapse in mortality in the U.S.? If that lapse was, issue was or experience was tied to the, you know, no lapse guarantee business?
Thanks, Gabriel. It's Steve here. I'll tackle that. I guess I'll speak broadly about what we saw and then try to answer your questions on some of the specifics. Q4 policyholder experience in total, as Phil noted, was just over $80 million pre-tax, an improvement from Q3 and from Q4 prior year. You know, I would categorize it as the broad driver of the result was, you know, unfavorable lapse experience in our U.S. life business. In terms of mortality and morbidity, so claims results, that varied across businesses and geographies.
Mm-hmm.
It was neutral overall for the quarter, and that was driven by a couple of the things that you noted. We had favorable experience in group benefits in Canada, which has been a trend for the full year, very positive results there in the Canadian group benefits. We saw a gain in LTC. We saw in Q4 what I would consider normal large case variability that was a charge in the U.S. That's sort of the claims side of things. In terms of lapse, a little bit of context. What we're seeing in terms of the lapse results, you know, we had updated our experience in the U.S., updated the assumptions in 2021 fully reflecting pre-pandemic experience.
What we're seeing now is really a shock to the system caused by health concerns from the pandemic, as well as more recently, you know, the variability in markets and the uncertain economic outlook. That's impacting more than just the Guaranteed UL product line. It's across a number of product lines. My expectation is that these impacts are expected to moderate going forward and revert back to pre-pandemic levels as the pandemic subsides and the economic uncertainty abates. What really matters is our long-term assumptions. I continue to have confidence in our, in the prudence of our long-term assumptions and reserves. You know, some of what is informing that view and that expectation is looking back to another shock to the system, which we saw in the global financial crisis.
I lived through that in the U.S. life business, and we saw a similar phenomenon, discontinuities across multiple product lines. That experience did, it took some time, but it did revert back to pre-pandemic levels, and that's informing my views. On the NLG, those lapse rates bottomed out in the middle of 2021, and we have seen some trend or reversion back, but not fully at this point. I'll stop there. Thanks.
All right. Thanks for the call.
Thank you. The next question is from Doug Young from Desjardins Capital Markets. Please go ahead.
Hi. Good morning. Phil, wanted to go back to slide 26, you know, just a few things I wanted to clarify here. You say the equity hit from transitioning to IFRS 17, you know, was 15%, but the book value hit is 20%. Just trying to understand the difference between the moves, 15%-20% between those two. What, you know, why the difference in equity and book value hit? Can you also kind of delve into a little bit on, you know, why the impact on core earnings 2022 comp went down from, you know, roughly 10% to 5%-10%? If you can give maybe a little bit of detail as to what drove that.
Sure. Thank you, Doug, for the question. I'm happy to elaborate. I'll start with the first component of your question on the balance sheet impact. The guidance we provided it was along with our Q1 results in 2022, was a 20% impact or an estimated 20% impact to total equity. That's actually what has happened. We published our opening balance sheet along with our results yesterday. The impact is 20%. The additional guidance we provided yesterday was over the course of 2022, what we have seen is a more stable IFRS 17 book value relative to IFRS 4. Therefore, by the end of 2022, we expect the total equity impact to be lower and approximately 15%.
Your question on why the book value common shareholder book value per share is approximately 20% impact by the end of 2022, that's really the what I would describe as the denominator impact. When you strip out the preference shares, LLCN, as well as policyholder participating policyholder impacts, the impact is approximately 20% by the end of 2022. Your second question relating to the expected impact on 2022 core earnings. When we provided the guidance earlier last year, we were expecting 2022 to be a more normal year. A typical year, I think, is the language we used at the time.
What's actually transpired in 2022 is a very challenging backdrop, and for that reason, new business gains on an IFRS 4 basis were lower than we had anticipated, in fact, approximately 20% lower year-over-year. That's really the key driver of the reduced impact that we're now expecting, somewhere between 5%-10%.
Okay. Just to clarify, the total equity includes par, includes prep, all of those things that's different than the book value per share. Is that?
Where is that?
Correct.
To include shareholder equity.
Okay.
I just.
Spot on.
Okay. Thank you very much.
Thanks, Doug.
Thank you. The next question is from Paul Holden from CIBC. Please go ahead.
Thank you. Good morning. Sticking with the IFRS 17 team, one of your peers highlighted that there's more of an interest rate benefit under IFRS 17 versus IFRS 4, i.e., it flows through into core results faster under IFRS 17. Wondering if that's also true in your case. You suggest that there's less rate sensitivity. Maybe you can just address that and help us out.
Sure. Thanks, Paul. This is Phil. The main benefit that we see from interest rates on an IFRS 17 basis is actually the closer matching of the economics of the assets and liabilities. What we have observed during the 2022 ongoing parallel runs, excuse me, is that a greater stability in our book value as a result of the largely offsetting movements in assets and liabilities as a result of movements in interest rates. That really reflects the fact that when we manage our asset portfolio, we hedge our liability movements on an economic basis, and IFRS 17 is a closer representation of the economics. When you translate all that to what we see in an IFRS 17 environment, we see greater stability in book value.
When you compare that greater stability on an IFRS 17 basis to IFRS 4, during the course of 2022, we've seen rising interest rates. That has had a lowering impact or an adverse impact on IFRS 4 equity, but very stable IFRS 17 equity, including a more stable LICAT ratio, which I think is a very positive factor for the future.
Phil, I'll just jump in there. In terms of interest, the impact of interest rates flowing into earnings. You know, the same benefits that we've seen under IFRS 4 in 2022 from higher rates, particularly earnings on surplus, that will flow through as well under IFRS 17.
Okay. That's helpful. That kind of leads me into the second question, which is, you know, the earnings on surplus was obviously very positive this quarter. I mean, a significant outlier versus recent quarters and even going back over history. Just wondering if you can help us break down to what extent that's attributable to higher bond yields and how much might be sort of to abnormal gains on seed capital and other factors.
Got it. Thanks, Paul. Great question. Earlier this year, for the first three quarters, I think some of the benefits of higher interest rates have been less visible because of declines in seed capital and the absence of AFS equity gains being recognized in core earnings because of market conditions. When we look at Q4, a more normal market environment, we do see the benefits of higher interest rates showing through in earnings on surplus. To give you a sense of the magnitude there, when you look at our after-tax earnings on surplus in the fourth quarter, $295 million, $260 million of that is coming from yield on fixed income instruments. That's an $80 million increase after tax compared to the fourth quarter of last year.
What that reflects is the sustainable impact of higher interest rates that currently prevails. If rates stay where they are, we would expect not only that to remain stable, but also to increase over time as we continue to invest in higher yielding instruments. To your point on to what extent is there seed capital gains and gains from AFS equities included within that. That's the dollar amount in the fourth quarter in aggregate for AFS equity gains and seed capital is just over $ 100 million. Typically, I would expect somewhere between $80 million and $ 100 million a quarter. This is, I would say just above the typical range that we would expect, maybe in the order of $10 million or so.
I would emphasize this is a normalization, I think, in the fourth quarter of what we would typically expect to see on an IFRS 4 basis. The first three quarters of the year were not what I would typically expect to have experienced.
Paul, I might just add a couple of other points if I may. I think Phil covered the question quite well. If you think about, you know, higher rates, we have been in an environment of lower rates for more than a decade, which has been a headwind for our industry and quite frankly, for us. Per our disclosures, we've shared that a 50 basis point increase in rates equates to $1.6 billion PV of future earnings. Higher rates is certainly something which is a positive and a tailwind for us. In 2022, we saw rates up approximately about 150 points. The run rate benefit to earnings of those higher rates are approximately $170 million per year. That's pre-tax.
That doesn't include other benefits such as margin improvements in our group benefits business or new business value improvements as well. On top of that, obviously if rates stay higher at the, at the tail end, then there are possibly URR benefits as well. I would just sort of add that.
2022 was an environment with, you know, a lot of volatility. We have seen higher rates. We do expect that as central banks around the world continue to raise rates to fight inflation, that we are gonna be in an environment of higher rates, and we see that as a positive, clearly.
All those numbers are helpful. Thank you for that.
Thanks, Paul.
Thank you. The next question is from Tom MacKinnon from BMO Capital. Please go ahead.
Yeah, thanks very much. just to continuing on this seed capital AFS gains guide that you gave, Phil. it was over $100 in the quarter, and you expect kind of a run rate of $80-$100. seed capital gains and AFS equity gains are largely driven by increases in the equity markets. The fourth quarter, the equity market was up 7% from September thirtieth to December 31st. I think you generally assume the market be up about 2% each quarter. why would the number not be like 2/7 of that over $100 million? Why wouldn't the guide be, like, significantly less than the $100 million going forward? I have a follow-up. Thanks.
Thanks, Tom. In a typical quarter, normal environment, we'd expect somewhere between $50 million and $100 million of aggregate seed capital and AFS equity gains. There's clearly some discretion as to the timing of AFS equity gains. It's not entirely dependent upon what happens in any particular quarter. What happened in the fourth quarter, the aggregate's gain was $110 million post-tax. I would say that's in the order of $10 million above the sort of typical range that you could expect in any particular quarter, Tom.
Okay.
Yeah. Scott, I might add to that. I think you're right. That math doesn't work because of the AFS timing, as well as in the seed capital, there are a bunch of bond funds, and rates were up in the fourth quarter, so that, you know, did not create the gains you might have otherwise expected.
The wild card seems to be the timing of the AFS gains. Okay, thanks for that. Question with respect to the global wealth and asset management business. Even if I just look quarter-over-quarter, the assets were higher, but the core earnings were significantly less and the margins were significantly less. Now, is there anything particular to the fourth quarter, like in terms of higher OpEx, any other kind of expenses that would be deemed to be one-timers? How should we be looking at core earnings and margin potential for this business going forward? Because, I think the fourth quarter GWAM disappointed in terms of margins, and in terms of flows. If you can give us any kind of guide as to what.
how we should be thinking about this business going forward and how, anything that was unique to the fourth quarter that drove that margin down. Thanks.
Yeah. Thanks, Tom. It's Paul here. You're right. We did have some one-time items in Q4 as well as Q3, and so quarter-over-quarter, I'll kind of just go through that with you and then give you kind of a perspective of how to maybe look at it. In Q3, there were two items that were favorable to the core earnings. One was a tax benefit we tend to see every Q3, particularly in our U.S. retirement business. We also had an adjustment to our compensation expense in Q3 that was lower, so a negative adjustment. The combination of those two in Q3 was about $37 million of core earnings. If I look at Q4, there was also some one-time items in Q4, but they were going the other way.
We tend to see seasonal, higher seasonal expenses in our retirement business as we gear up for the next year. Again, that typically happens every Q4. We also had our incurred a restructuring charge in the quarter as we made some changes within GWAM to drive efficiencies go forward. The combination of those two was about $34 million. If you look at the quarter-over-quarter, that's about $71 million of the $86 million change. The rest is really the average AUMA movement and the fee income on that. The way I would look at it is really look at full year 2022 versus 2021.
That will automatically adjust for the seasonality of the tax benefit in Q3 and the, you know, seasonality of expenses in Q4, and just smooth out any one time that may happen from quarter to quarter. If you look at that, I would really look to the overall AUMA as the driver, the core EBITDA margin, and then the stability of our net interest fee, our yield on the assets, as well as our expense management over time. If you look at the EBITDA margin in, example, 2022, there was a little bit of compression from 2021, and that's really the average AUMA movement and fee income. While we were able to manage expenses and keep them flat, including that restructuring charge, we can't completely offset the total decline in down markets.
The opposite is true in up markets. You would have seen that historically over the last three years as we've driven margin expansion, as markets improve and we manage our expenses. That's how I would think about the business, and I wouldn't look to Q4 as really an indication of any change in terms of the underlying earnings power of the franchise.
We had 30% in 2022 or 29.9%, and that was a down market, if you will. Then 2021 up market, we had 31.5% in terms of core EBITDA margin. Should we be thinking that, going forward, it would be somewhere between those two if we got more stable markets?
Yeah. It's really dependent on the markets and average AUMA. What I can say, which I reiterated before, is we try and manage our expenses about 50% of revenue growth, you know, over the long term to help drive that expansion. I would just look at what's typically happened. Again, you would have saw about 110 basis point last year decline based on that market. Again, we would see the opposite if we saw markets improve as we, you know, would expect some leverage on our fixed expense base.
Okay. Thanks.
Thank you. The next question is from Scott Chan from Canaccord Genuity. Please go ahead.
Good morning. Maybe going back to Asia, Damien. I see that core expenses were up in Q4, and I assume that's because of the ramp up and you called out agents, and I noticed your agents were increased a lot, and I see that with peers. As you head into 2023, like from the ground level, can you give us a sense of competition that you see is kind of more or less, or if there's any certain Asia regions that you could refer to that might have that dynamic?
Yeah, thanks Scott for the question. Firstly, on the question of expenses, let me cover that briefly. We remain tightly focused on expense disciplines and continue to track within our capital expense efficiency ratio target of 50% and did so for the full year of 2022 and for the fourth quarter. You will see some seasonality there, which we did see in the fourth quarter associated with, you know, us driving some business growth there. Generally we're hanging on fairly well there. In terms of competition across markets, the first thing I'd say is, I mean, just, you know, a macro view on our competitive performance through the pandemic.
We've demonstrated considerable resilience through the pandemic in comparison to peers, growing our core earnings at a CAGR of 4% between 2019 being the immediate pre-pandemic year and to the end of last year's reporting period, 2022. Pretty positive. We remain a top three Pan-Asian insurer, we're a scaled player there, operating in 11 markets. Typically in terms of competitive dynamics, I'd have to say broadly, every market in Asia, whether it's an emerging market or a more mature market like Hong Kong or Japan, has considerable competition and quite intense competition.
Our scaled franchise, particularly in cornerstone markets like Hong Kong, where we're a leader, Singapore, where we're number two in the market, Vietnam, where we have the leading franchise by far, gives us scale advantages and comparative scale advantages. I think we're very well equipped to continue to compete for the share of growth and value. Thanks.
Thanks. Maybe one follow-up for Roy. Just on capital deployment. You kind of talked about 100% ownership at Meta. I saw that you did a minority stake in a private equity firm in Asia. So it seems like the theme of deployment in Asia as you talked about in the past is important. Just curious within your maybe current JV ownerships or outside of that, looking at other asset management and bank insurance and maybe if you can kind of maybe talk about the pipeline now that Asia's reopening there?
Yeah, thanks for the question, Scott. A couple of thoughts I'd leave you with. Firstly, you know, we are in a strong capital position with a LICAT ratio of 131. We have $20 billion in excess of the supervisory minimum. That really gives us certainly a lot of confidence, especially as we've navigated, you know, three challenging years through the pandemic and still an uncertain economic environment as we look to 2023 and beyond. Despite that, you know, I think that capital strength has put us in a position to create value through the deployment of capital. In 2022 we, you know, we basically bought back 4.1% of our outstanding shares or deployed $1.9 billion to share buybacks, which again, you know, we felt was a very prudent way to create value for shareholders.
Our dividend increase, the CAGR of 10% from 2017 to 2022, again, was a source of value and we're proud to announce that the board approved an 11% increase effective March of 2023. Dividend buybacks, sorry, dividend increases and share buybacks have been really a large part of our focus from a capital deployment perspective. We think that, you know, opportunistically there may be M&A opportunities for us to consider. Although one of our unique opportunities is that we can grow and deliver against our targets without M&A, which I think has really meant that we can be more judicious and less reckless, quite honestly, with a deployment of capital to M&A. Despite that, we have deployed to various initiatives, including the Empire JV acquisition that you referenced, which is something we're really excited about.
In fact, we were the first foreign company to receive approval to acquire full ownership of a JV asset management company. We've been with our JV partner for 10 years. It's performed incredibly well. That opportunity in China is a phenomenal one. It's a $3.8 trillion market opportunity with incredibly low penetration rates. It's a market that's grown at a CAGR of 20% over the last 10 years. That obviously is very exciting for us. We did the JV with Mahindra in India. Again, we think that's a tremendous opportunity given the growth and scale of the India market. We started our bank partnership with Bank in Q1 of 2022, which again gives us access to 14 million customers.
We're feeling pretty good about the capital that we've deployed. We do believe that there may be more opportunities that may emerge, and our strong capital position will actually equip us with the opportunity to possibly opportunistically look at those. We recently filed for a new NCIB for 2023 with the TSX. Again, you know, capital strength I think is something that's been, you know, forte for our company, and it's allowed us to create shareholder value. Quite frankly, will continue to allow us to create shareholder value in 2023.
Thank you.
Thank you. The next question is from Mario Mendonca from TD Securities. Please go ahead.
Good morning. First, if we could go to the CSM balance. That balance, can you give us an indication of how... You're clear that the balance grows at 8% to 10%. Would it be fair to say then the amortization would also grow by 8% to 10%? Sort of related to that, how quickly does that CSM amortize? Is it over 10 years, 20 years? Can you give us an outlook on those two?
Sure, Mario. Thanks for the question. This is Phil. Your hypothesis is right there. We expect the amortization of the CSM to be about 8%-10% per year. Over a 12-year period, it would emerge into income based on that math. The reality is that we expect the CSM balance to not only remain stable as a result of the new business generation, but grow by a similar magnitude at 8%-10%. That really reflects the growth opportunity in our global franchise, in particular in Asia.
The 8%-10% you said in your opening comments, that was the 12 years you were referring to. I thought you said that was the growth in the balance.
It's both. 8%-10% growth in the balance, but also 8%-10% amortization of that balance per year.
I understand. Okay. My second question, this might be more appropriate for Steve. Looking at the changes in assumptions, I'm not talking about the non-economics, I'm talking about the economic assumptions. Changes in assumptions for public equities and all the going forward. Under IFRS 4, that would have been immediately reflected in your LICAT.
Under IFRS 4, we capitalize the full present value of all the future into, you know, what's driving that increase in the fixed income yield. There are a couple of things. One is the impact of high rates on the shorter-term instruments that we include in that portfolio. Also the impact of trading within the surplus. About $80 million of that 170 was coming from the impact of higher rates on the shorter-term instruments. Then $1 20 million of it was coming from trading longer-term instruments, therefore locking in a higher yield. Offsetting that was a slight increase naturally in the cost of debt in a higher interest rate environment. That all nets off to the $ 170 million pre-tax that Roy referenced.
Okay, great. Just my second question here. You guys talk about how, you know, Manulife has returned a significant amount of capital to shareholders over time. I just wanna try this one again because I think it's come up in the past. How should we think about excess capital for deployment under IFRS 17, maybe in terms of dollars and directionally? Is it higher than under IFRS 4? I know you guys had referenced the $20 billion over the supervisory target, but presumably not all of that is deployable. How should we think about that?
Lamar, a couple of thoughts. I mean, again, I would just go back to my earlier points, that is that we're clearly in a, you know, very strong capital position. This has been a big focus for the company over the last five years. We've freed up $9 billion worth of capital, that's put us in a position of strength, which has given us a lot of flexibility and optionality, which is why we've deployed capital not only organically but inorganically, as well as against dividend increases and share buybacks. Obviously, as we transition to IFRS 17, we've been closely looking at what that means to our LICAT ratios and our surplus.
As we've shared in our presentation, we see that our LICAT ratio, based on rates, as at the end of the year, appear to be putting us in a position where we'll have a higher LICAT ratio, slightly higher LICAT ratio, a couple of percentage points. We're not really, you know, really gonna share much more than that at this point. I'd sort of, hold out until we are able to really share much more details at our next earnings call on more data on that front.
Okay, thanks.
Thank you, Lamar.
The next question is from Nigel D'Souza from Veritas Investment Research. Please go ahead.
Thank you. Good morning. I wanted to circle back on Asia and get a better sense of the underlying trends there. When I look at the last four quarters, premiums have dipped to lower. It looks like that's offset by higher profitability. I was wondering if you could speak to how much of the trend we're seeing in 2023 you could attribute to mobility restrictions, how much you would attribute to sentiment from market volatility and economic uncertainty, how much you attribute to just changes in product mix. How do you see those factors playing out in 2023?
Yeah, Nigel, thanks for the question. I think it's all of those things. I mean, apportioning it is not necessarily a, you know, easy to do. I would say predominantly what's impacted our results in Asia over the course of 2022 was the extended or lingering COVID containment measures in China and Hong Kong. These are both core businesses for us, and I think we saw those containment measures linger on, you know, well into 2022 in both Hong Kong and China.
That impacted consumer sentiment, economic growth, and further constrained our growth opportunity in those markets in the year. Generally though, I'd say that we, you know, through our focus on execution and resilience, we were able to post, as you know, year-on-year and quarter-on-quarter core earnings growth in the fourth quarter, despite the uneven kind of post-pandemic recovery there. Underpinning that momentum was Hong Kong, where we saw quarter-on-quarter improvement in all key metrics in the fourth quarter, APE, core earnings and MBV. Japan continues its terrific turnaround, delivering high double-digit growth in core earnings quarter-on-quarter and for the full year. In the Asia other grouping, we delivered a robust core earnings growth result also.
You know, just to circle back and summarize, I think it very much, the constraints last year were driven by sentiment, external factors, sentiment, capital market volatility. Insofar as product mix is concerned, probably only in China that was a relevant factor where you can see our core earnings and MBV results in China. Whilst we got some resilience coming through, and we registered 4% growth in APE for the full year in China, which was extraordinary given the difficulties across the economy. What constrained us in terms of product mix were some one-off changes to the regulatory environment around critical illness products. Key point there is those changes are probably good for the long term of the industry in terms of sustainability in China.
They do not preclude us from undertaking margin enhancement and indeed, that's underway for us, and we feel quite optimistic about that in the first quarter and the first half of 2023. Thanks, Nigel.
Nigel, I might just add a couple of points. 2022 was a challenging year for Asia, specifically as it relates to COVID, with the restrictions that Damien referenced and referred to. We saw in North America, you know, Canada and the U.S., actually more of a normalization, a return to normal from a sales perspective as it relates to COVID. There were clearly still some lingering impacts, but we had, you know, really strong growth from a sales perspective in North America with, you know, 25% and 18% MBV growth respectively. If I dial back to 2021, it was almost the opposite. In 2021, we saw North America, you know, really significantly negatively impacted by COVID restrictions, and Asia actually did quite well there.
We did see the balance of our portfolio actually weather those e-environments quite well, and that was the strength of our diversity. Again, as we look to 2023, we're actually quite optimistic, notwithstanding the comments that Damien mentioned around, you know, we'll take some time for that zero COVID policy to really transition and unfold. We're feeling quite optimistic about 2023 being a year where we will see more of a return to normalization, specifically as it relates to COVID restrictions and the impact on sentiment and therefore on sales.
Okay. Thank you. That's a very helpful answer. My second question was on your LICAT sensitivity. When I look at your interest rate sensitivity disclosure, the dollar amount from, you know, 50 basis point increase is the same, but the percentage point impact went down to 2% points. I assume that's rounding. I wanna get a sense of, you know, the convexity of that portfolio. Is there a level of rates where the percentage point impact could fall to 1%? Does any of the interest rate sensitivity change under IFRS 17?
Yeah. Thanks, Nigel. It's Steve. You got that right, that what we've seen is some convexity here. As rates have risen, we've seen less sensitivity in the LICAT ratio under IFRS 4, and that same phenomenon will be there under IFRS 17. As Phil pointed out earlier, overall the LICAT ratio under IFRS 17 will be less sensitive to interest rates, which we view as a positive. It increases the stability. We'll see that sensitivity drop further under IFRS 17. Thanks.
Okay. I'll leave it there. Thank you.
Thank you. There are no further questions registered at this time. I'd like to turn the call back over to you, Mr. Ko.
Thank you, operator. We'll be available after the call if there are any follow-up questions. Have a good day, everyone.
Thank you. The conference has now ended. Please disconnect your lines at this time. We thank you for your participation.