Earnings Call: Q3 2016

Jul 26, 2016

Good day, everyone, and welcome to this Apple Incorporated Third Quarter Fiscal Year 2016 Earnings Release Conference Call. Today's call is being recorded. At this time, for opening remarks and introductions, I would like to turn the call over to Nancy Paxton, Senior Director of Investor Relations. Please go ahead, ma'am. Thank you. Good afternoon, and thanks to everyone for joining us. Speaking first today is Apple's CEO, Tim Cook, and he will be followed by CFO, Luca Maestri and after that, we'll open the call to questions from analysts. Please note that some of the information you'll hear during our discussion today will consist of forward looking statements, including without limitation, those regarding revenues, gross margin, operating expenses, other income and expense, taxes and future business outlook. Actual results or trends could differ materially from our forecast. For more information, please refer to the risk factors discussed in Apple's Form 10 ks for 2015, the Forms 10 Q for the 1st 2 quarters of fiscal 2016, and the Form 8 ks filed with the SEC today, along with the associated press release. Apple assumes no obligation to update any forward looking statements or information, which speak as of their respective dates. In addition, today's comments will refer to a metric we describe as installed base related purchases. This is a non GAAP measure and a reconciliation to the corresponding GAAP measure can be found on our Investor Relations website at apple.com/investor. I'd now like to turn the call over to Tim for introductory remarks. Thanks, Nancy. Good afternoon and thank you for joining us. Today, we're pleased to report 3rd quarter results that reflect stronger customer demand and business performance than we anticipated just 90 days ago and includes several encouraging signs. Revenue of $42,400,000,000 was near the high end of our guidance range and gross margin of 38% was at the top of our guidance range. We achieved these results while reducing channel inventory by about $3,600,000,000 significantly more than the $2,000,000,000 inventory reduction we'd expected. So our sell through was markedly greater than our sell in. IPhone accounted for the vast majority of the channel inventory reduction. IPhone unit sell through was down just 8% year on year, an even greater improvement over the March quarter than we predicted, and we expect the September quarter sell through comparison to improve further. We feel good about our channel inventory levels and believe they position us well for the months ahead. We had a very successful global launch of iPhone SE and demand outstripped supply throughout the quarter. We brought on additional capacity and were able to achieve supply demand balance as we entered the September quarter. At its launch, we said that the addition of the iPhone SE to the iPhone lineup placed us in a better position to meet the needs of customers who love a 4 inches phone and to attract even more customers into our ecosystem. In both cases, that strategy is working. Our initial sales data tells us that the iPhone SE is popular in both developed and emerging markets and the percentage of iPhone SE sales going to customers who are new to iPhone is greater than we've seen in the 1st weeks of availability for other iPhones launched in the last several years. Overall, we added millions of first time smartphone buyers in the June quarter and switchers accounted for the highest percentage of quarterly iPhone sales we've ever measured. In absolute terms, our year to date iPhone sales to switchers are the greatest we've seen in any 9 month period and our active installed base of iPhones is up strong double digits year over year. We saw tremendous performance from our services businesses, which grew 19% to a June quarter record of $6,000,000,000 The growth was broad based with App Store revenue up 37% to a new all time high in addition to strong increases in music, iCloud and AppleCare. In the last 12 months, our services revenue is up almost $4,000,000,000 year on year to $23,100,000,000 and we expect it to be the size of a Fortune 100 company next year. Most of our terrific services performance during the quarter was fueled by our active installed base of devices with installed base related purchases of $10,300,000,000 accelerating to 29% growth year on year. We had our best iPad compare in 10 quarters with revenue growing 7%, thanks to the rollout of the 9.7 inches iPad Pro. We're proud to have the most exciting lineup of tablets and accessories in the world and exceptionally high customer satisfaction and engagement. Our surveys also show that about half of iPad Pro purchases are buying them for work. IPad Pro is the ultimate upgrade for existing iPad users and the ultimate replacement device for customers switching from PC notebooks. Apple Watch continues to be the best selling smartwatch in the world. And just this month, JD Power ranked it highest in customer satisfaction among all smartwatches. With watchOS 3 coming this fall, customers will be able to update their Apple Watches with an enhanced user interface, significantly improved performance and all new fitness and health capabilities, including activity sharing. We're just getting started with India and I am very encouraged about our growth prospects in those countries. We remain very optimistic about the long term opportunities in Greater China, and we continue to invest there. We opened our 41st Greater China retail store during the quarter and we also made a $1,000,000,000 investment in Didi Chuxing. Switchers and first time smartphone buyers represented the lion's share of our iPhone sales in the quarter and our installed base of iPhones in China has grown by 34% over the last year alone. According to China Mobile, there are more iPhones on their network than any other brand with iPhone users ranking 1st in terms of customer loyalty, data usage and ARPU. By far, the largest portion of our global channel inventory reduction was in Greater China, so our underlying business there is stronger than our results imply. We faced some challenges in Greater China as the economic environment has slowed down since the beginning of the year. This is reflected in consumer confidence and retail spending and the Chinese wine has depreciated by 7% relative to the U. S. Dollar since August of last year. Hong Kong's tourism and retail businesses also continue to be significantly impacted by the stronger Hong Kong dollar relative to other Asian currencies. Combining this backdrop with a tough comparison to last year when revenue grew 112% and the channel inventory reduction this year, we're reporting a decline in revenue in the June quarter. But to keep things in perspective, when we look back on our accomplishments in this segment over the last couple of years, they are truly remarkable. In the 1st three quarters of this fiscal year, our total revenue from Greater China was almost $40,000,000,000 up 55% from the same time frame just 2 years ago, while iPhone units were up 47%. India is now one of our fastest growing markets. In the 1st three quarters of this fiscal year, our iPhone sales in India were up 51% year on year. We just launched or we just announced a first of its kind design and development accelerator to support Indian developers creating innovative applications for iOS and we opened a new office in Hyderabad to accelerate Maps development. We're looking forward to opening retail stores in India down the road and we see huge potential for that vibrant country. As we look forward to the fall, we are thrilled by customers' response to the software and services we previewed at our Worldwide Developers Conference last month. This was our biggest WWDC ever. And for the first time, we have 4 innovative Apple platforms for our developers' apps, iOS, macOS, watchOS and tvOS. In fact, iOS 10 will be the biggest release ever for iOS. The momentum of all four platforms shows the strong relationship Apple enjoys with customers throughout their day and wherever they go, whether it's at home, in their car, at work or everywhere in between. The Apple ecosystem is thriving and growing and our new OS releases as well will take these great experiences to a new level. Customers can look forward to more expressive ways to communicate with messages now with its own app store, allowing users to create and share content, make payments, add stickers and more, all without leaving messages, which is now one of the largest messaging services in the world. Customers can also look forward to a broader and more intelligent role for Siri, which will work with your favorite apps from the App Store, so you can ask Siri to book a ride with your favorite ride sharing app or send money to someone with Square. There's also beautifully redesigned apps for music, maps and news, significant enhancements to HomeKit, CarPlay and the Health app, building on our strategy to give users a seamless experience in all aspects of their lives. There's also a major update with macOS Sierra with new features like Siri and Apple Pay that make the Mac smarter and more helpful than ever, and even a stronger continuity features across all the Apple devices. These experiences become more powerful and intuitive as we continue our long history of enriching our products through advanced artificial intelligence. We have focused our AI efforts on the features that best enhance the customer experience. For example, machine learning enables Siri to understand words as well as the intent behind them. That means Siri does a better job understanding and even predicting what you want than delivering the right responses to requests. To make Siri an even smarter assistant, we're opening the service to developers. And this fall, Siri will be available across our entire product line. We're also using machine learning in many other ways across our products and services, including recommending songs, apps and news. Machine learning is improving facial and image recognition and photos, predicting word choice while typing in messages and mail and providing context awareness and maps for better directions. Deep learning within our products even enables them to recognize usage patterns and improve their own battery life. And most importantly, we deliver these intelligent services while protecting users' privacy. Most of the AI processing takes place on the device rather than being sent to the cloud. And starting this fall, we'll be using sophisticated technology called differential privacy, enhancing our ability to deliver the kinds of services we dream of and customers love without compromising on the individual privacy our customers have come to expect from us. This fall, we'll also bring Apple Pay to Safari so users can easily make secure and private purchases when shopping on participating websites. Tens of millions of users around the world are enjoying Apple Pay today at stores and an app with estimated monthly active users up more than 4 50% year on year last month. Leading financial partners tell us that 3 out of 4 contactless payments in the U. S. Are made with Apple Pay. This is amazing. There are more than 11,000,000 contactless ready locations in the countries where Apple Pay is available today, including 3,000,000 locations now accepting Apple Pay in the United States. With the launch of France, Switzerland and Hong Kong this month, Apple Pay is now live in 9 markets, including 6 of our top 10. Adoption outside the U. S. Has been explosive with over half of transaction volume now coming from non U. S. Markets. With our latest OS releases, the unparalleled continuity across Apple devices will become even more powerful. For example, macOS Sierra will sense other devices and use secure protocols to communicate. With an authenticated Apple Watch, I can auto unlock my Mac when I open it without typing a password. With Universal Clipboard, I can copy and paste text, images and even video between my iOS devices and my Mac. And I can automatically access the files on my Mac desktop and documents folder from another Mac, iOS device or even a PC. Innovations like these are the kinds of things that only Apple can do. We have an incredible lineup of products in our pipeline and I'm very bullish about our long term opportunity. Now I'd like to hand it over to Luca to share more details with you on the June quarter. Thank you, Tim. Good afternoon, everyone. Revenue for the June quarter was $42,400,000,000 near the high end of our guidance range compared to $49,600,000,000 in the year ago quarter. Customer demand for our products and services was stronger than we had anticipated at the beginning of the quarter. As Tim mentioned, we reduced overall channel inventories by roughly $3,600,000,000 On a geographic basis, our revenue grew strongly in Japan to a new June quarter record, and we experienced healthy growth in a number of other important markets, including Russia, Brazil, Turkey, India and Canada. Gross margin was 38%, at the top of our guidance range. Operating margin was 23.9 percent of revenue and net income was $7,800,000,000 Diluted earnings per share were $1.42 and cash flow from operations was strong at $10,600,000,000 For VDS by product, I will start with the iPhone. We sold 40,400,000 iPhones in the quarter. We also reduced channel inventory by over 4,000,000 units compared to about 500,000 units a year ago, so sell through was down by 8%. We exited the quarter near the low end of our 5 to 7 week target range for channel inventory. The rollout of our new entry level iPhone SE concurrent with a channel of $5.95 Therefore, we expect ASPs to improve this quarter. We experienced strong iPhone growth in many markets with sales in Russia more than doubling year over year and double digit growth in many other key countries, including Japan, Turkey, Brazil, India, Canada and Sweden. IPhone continues to show great momentum in business markets. A recent survey by 451 Research found that among U. S. Corporate buyers planning to purchase smartphones in the September quarter, 75% plan to purchase iPhones. This is the highest corporate purchase intent ever measured by the survey for the September quarter. Turning to services, we generated $6,000,000,000 in revenue, an increase of 19% over the June quarter last year. We set a new record for customers transacting on our iTunes stores and among our customers who purchase apps and content, the average amount spent per customer was the highest that we've ever measured. The app stores growth rate has now accelerated for 4 consecutive quarters, reaching 37% in Q3. The App Store is overwhelmingly the preferred destination for both customers and developers. According to App Annie, it generated 100% more global revenue than Google Play in the June quarter, widening our lead from the March quarter. Because of this continued growth for the 1st 9 months of our fiscal year, services increased from 8% of our total revenue a year ago to 11% this year, and it represents an even higher percentage of our profitability. Next, I'd like to talk about the MAC. We sold $4,300,000 MACs compared to $4,800,000 last year. It was a challenging quarter for personal computer sales across the industry with IBC estimating a 4% global contraction. In addition to the overall market slowdown, we faced a very difficult compare to the year ago quarter when we introduced a new MacBook Pro and a new Imac. Despite these challenges, Mac continues to gain a high percentage of new customers and our MAT installed base has grown to a new all time high at the end of June quarter. We ended the quarter below our 4 to 5 week target range for March channel inventory. Now turning to iPad, revenue grew 7%. IPad ASP was $4.90 compared to $4.15 in the year ago quarter, with increase driven by iPad Pro and we sold 10,000,000 iPads compared to $10,900,000 in the year ago quarter. We also reduced channel inventory by about 500,000 units and exited the quarter within our 5 to 7 week target range. In the segments of the tablet market where we compete, we continue to be highly successful, both in terms of market share and customer metrics. Recent data from NPD indicates that iPad gained share in the overall U. S. Tablet market in the June quarter and has 84% share of tablets priced above $200 And in May, 451 Research measured a 96% consumer satisfaction rate for iPad Mini and a 95% rate for iPad Air. Among U. S. Consumers planning to purchase a tablet within the next 6 months, 63% plan to purchase an iPad, almost 4 times the purchase intention rate of the next highest brand measured with iPad Pro the top choice for planned purchases. Corporate buyers reported a 94% satisfaction rate for iPad and a purchase intent of 71% for the September quarter. One recent example of iPad business adoption is BearBank, Russia's largest bank, which is adding 22,000 iPads to more than 10,000 purchased last year to deploy corporate mobility solutions across the organization and enable its consultants to serve customers in a more engaging and more efficient way. More broadly, we're making great progress with our enterprise initiatives and we see strong growth opportunities ahead of us. In May, we announced a global strategic partnership with SAP to reimagine business processes with native iOS apps. SAP is the world's largest enterprise software provider with more than 130,000,000 potential users among its 300,000 global customers. In fact, it's estimated that 76% of global business transactions touch an SAP system. Our partnership will deliver an SDK to fast track iOS projects for SAP environments and iOS Academy to enable the 2,500,000 SAP developers around the world to build great native iOS apps and a portfolio of industry specific apps to accelerate mobile transformation in the enterprise. Last month, we announced the first three solutions from our Cisco partnership. 2 that will dramatically improve the network performance of iOS traffic running on Cisco Netwos and 1 that will bring the desk phone to the 21st century by integrating iPhone WiFi calling into Cisco Spark. Let me now turn to our cash position. We ended the quarter with $231,500,000,000 in cash plus marketable securities, a sequential decrease of $1,400,000,000 $214,800,000,000 of this cash or 93% of the total was outside the United States. We issued a total of $2,400,000,000 of debt in Taiwan and in Australia, while retiring $2,500,000,000 in U. S. Debt, leaving us with $72,000,000,000 in term debt at the end of the quarter, essentially unchanged from last quarter. We returned a total of over $13,000,000,000 to investors during the June quarter as follows: We paid $3,200,000,000 in dividends and equivalent We spent $4,000,000,000 on repurchases of 41,200,000 Apple shares to over market transactions. And we launched a new $6,000,000,000 ASR resulting in initial delivery and retirement of 48,200,000 shares. We also completed our 6th accelerated share repurchase program, retiring an additional 8,700,000 shares. We've now completed almost $177,000,000,000 of our current $250,000,000,000 capital return program, including $127,000,000,000 in share repurchases. During the quarter, we also spent $1,000,000,000 on a minority investment in Diddishuxing in China, completed 3 acquisitions and incurred $4,200,000,000 in capital expenditures. As we move ahead into the September quarter, I'd like to review our outlook, which includes the types of forward looking information that Nancy referred to at the beginning of the call. We expect revenue to be between 45.5 $1,000,000,000 $47,500,000,000 We expect gross margin to be between 37.5% 38%. We expect OpEx to be between $6,050,000,000 $6,150,000,000 We expect OI and E to be about $350,000,000 and we expect the tax rate to be about 25.5%. Also today, our Board of Directors has declared a cash dividend of $0.57 per share of common stock, payable on August 11, 2016 to shareholders of record as of August 8, 2016. With that, I'd like to open the call to questions. Thank you, Luca. And we ask that you limit yourself to one one part question and one follow-up. Operator, may we have the first question please? Your first question will come from Shannon Cross with Cross Research. Thank you very much for the question. Tim, can you talk a little bit about your thoughts on investments? You made the Didi investment this quarter. Obviously, you've continued to make acquisitions over time. We just saw, I guess, you invested in buying some of the carpool karaoke. I'm just kind of curious as to how you're thinking about where you're putting your investment dollars more sort of an acquisition or a potential equity stake standpoint as you look at overall capital allocation? Shannon, we obviously invest a ton of capital in our business itself to support research and development and the production of our products. And that's sort of the main source of our capital. However, we're constantly looking on the outside for great talent and great intellectual property. And we have been buying companies on average every 3 to 4 weeks or so, and we continue to do that. And we think we've made some really great choices there. In terms of the investment in Didi, it was an unusual investment in that, as you know, we don't have a long history of doing a lot of these, but we have done some before. We invested in ARM in the early days. We invested in Akamai and a few other companies. So it wasn't the first. From a dd point of view, we see that as, 1, a great financial investment 2, we think that there's some strategic things that the companies can do together over time and 3, we think that we'll learn a lot about that the business and the Chinese market even beyond what we currently know. And Didi has an incredible team there. And so that's sort of the rationale for why we did that. Would we do more investments? Yes, but it's not something that you'll see a whole string of from us. But we will constantly look for things that are smart to do. Great. Thank you. And then just as a follow-up for Luca, if you could talk a little bit about the gross margin puts and takes for guidance, 37% to 38%, sort of how are we thinking about commodity pricing and mix of new products and that just as you look to how you guided gross margin? Yes, Shannon. Just let me correct you a bit. It's 37.5% to 38% for the Sorry, I had that written down, but for the September quarter. So it's essentially we're guiding GM flat to slightly down sequentially. On the positive side, we're going to have leverage because we are guiding to a sequential increase in revenue and we expect to have positive mix as we get into the September quarter. And these positive is being offset more or less by what we call product transition costs, which are typical of this time of the year for us. Shannon, on the commodity side, and for the September quarter, we see NAND being pretty much in balance, while DRAM and LCDs and other major commodities remain in an oversupply situation. And so overall commodity prices, we expect to decline at least historical rates. Thank you, Shannon. Could we have the next question please? From UBS, we'll hear from Steve Milunovich. Great. Thank you very much. Regarding your revenue guidance for September, it's up about 10% sequentially, which is clearly at the high end historically. So what can you tell us about the timing of the new iPhone model? Is that affecting this? You mentioned the 451 is finding business interest in phones, but their survey on consumers actually finds the lowest level of expectation for purchases in the next 3 months since 2008. You've seen the upgrade numbers from the carriers are quite low. So it seems like it's still a very tough demand environment. So where is the strength coming from in the September quarter? Steve, we're not going to get into products or product transitions. However, we've taken what we've learned from last quarter and we did see a number of encouraging signs. Luca talked about the number of countries that we saw double digit growth in during the quarter from Japan to Brazil to India, some even stronger numbers than that in Russia. So there's a number of countries that we saw strong signals from that perspective. We also are very happy with the switcher rate that we saw, our highest ever recorded and the number of switchers through the 9 months are the highest absolute numbers that we've ever had. And so when we look at that and then we look at the things going on, on our other products and services, and we think services will continue to grow very briskly. We've made our best estimate of where we think we'll come in and it's 45.5% to 47.5%. Okay, fair enough. And as a follow-up, I wanted to ask you about your platform strategy. You talk about the 4 operating systems essentially as platforms, which I agree with. And it's just interesting to me because Apple has such a control over the vertical integration of your products. And yet you've somehow been able to kind of grasp the openness that's required for platforms. And I think that's reflected in WWDC, as you pointed out, opening up APIs and so forth on messaging. And you kind of made the case there for apps versus messaging and kind of the anti bot argument. I'm just curious, is that the way am I characterizing this roughly correctly in terms of how you think about the business and how are you managing that internally in terms of having sort of this vertically integrated somewhat closed view of the hardware and yet this pretty open platform where the value is created externally? Well, we think to have a great platform, you have to have a really healthy ecosystem. And so we're really proud of the developer community and the fact that developers are earning a lot more money in writing for iOS than other apps. We think that the best experience for users include apps. And so we want to do everything that we can do to continue building that. We now have over 2,000,000 apps in the App Store and are more focused these days on discovery and other things to bring more great apps to the service because there's so many out there. And so that's what we're doing. The TV and you did mention CarPlay, but these are trying to provide our users a seamless experience across all the different things that they do in their lives. And so that's the rationale for CarPlay. It's the rationale for why we're putting a huge investment in the home, making really bringing home automation to life for people in a very simple and elegant way. It's the reason for Apple TV and what we are doing in the living room. And so all these things together are all about user experience and making people's daily lives better. Thank you. Thank you, Steve. Could we have the next question, please? We'll go to Katy Huberty with Morgan Stanley. Thank you. Luca, as it relates to gross margin, the guidance today is very similar to what you've provided over the last 5 years in terms of gross margin guidance in September versus June. And the variances that you walked through in response to Shannon's questions are very similar to the dynamics that you see in any September quarter. But there's an added factor this time around, which is you don't have the $4,000,000 of high ASP, high margin inventory drain in September like you did in the June quarter. So I guess I just push back and ask why gross margin guidance wouldn't be even better. Is it the more balanced NAND environment that Tim spoke to? Or is there something else impacting the guidance? Well, Katy, I talked about these elements at a broad level. Of course, there's degrees of positive impact, right? We for example, on the mix front, every cycle is slightly different on our product mix. And so that clearly has an impact on gross margins. And the other thing that we need to keep in mind as we step back for a second and now we've gone through a couple of cycles where the U. S. Dollar has strengthened. And as you know, we work with our hedging program where we get protection from FX fluctuations in the short term when these hedges roll off over time, we end up replacing them with new hedging contracts at the spot rate. And so versus September of 2014, for example, the U. S. Dollar has now strengthened on average against international currencies by about 15%. And I think we need to accept that now we're leading in this stronger U. S. Dollar environment. We've taken a lot of actions on the cost side, on the pricing side, and obviously with hedges. But we need to deal with this situation and that's where we are right now. We feel that 37.5% to 38%, given the new FX environment, I think, says a lot about all the work that we've done on the cost side to get there. Just to give you a sense on a year over year basis, when I look at foreign exchange, that has an impact of almost 300 basis points on our margins. Okay. Thank you. And Tim, can you speak to how you envision the upgrade rate of the iPhone installed base to play out over the next quarter or the next year? Somebody mentioned that U. S. Carriers have reported really weak upgrade rates, not necessarily for iPhone, but across their installed base. The press is discussing only modest technology upgrades in your next iPhone cycle. And so those data points would lead investors to believe that the upgrade rate will be low, but curious if you have a different view. Thank I don't want to talk about new sums that aren't announced. And so that aside, what we have seen sort of in the past tense or current tense on the upgrade rate is that the iPhone upgrade rate for the 6s is very similar to the 5s. And I guess in retrospect, maybe that was a predictable thing, although we didn't predict it at the beginning. It took us a little time to realize that. The iPhone 6 was significantly higher than that. And so it likely accelerated upgrades that would have been in the current year ahead of those. And so what the future holds, we'll see. But I'm very optimistic about the future because I see so many signs that are positive. I see an installed base that has gotten incredibly large. I see a switcher rate that is the highest ever. I see the smartphone itself, led by iPhone, becoming even more instrumental and important to people's lives. It's becoming essential. And all of the things that are coming both in the fall, the things that we've announced that you can see with iOS 10, hopefully you're running by now, with the beta. Those and other things make it even more instrumental and AI even makes it more and more. I mean, as the phone becomes more and more your assistant, you it's one of those you're not going to leave without it. And so I see all of those things as vectors that are incredibly positive. I also really like what I've seen with the iPhone SE and the fact that it's opening the door to customers that we weren't reaching before and likely convincing some people to upgrade that wanted a smaller form factor, but wanted to stay with iPhone and so they were waiting for the iPhone SE. And so I see lots of positive things and so that's how I look at it. Thank you, Katy. Could we have the next question please? We'll go to Tony Sakanagi with Bernstein. Yes, thank you. You commented about the significant inventory drawdown in the quarter, dollars 3,600,000,000 on the revenue side. So sell through was $46,000,000,000 effectively, Over 4,000,000 iPhones suggesting that sell through iPhone sales were 45,000,000 dollars When I look to your guidance for Q4, I actually have the opposite question of a previous question, which is in light of the true sell through rate, which seems to reflect better than normal seasonality in Q3, likely some contribution and the elasticity from the SE. When I look at Q4, it looks like you're guiding for iPhone unit on a sell through basis to be flat or potentially down and for total company revenues to be only fractionally up and below the kind of seasonality we see in Q4. So I guess my question is, are you expecting any drawdowns in channel inventory in fiscal Q4? Are my inferences around sell through rate incorrect? Or given the business momentum that you spoke about in response to an earlier question, and the hopefulness that you expressed in your prepared remarks, Tim, I'm actually surprised the guidance isn't a bit stronger on the top line. Sorry, let me take it. Starting with your comments on the June quarter, just want to point out that when we talk about a $3,600,000,000 channel inventory reduction, that is not entirely related to iPhone. IPhone is the vast majority of that, but we did reduce channel inventory on all other products as well. So that probably leads you to different conclusions to the math that you have just expressed. On the September quarter, when I look at the sequential increase for iPhone units that we are expecting, I would say that it is even with the sell through adjustments that you talked about, it's still pretty much in line with what we've seen in the past. As you know, we do not provide guidance for channel inventory. But I would say, in general, I think it's important to keep in mind that if we look around the world, we do see a lot of positive signs, but we also know that the macroeconomic environment is slowing down in a number of places around the world, and that needs to be taken into account in our guidance. Okay. Luca, I did understand the $3,600,000,000 but you said over 4,000,000 iPhones were drawn down. I added that to the $40,400,000 So that would suggest close to $45,000,000 on a sell through basis. So that was the basis for my observation. I was wondering if we could if I could direct one at Tim. You talked about the upgrade cycle and how it's kind of elongated relative to the iPhone 6 and that it's similar to what you saw with the 5s. And my belief is that one of the bigger longer term concerns for Apple is that the replacement cycle could just structurally elongate over time, particularly as your installed base of customers becomes less affluent and more international. So I guess my question is, you have a mechanism, which is the Apple upgrade program, which takes replacement cycle out of the equation and puts people on buying the phone as a service. And so I'd welcome any comments on how that program is doing. And then just more broadly, is Apple thinking about ways to sell not only the iPhone, but more of its products on a monthly type subscription basis, perhaps in a more bundled fashion, so that you can add more predictability to what is now largely a transactional revenue model? The iPhone demand is made up, as you know, of the upgraders, switchers and new to smartphone. And so if you take it in reverse order for a minute, look at the new smartphone, the penetration around the smartphone penetration right now around the world at the end of December was 42%. So there's quite a bit of room there. It is true that a lot of those are in emerging markets, but we have done we've had reasonable business success in several emerging markets. And so we don't enter into those with no experience, although we will enter into them humbly. On the switcher side, we really like what we're seeing. And we think that from a user point of view, as the smartphone itself becomes more and more essential to people's daily lives, which is a part of what I had talked about before, a part of bringing it into the home in a bigger way and in the car and at work and so forth. We think people will put more and more focus on what they're buying and the thing that Apple does best, which is provide this killer experience, a killer user experience that's integrated across their lives, I think becomes more important and I think that really plays to our advantage. I also think that the deployment of AI technology is something that we will excel at because of our focus on user experience. And so I like that. From an upgrade point of view, there are pluses and minuses as I see it. A plus is that more and more people have already joined upgrade programs. Some of these programs, like the one that you referenced that we've done, replaces the iPhone every year. There are also carriers that have similar kind of plans where they also replace or change out the iPhone every year. Others have an 18 month clock, some have a 24 month clock and there are even some that have a 30 month clock. And so there's various time schedules there. And so as of today, there are obviously a lot more people on those programs than ever before because they just started, it really got underway in a big way last year in a smaller way 2 years ago. And so we'll see more of those this coming fall. The minus side is the bifurcation of the smartphone from the service itself has a plus and a minus into it. The subsidy, the lack of that and this is more of a U. S. Phenomenon than the rest of the world, some of that can be a shock for people that were used to paying $199 for their smartphone. They come back in and they pay less for the service, but they pay more for their smart phone. And so there's lots of pluses and minuses on this. But overall, as I look at this for Apple, and this is not a statement on the industry itself, but for Apple, I'm very optimistic. Thank you, Tony. Could we have the next question, please? From Goldman Sachs, Simona Jankowski. Thank you. Tim, as you mentioned, you traveled to China during the quarter. And while you certainly sound encouraged on China and highlighted the Didi investment, There are some of the key services for Apple like iBooks and Itunes movies that are still banned and some of the local vendors appear to be gaining share. So can you just give us your perspective on the market, your expectations around getting those services back up and also regaining share? Yes. For books and movies, we currently have those stores off as you mentioned. To put this in some context, those two stores for the months that we had them operational, which was several months, the revenue was less than $1,000,000 And so the it's not a revenue related issue. It's a from our point of view, this is a service we want to provide our customers. And so we're working very closely with the appropriate government agencies and we hope to make books and movies available again to our customers there. And so we'll see how that goes, but we're optimistic there. And in terms of just regaining share in that market more broadly? I think we've always had a if you look at our share over time, our share in China tends to peak during launch windows. There's a higher high and a lower low there. There's a bigger difference between those 2. And so what we have to do and what we're doing is innovating like crazy and delivering the best smartphone to our customers there. And if we do a really great well. Thank you, Adam. Could we have the next question please? Dean Munster with Piper Jaffray. Good afternoon. Tim, you gave some nice data points around Apple Pay. Can you remind us, is this a business that ultimately impacts the services line in any measurable way or is Apple Pay generally about selling iPhones? And separately is that when you just take a step back and look at the proof point that augmented reality theme has had with this whole Pokemon phenomenon, how does it impact how you think about the future? I assume you think about it. I'm just curious what goes on in your mind when you see all of that. Thanks. Yes. On the Apple Pay side, the revenues from Apple Pay are in the services line. The growth is astronomical, but the base is very small. And so for today, Apple Pay is very much about a great feature for our customers so that they can pay in a very simple, private and secure way. In terms of AR and the Pokemon phenomenon, it's incredible what has happened there. I think it's a testament to what happens with innovative apps and the whole ecosystem and the power of being just a certain just a certain developer has elected not to go worldwide yet because of the pressure on their servers, etcetera, because of the demand. But I'm sure that they will over time. It also does show, as you point out, the AR can be really great. And we're we have been and continue to invest a lot in this. We are high on AR for the long run. We think there's great things for customers and a great commercial opportunity. And so we're investing. And the number one thing is to make sure our products work well with other developers' kind of products like Pokemon. And so that's the reason you see so many iPhones out in the wild right now chasing Pokemon. Would you say there's going to be a computing shift to AR longer term? I know there's people that want to call it a new computer platform and we'll see. I think there's a tendency in this industry to call everything new the next computer platform. However, that said, I think AR can be huge. So we'll see whether it's the next platform, but regardless, it will be huge. Thank you. Thanks, Gene. Can we have the next question, please? We'll go to Mark Moskowitz with Barclays. Yes. Thank you. Good afternoon. Just want to follow-up, Tim, if I could, related to the R and D pace of growth. Clearly, a lot of momentum there over the last couple of years, but we're just kind of trying to figure out how much of that is dedicated to existing products and services versus what's next? And can you give us a sense in terms of when investors should think about the ROI coming back to them from the R and D perspective? And kind of a corollary to that, does that is it really restricted just to products and services currently? Or can we see more of a cloud services apparatus kind of evolve over time when you do more and more in the enterprise, just given the core chips with SAP and Cisco and IBM? And then my follow-up for Luke is around ASPs to the iPhone. We keep getting a lot of questions around SE in terms of how cannibalistic could it be to the core iPhone franchise? Are you seeing any sort of moderation in terms of the ASP pressures there? On the R and D growth, we do continue to invest significantly in R and D. The growth rates are still large on a year over year basis and Luca can share the exact ones. But I think the recent quarter was in the mid-20s for R and D. The balance of the company, we're managing more flattish from a year over year point of view. The products that are in R and D, there is quite a bit of investment in there for products and services that are not currently shipping or derivations of what is currently shipping. And so I don't want to talk about the exact split of it, but you can look at the growth rate and conclude that there's a lot of stuff that we're doing beyond the current products. Mark, on the ASP question, talked about $5.95 in Q3, it's down $65 on a year over year basis. Keep in mind, about $20 of that $65 is foreign exchange. So during the quarter, we had this combination of starting with no SE units in channel inventory. So we had to do at least a partial channel sale that obviously had an impact on ASPs. And then the other element was the fact that we've reduced more than 4,000,000 units of channel inventory on the high end, right? So the combination of these two things obviously had an impact on ASPs. But I think as I said or Tim said during the prepared remarks, we do expect iPhone ASP to improve sequentially as we move into the September quarter because these two factors that I just mentioned are not going to repeat. On cannibalization, of course, we've got limited experience because the phone has been in the market just for a few weeks. But when we look at our survey data on iPhone SE, as Tim was saying, we believe that the SE is doing exactly what it was intended, which is we are seeing a higher rate of new to iPhone customers, which is obviously very important to us as we bring new people into the iOS ecosystem. And we see a higher rate of previous iPhone owners that really prefer the 4 inches form factor. We have not seen clear evidence of cannibalization from iPhone 6s or 6s Plus. Of course, there's always going to be some level of cannibalization, but really to us what is much more relevant is the much bigger opportunity to bring more people into the iOS ecosystem. Thanks, Mark. Could we have the next question please? From Credit Suisse, we'll hear from Paul Begous with Barclays. Thanks. Just a couple of questions for me. Luke, I just want to clarify that last point on ASPs and iPhone. In the last quarter, it seemed that you were quite clear that, that was a negative driver to the gross margin of the company. So I understand there's other drivers going into the September quarter. But just to be clear, there's 4,000,000 or so units you didn't sell through that were depleted that channel inventory, those were relatively high gross margin as well. That's just a clarification. And then for Tim, on the services side, as Apple has spoken more and more loudly, I guess, in the last 3 or 4 quarters, I just think about some of the comments you've made about the TV market and how it's been stuck, I think, in the 60s or 70s and the experience hasn't changed. I understand you've got the Apple TV box out, but in terms of driving actual video on demand services, is that something that Apple want to do themselves? Do you want to partner? Could you even build content? How do you think about that as an actual business opportunity as opposed to here's an Apple box, we sell some units, but it's not that meaningful to the overall company in terms of size. I'm just curious given the installed base and users you have. Many thanks. On your question on iPhone ASP, I'm not sure if I understood it correctly, but clearly the iPhone SE has a downward impact on iPhone ASP, of course, because it comes at the low end of the range. From a gross margin perspective, it is slightly diluted to company margins, but the impact is not particularly large. Okay. Okay. On the Apple TV question, the introduction of Apple TV and tvOS in last October and the subsequent OS releases and what's coming out in this fall, think of that as the as sort of building the foundation for what we believe can be a broader business over time. And so I don't want to be more precise than that, but you shouldn't look at what's there today and think we've done what we want to do. We've built a foundation that we can do something bigger off of. Okay. Thank you. Thank you for the question. Thank you, Kolbinder. A replay of today's call will be available for 2 weeks as a podcast on the I team store, as a webcast on apple.com/investor and via telephone and the numbers for the telephone replay are 888-203-1112 or 719-457-0820. Please enter confirmation code 4,944,387. These replays will be available by approximately 5 p. M. Pacific Time today. Members of the press with additional questions can contact Kristin Huguet at 408-974-2414. Financial analysts can contact Joan Cooper or Nee with additional questions. Joan is at 408-974-4570 and I'm at 408-974-5420. Thanks again for joining us. And ladies and gentlemen, that does conclude today's presentation. We do thank everyone for your participation.