Good morning. Welcome to the Assured Guaranty Ltd. Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2022 Earnings Conference Call. My name is Lauren. I'll be the operator for today's call. All participants will be in listen-only mode. Should you need assistance, please signal a conference specialist by pressing star then zero to your telephone keypad. After today's presentation, there'll be an opportunity to ask questions. To ask a question, you may press star then one on your telephone keypad. To withdraw your question, please press star then two. Please note that this event is being recorded. I would now like to turn the conference over to our host, Robert Tucker, Senior Managing Director, Investor Relations and Corporate Communications. Please go ahead.
Thank you, operator, and thank you all for joining Assured Guaranty for our fourth quarter and year-end 2002 financial results conference call. Today's presentation is made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The presentation may contain forward-looking statements about our new business and credit outlooks, market conditions, credit spreads, financial ratings, loss reserves, financial results, or other items that may affect our future results. These statements are subject to change due to new information or future events. You should not place undue reliance on them as we do not undertake any obligation to publicly update or revise them except as required by law. If you're listening to a replay of this call or if you're reading the transcript of the call, please note that our statements made today may have been updated since this call.
Please refer to the investor information section of our website for our most recent presentations and SEC filings, most current financial filings, and for the risk factors. This presentation also includes references to non-GAAP financial measures. We present the GAAP financial measures most directly comparable to the non-GAAP financial measures referenced in this presentation, along with a reconciliation between such GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures in our current financial supplement and equity investor presentation, which are on our website at assuredguaranty.com. Turning to the presentation, our speakers today are Dominic Frederico, President and Chief Executive Officer of Assured Guaranty Ltd., and Rob Bailenson, our Chief Financial Officer. After their remarks, we will open the call to your questions. As the webcast is not enabled for Q&A, please dial into the call if you'd like to ask a question. I will now turn the call over to Dominic.
Thank you, Robert, and welcome to everyone joining today's call. Assured Guaranty performed exceptionally well in a very volatile 2022. Our U.S. public finance, international infrastructure finance, and global structured finance financial guarantee businesses combined to produce $375 million of total PVP in 2022. The fifth consecutive year in which new business production generated more than $350 million of PVP. We continue to lead the U.S. municipal bond insurance industry with our share of new issue insured par sold nearly equal to the previous year's record share of 60%. Our 364 trades in the secondary U.S. municipal bond market produced $3.3 billion of par insured, up 650% year-over-year, and a par amount not seen in over a decade.
During the year, we brought key measures of shareholder value per share to new year high and to new year-end highs, even though shareholder equity per share declined 8% to $85.80 due to unrealized losses in the investment portfolio. Topping the previous record set in 2021, adjusted operating shareholders' equity per share increased 6% to $93.92, and adjusted book value per share rose 9% to $141.98. We returned a total of $567 million to shareholders in share repurchases and dividends, which Rob will say more about. The share repurchases represented nearly 13% of our year-end 2021 shares outstanding.
In addition, last week, we declared a quarterly dividend of $0.28 per common share, which represents an increase of over 12% of our previously quarterly dividend of $25 per common share. The 12th consecutive year that our dividend has been increased. We reached settlement agreements for our exposure to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and to all but one of the defaulted Puerto Rico entities in our insured portfolio, which when combined with our normal Puerto Rico amortization, eliminated $2.2 billion of below-investment grade debt insured par outstanding. We also sold or were paid off on a portion of the securities we received in the settlements. Our markets and the economic environment presented a new set of challenges during 2022, a year marked by inflation, rising interest rates, volatile financial and currency markets, uncertain economic trends, and geopolitical stress.
For example, the rapid rise of interest rates led to unrealized losses in our fixed income investment portfolio. It also caused refundings in the U.S. municipal market to decrease significantly, which is an important reason that volume declined in both the overall primary market and its insured portion. For our non-U.S. business, the rapid strengthening of the U.S. dollar versus foreign currencies, especially U.K. pound sterling, reduced the dollar value of deferred premium revenue from foreign-denominated exposures, the earnings from amortization of those premiums, and the amount of PVP we could record in dollars for a given amount of new international business. In the face of such headwinds, our $375 million of PVP was an impressive result, and it was well diversified across our public finance and structured finance markets.
Issuance of U.S. municipal bonds totalled $360 billion in 2022, down 21% from a record par amount of $457 billion in 2021. Refunding activity was particularly impacted by higher rates. Nevertheless, the bond insurance industry penetration rates for the year reached 8% for the second consecutive year, which is well above pre-pandemic levels and indicates that investors and issuers who saw firsthand the value of bond insurance during COVID crisis continue to see its benefits in an unpredictable world. It is encouraging that in the fourth quarter of 2022, bond insurance penetration reached 8.7%, the industry's highest fourth quarter penetration rate since 2008, and the third highest penetration rate of all quarters since 2009.
Assured Guaranty's production was a leading force behind the industry's performance in 2022 as we insured nearly 60% of new issuing insured par sold. We achieved a 70% market share for the fourth quarter of 2022. Additionally, as investors turn to the secondary market to make up for the comparative lack of new issue supply, the secondary market par we insured was 650% higher in 2021 than in 2021. As interest rates surged outward and bond prices fell, our secondary market insurance was useful for investors seeking market liquidity and portfolio management flexibility. In the combined primary and secondary markets, we sold insurance on municipal par of $20 billion. Our combined U.S . Public finance PVP totaled $257 million.
Our 2022 transactions included the bond buyers healthcare financing deal of the year, in which we insured both tax-exempt and taxable hospital revenue bonds issued for Louisville-based University of Louisville Health. We insured $272 million, or about two-thirds of the par issued in this transaction, whose proceeds are financing two major strategic projects. This healthcare issue was one of 31 issues launched in 2022, in which we insured at least $100 million of par. In one example, we insured all $608 million of tax-exempt Green Transmission Project Revenue Bonds that the Power Authority of the State of New York issued to support construction and improvement of transmission projects.
In another, we insured $572 million of private activity bonds issued as part of the $1.8 billion public-private partnership financing to support the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation's rehabilitation, reconstruction, and improvement of aging bridges. As increased federal spending provides impetus for large-scale infrastructure projects, this sector should present important opportunities for Assured Guaranty. We can bring not only our guarantee of timely principal and interest payments, but also our financial strength and capacity to insure large project financing, as well as our years of experience underwriting infrastructure credits, including public-private partnerships.
Moreover, we continue to add value on credits with underlying ratings in the AA category for one or, from one or both of S&P and Moody's, ensuring 121 such AA transactions, up from 109 last year, and totaling $2.7 billion of insured par. Outside the United States, our public finance business has become a consistent performer, producing more than $60 million of PVP for six years in a row. In 2022, we wrote $68 million of PVP in this business. That is after the negative impacts of converting foreign currencies to U.S. dollars. Among our notable accomplishments within non-U.S. public finance were large secondary market transactions related to U.K.-regulated utilities and a major airport. The pipeline of highly likely deals could lead to a strong first half of 2023.
Our Paris subsidiary, which we opened in 2020 to serve Continental Europe more effectively, further grew its business originations in 2022. In global structured finance, we wrote $50 million in PVP, which makes 2022 our second most productive year for direct structured finance activity since 2012. Providing institutions like banks and insurance companies tools to syndicate risk and optimize capital utilization continues to be an important focus for Assured Guaranty. During the year, we closed transactions in several sectors, including insurance risk transfer, commercial real estate, CLOs, and whole business securitizations. Also during the year, we made further inroads into subscription finance, where we work with banks to help them provide credit to private equity style funds collateralized by investors' funding commitments. Also during 2022, we further strengthened our high-quality, well-diversified insurance portfolio.
In 2022 will be remembered as the year we finalized settlement agreements on our exposure to the bonds of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, its Public Buildings Authority, its Highway and Transportation Authority, and certain of its other public corporations. Although the settlement terms vary by credit, overall, we were compensated in the settlements with a mix of cash and securities, including some contingent value instruments that have upside potential based on the performance of the Puerto Rico economy. We have sold some of the securities we received and continue to do so as the market opportunities arise. Our last remaining unsettled defaulted Puerto Rico exposure is the Electric Power Authority, PREPA, which we believe could be resolved this year.
Primarily as a result of substantially resolving our Puerto Rico par exposure, including $2 billion from the settlements plus $200 million from normal amortization, we have reduced the below investment grade portion of our net par outstanding to just 2.5%, the lowest level since we acquired AGM in 2009. The rating agencies looked positively on our reduced exposure to Puerto Rico. Both S&P Global Ratings and Kroll Bond Rating Agency cited it in their affirmations during 2022 of our AA ratings at S&P and AA+ ratings at KBRA, both with stable outlooks. In our asset management business, we are currently exploring strategic alternatives for this business to maximize value for our stakeholders.
We are committed to our strategic objective for this business and to investing in alternative investments, and are seeking alternative and creative strategies to grow asset management-related earnings. Assured IM ended 2022 with seventeen and a half billion dollars of assets under management, which was essentially flat to that of 2021. Third-party gross inflows were $1.4 billion, and as was typical for many asset managers, we were impacted by the challenging global economy and financial markets and the widening of CLO spreads following the invasion of Ukraine. As well as the run-off of our legacy funds and certain other limitations during the year. It is important to keep in mind that since acquiring Assured IM just three years ago, we have made important and successful course corrections to its business strategies.
We increased the fee-earning AUM of Assured IM funds to $16.8 billion as of 31 December , 2022, from only $8 billion on 31 December , 2019. In the wind-down funds, since the acquisition date, we reduced AUM from $5.5 billion to $182 million at year-end 2022. In our view, 2022 was a remarkable year. We saw interest rates rise from a prolonged period of historic lows to a more traditional normal. We believe sustainable levels. Given us the potential to offer issuers even greater savings than we have in recent years while originating more PVP. It became clear that the increased penetration of municipal bond insurance that began with the onset of COVID has been sustained even with lower issuance.
We believe this indicates more widespread understanding of our value proposition, which will support increased demand for our product in a world economic stage showing no signs of becoming more stable. The United States began to experience the impact of Bipartisan Infrastructure Law as it incentivizes municipalities to complement federal funding with their own investments, typically funded with bonds which we can potentially insure, and encourages public-private partnership financings where we can add great value to our infrastructure finance experience, analytical and due diligence capabilities, and financial strength. The success of our secondary market in municipal bond insurance business exemplified the growing awareness of the value and versatility of our bond insurance in volatile market conditions.
Perhaps most importantly, we resolved most of our Puerto Rico exposure, demonstrating again the effectiveness of our loss mitigation strategies, our determination to act in the best interest of our stakeholders, our commitment to responsible engagement with our insured obligors, and the resilience of our business model. As we enter 2023, we are off to a solid start in new business production. Looking forward, we are well positioned for growth in the years ahead because we will do what we have always done, protect insured investors and shareholders through a disciplined underwriting and risk management, produce savings and broaden opportunities for issuers, expand our markets, and actively and prudently manage our capital. I will now go and turn the call over to Rob.
Thank you, Dominic, and good morning to everyone on the call. Before I review this year's results, let me start by highlighting our achievements against our long-term strategic initiatives. In 2022, we had strong PVP of $375 million across all business lines, despite reduced primary market public finance issuance. This year's new business production adds to our deferred premium revenue and substantially offset scheduled amortization and refunds. The 2022 Puerto Rico resolutions extinguished all but one of the defaulting Puerto Rico exposures and reduced total below investment-grade par to only 2.5% of total net par outstanding, the lowest level since 2009. As part of the settlements with Puerto Rico, we received a combination of cash, recovery bonds, and contingent value instruments.
As of today, we have reduced our exposure to these securities by almost 60% through sales or pay downs. In 2022, we retired 8.8 million common shares, or 13% of the shares outstanding at the beginning of the year, which helped to boost adjusted book value to new record of almost $142 per share. Share repurchases represented a $503 million return of capital to shareholders, which is in addition to $64 million of declared dividends. For 2023, the board approved an increase in the quarterly dividend rate to $0.28 per share, up from $0.25 per share in 2022. Finally, our asset management business maintained steady AUM of $17.5 billion, 96% of which is fee-earning business.
We look forward to pursuing accretive growth strategies in this business to increase net asset management-related earnings. Turning to our annual results on a full year basis, I'm pleased to report 2022 adjusted operating income of $267 million, or $4.14 per share, which compares with $470 million or $6.32 per share in 2021. The insurance segment, which had adjusted operating income of $413 million in 2022, compared with $722 million in 2021, is the largest component of adjusted operating income. The primary drivers of the year-over-year variance came from loss expense and alternative investments.
Loss expense, which is a function of both economic development and amortization of deferred premium revenue, was $12 million in 2022, compared with a $221 million benefit in 2021. 2022 loss expense consisted mainly of public finance expense of $128 million, partially offset by a benefit in U.S. RMBS of $120 million.
Net economic development for 2022 was a benefit of $125 million, primarily consisting of a $17 million loss for public finance transactions and a $143 million benefit for U.S. RMBS transactions as we continue to see improved performance, higher recoveries related to charged-off loans, benefits from loss mitigation efforts, and the economic benefit associated with higher discount rates. The difference between loss expense and net economic development for public finance transactions is mainly attributable to the acceleration of deferred premium revenue on extinguished Puerto Rico transactions. Across all sectors, the impact of rising discount rates resulted in a benefit of $115 million in 2022.
The benefit of $221 million in last year's loss expense mainly consisted of a $155 million benefit for public finance transactions, which reflected the increased certainty of the outcome of 2022 Puerto Rico resolutions, and an $84 million benefit for U.S. RMBS transactions. With respect to Puerto Rico, aside from PREPA, for which negotiations continue, there were no other unresolved defaulting Puerto Rico exposures in our insured portfolio. Our remaining insured net par exposure to HTA and GOs represents amounts owed to bondholders who did not receive accelerated debt service payments.
The other main driver of the year-over-year variance in the insurance segment adjusted operating income is the mark-to-market on alternative investments, which was a loss of $51 million in 2022, compared with a gain of $144 million in 2021. These types of alternative investments result in more volatility in periodic income compared to our fixed income, fixed maturity investment portfolio. On a cumulative basis, Assured AM funds have pre-tax gains of $110 million from inception through 31 December , 2022, representing a 9.4% annualized return. We remain committed to alternative investment strategies where we expect returns in excess of those generated by the fixed maturity investment portfolio.
Net earned premiums in the insurance segment increased 16% to $508 million in 2022, from $438 million in 2021. This includes accelerations due to refundings of $181 million in 2022, of which $133 million related to the extinguishment of certain Puerto Rico exposures, compared to $66 million of total refundings in 2021. In the asset management segment, results improved year-over-year with adjusted operating loss of $6 million in 2022, compared with adjusted operating loss of $19 million in 2021 as increasing fees from opportunity fund strategies that were initiated after our acquisition of BlueMountain outpaced lower fees from reduced AUM in the wind down funds.
The corporate division adjusted operating loss was relatively consistent year-over-year, excluding the $130 million after-tax extinguishment of debt in 2021 that did not recur in 2022. The effective tax rate on adjusted operating income was 9.2% in 2022, compared with 13.2% in 2021, and is a function of taxable income across jurisdictions and varies from period to period. I also wanted to mention that the relative strength of the U.S. dollar against the British pound and euro did not have a material effect on adjusted operating income. However, the movements in foreign exchange rates in 2022 did have a material effect on GAAP net income. These FX gains and losses also affect all of our non-GAAP book value metrics.
In terms of our capital management objectives, we repurchased 1.7 million shares for $100 million in the fourth quarter of 2022, bringing full year 2022 repurchases to $503 million at an average price of $56.79 per share. We were able to accomplish last year's share repurchase goal without a special dividend as a result of several other internal capital management initiatives we had undertaken in recent years. Since the beginning of our repurchase program in 2013, we have returned $4.7 billion to shareholders under this program, resulting in a 73% reduction in our total shares outstanding. As of now, the remaining authorization to repurchase shares is $201 million.
The timing of share repurchases depends on the timing of dividend availability from the insurance subsidiaries, as well as assessments of other accretive strategic growth initiatives that may require holding company liquidity. This year, the dividend capacity of the insurance subsidiaries is weighted towards the second half of the year. From a liquidity standpoint, the holding companies currently have cash and investments of approximately $121 million, of which $32 million resides in AGL. These funds are available for liquidity needs or for use in the pursuit of our strategic initiatives to either expand our business or repurchase shares to manage our capital.
Continued share repurchases, along with our positive adjusted operating income, new business production, and favorable loss development, have increased adjusted operating shareholders' equity per share and adjusted book value per share to new records of almost $94 and $142, respectively. While operating results vary from period to period, the consistent quarterly increase in these book value metrics reflect how the successful execution of our key strategic initiatives build shareholder value over the long term. I'll now turn the call over to the operator to give you the instructions for the Q&A period. Thank you.
Thank you. We will now begin the question and answer session. To ask a question, you may press star then one on your telephone keypad. To withdraw your question, please press star then two. If you are using a speakerphone, please pick up your handset before pressing the keys. At this time, we will pause momentarily to assemble our roster. Our first question comes from Geoffrey Dunn from Dowling & Partners. Geoffrey, please go ahead.
Thanks. Good morning.
Good morning.
Good morning, Geoff.
Dominic, with respect to the asset management business, obviously we've had, you know, market volatility that you can't project and interest rates. I'm curious how this has evolved relative to your original expectations. Given where we are with respect to still not turning a profit, did you guys underestimate the importance of scale in this business, or is this kind of progressing as you thought and you always were planning, you know, additional strategic initiatives to improve the growth here?
I'll answer that in two ways. I won't sit here and say it's exactly as we thought because obviously that's not quite the case. We do appreciate from the beginning that it's a scale business, and as we talked in our commentary, we continue to look at alternatives and how we can further develop scale and profitability. As you see, we've narrowed the loss and with the returns that we've been able to create on the asset manager on the portfolio side, we still think it's net positive to the organization. Like I said, we're not done.
As we continue to develop that business, get more scale and profitability, you know, we continue to think this is a great strategic, you know, diversification for the company and a great opportunity to grow significantly non-financial guaranty earnings, which of course are really subject to very strong market conditions. This is kind of a hedge against those market conditions because when the market is most volatile, you know, the asset management business typically does better. We're thinking of it as revenue that's not risk related, revenue that we can build on, and we appreciate it's a scale business, so we continue to look at opportunities to increase that scale. We're very confident in what the results we're going to achieve and how it fits into our strategic plan.
Okay. As you think about capital management, you've had a $500 million target for buyback year in, year out for several years. Rob , I did hear your comment about the dividend capacity, et cetera. Is that still a target as you think about 2023, 2024? How do you weigh hitting that target against investments in additional asset management resources?
Well, see, that's a good question of the day, right? We consider what is the most accretive transactions we can do. Historically, where the stock was very, very low, obviously buyback of stock was the most accretive transaction we can execute at the time. As we look today, we're evaluating other alternatives that have even a better accretion to the company, and we'd like to start going into a growth mode instead of a continued wind down mode. We see the opportunities to, you know, accelerate and to capitalize on that. We weigh each of the alternatives each time we look at the buyback. The capital management is still a strong part of our strategic objectives.
Obviously, this year, our dividend capacity is backed and loaded, so therefore, you're going to see more activity in the latter half of the year than the prior in the beginning part of the year. If you think back, Geoff, or you go back three years, we've had unique, what I'll call episodic transaction that really supported the buyback capability. The debt we took on, the collapsing of MAC, the starting of the French subsidiary and the dividend capacity that created. We've had episodic events that allowed us to continue to get to the targeted number without a special dividend. As you look at this year and say, okay, even if I look at operating dividend capacity, I'm going to still need a special dividend somewhere along the line. We think that's really relevant and possible this year because a couple of things happened.
For one, we think Puerto Rico by and large will be put to bed, and therefore that'll give the regulator a real pause for relief. Finally, that's not an issue for the company, even though it's never been an economic issue, yet, you know, the headline risk is there. Two, we've got our five-year audit being completed, which will also clear the decks, and we've had very positive audit results in the past. I expect another positive audit this year. When we clear those two things, I think then it gives us a real opportunity to go back to the regulator to start to move positively for the issues of special dividends, which would enhance buyback capabilities.
Okay. Just last question. In terms of how you think about accretion, obviously you get the immediate benefit from buyback, whereas, you know, let's say you acquire asset management platform that can play out over several years. How do you balance the two where, you know, you may get a better boost to the economic value creation over several years from an asset management investment versus buyback?
Without tipping too much of a hand here, we're looking at opportunities that will have a lot quicker accretion opportunity or a lot quicker accretion effect on the organization. We do actually look at both. Obviously, one builds a longer-term business, but we're still saying I still need results in the short term. This is not an invest and watch it root, you know, come to fruition in five years. I'm a more immediate guy these days, so we're going to have more immediate impacts of the things that we do.
All right. Thanks.
Thanks, Geoff.
Thank you. Our next question comes from Brian Meredith from UBS. Brian, please go ahead.
Yeah, thanks. Just a couple quick ones here. First one, just following on the capital management question. Rob, I think I get my math about $240 million of kind of capacity that you'd have for share buyback this year if you just take the dividends without special less holding company kind of obligations. I'm not sure if that's right. Is that about the number you're thinking about that you've got the capacity for? Do you need to have prep resolved, do you think, to get the special dividend? Is that a kind of a requirement, do you think?
Well, I'll answer the latter half for Rob. Obviously we need a PREPA resolution to get a special dividend request to the state. I think if you go back in time, we had special dividends in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019. All those are right in the heart of, you know, the Puerto Rico situation where we had, what, $5.8 billion of outstanding. I think we just PREPA left on the schedule and of course, our track record for being adequately reserved speaks for itself. I don't think that's an issue, to be very honest with you, Brian. I think the audit is more of an issue for us than that. Just to clear that deck.
Yeah. Perfect.
Brian, if you look at our equity presentation on page 11, you can see that our dividend limitation for AGM and AGC is about 311. Without having a special dividend. If you look at the holding company obligations, which would be expenses plus dividends, it's about $194 million. That gives us roughly $120 something million of available to buy back stock without other transactions that we can generate internally. You know, we are looking at dividending money back from the U.K. That's something that we're looking to do based upon based upon their capital management policy as well. These are all things that we're looking to achieve this year to enhance that dividend capacity.
Gotcha. I was assuming AG Re rate too.
Yeah, exactly.
Go ahead, sorry.
Look at the entire Re.
Well, AG Re, if you look at it, once AG Re, you see it says zero on that page, and that's because it still has no dividend capacity because the surplus is negative, effectively, but it's capital. You can actually ask the regulator for 25% of its capital with permission. However, you also have to look at its unencumbered assets as well at AG Re.
Gotcha.
What I was gonna say, Brian, I don't want to lose sight of the fact that we did take outstanding shares from 194 million down to 59. You're like.
Right.
A little children no more for your allowance. We've given you a pretty good allowance these last couple of years, so your allowance might be a little bit reduced. At the end of the day, look at the success and the track record.
Oh, that's perfect.
Don't make me put you in the corner.
Okay. excellent. Rob , I think you kind of walked through it pretty well, but maybe just a little bit more on the loss in the quarter in the insurance segment. you know, what was the rationale behind having to increase, you know, reserves related to Puerto Rico exposures?
What was rationale? The rationale is we look at all information that happens within the quarter, what's public, and you then evaluate your scenarios, and you see if you have to change your weights on those scenarios or add additional scenarios. Obviously, there was an announcement where one of our competitors or another financial guarantor entered into an agreement with Puerto Rico, and we evaluated that agreement, and we adjusted our scenarios accordingly.
Remember, Brian, that's GAAP, right? At the end of the day, if you ask me what my feelings are, my feelings are fairly positive on where we're going to get to on PREPA, especially with the current hearings going on relative to non-recourse and the lien. I think, you know, the arguments there are pretty strong. I don't think Judge Swain wants to reverse the entire history of municipal revenue bonds. I'm, you know, confident or at least somewhat confident that we're going to have a pretty good hearing relative to the confirmation of the plan, relative to those two issues. That could turn this thing on a dime, as you could well appreciate. Our reserves are what we have to do relative to GAAP. We're respecting public information that's out there, which was the MBIA settlement.
At the end of the day, that has to become one of the factors included in our, you know, conditional analysis of possible scenarios, and therefore it gets a rating, and therefore you get a reserve.
Makes sense. Thanks. Last question, just curious. If we think about the kind of macroeconomic outlook, you know, this year, you know, it looks like there's a chance of recession. How does it necessarily play into your business profile as you look forward? You know, should we see a slowdown potentially in PVP if that happens? Does it matter? How should we think about that?
Well, you know, as I'm getting older and older and older and longer in the tooth here, at the end of the day, I think I've suffered three recessions over my tenure, so each of them have not had a material impact on the company. The only thing that really concerns us is really the market volume for municipal bonds. Obviously, since we're such a large municipal bond insured player, the activity in that space obviously has a direct effect. But even last year, with volumes down 20%, we still had a solid positive growth in PVP, and we still continue to see those opportunities.
As we are still a diversified platform of structured finance and international, you know, as we've talked a little bit on the call, the start in the first quarter, we didn't give you a number, but it was a significant start in 2022 for those two businesses. We're, A, optimistic that rates will stay higher longer, which gets us more premium dollars. As you know, we get paid on debt service. Two, it creates more opportunity to save issuers money, so there'll be more searching for insurance. Volume might be down, but we think we can compensate for that for the higher premium. The two diversified markets of international infrastructure and international public finance that really then support the overall organization. We're still looking at our goal of continuing to grow the public finance and the overall financial guarantee business.
At the same time, as we've talked about, look at accretive opportunities to grow volume and size and capacity in the asset management business as well.
Great. It's helpful. Thank you.
Thanks, Brian.
Thank you.
Thank you. Our next question comes from Tommy McJoynt from KBW. Tommy, please go ahead.
Hey, good morning, guys. Thanks for taking my question.
Thanks, Tommy.
Good morning, Tommy.
Going back a bit on the capital side. It's obviously very formulaic on a regular dividend capacity. When we think about the special dividend, it's obviously by nature not formulaic. What are the factors that get weighed when you think about, kind of the size of a potential dividend, or special dividend as you know, have those conversations with regulators?
As we've always said, we have good relations with our regulators. Why? Because we've done basically everything right. We've never caused them a moment of concern. We wanna make sure any request for special dividend does the exact same thing. You say, I reach for the stars, but I don't want the regulators to sit there and say, "Well, that's aggressive." Right? We wanna keep managing it on a very, you know, systematic, periodic basis of how we look at capital management, but also now as we look at growth opportunities. I think we'll be measuring our approach. Obviously, we appreciate the regulator has a job to do. We wanna make sure we fit within those spectrums that they establish. I think we've been a good soldier in that regard, and we will continue to do that.
As we look to 2023, obviously, this is the year we think that it's back to get an opportunity to look at special dividends because of all the issues we've talked about, Puerto Rico, the audit, et cetera. We'll be measuring our approach. You know, we like to look at this thing over a long-term basis, not a short-term. We're not looking for instant gratification. We're looking for the long-term build-up of value for those shareholders and new business opportunities.
Do you have a time point for when you think the five-year audit is going to be completed?
Yes, I believe it should be completed by the end of the summer.
Okay. Just based on your comments about the dividend capacity being weighted to the second half of the year. Is that to mean that buybacks will be, you know, remain close to pause, close to zero for the first half of the year, or just a, kind of a scaled-down version?
We'll be back end loaded, as we said.
Okay. My last question. You guys, in the past, have given that kind of estimate for the capital in excess of what would be needed for a AAA rating from S&P. Have you guys run the numbers on what it looks like as of year-end 2022?
Of course, we ran the numbers. It's $1.8 billion for year-end 2022.
So flat year-over-year. Got it. Thanks, guys.
You're welcome.
Thank you. Our final question comes from Giuliano Bologna from Compass Point. Giuliano, please go ahead.
Good morning. You know, one of the questions I was curious about, digging into a little bit was, on, I think muni par issuance was, you know, the lowest on [audio distortion] shipments since 1Q of 2018, if I'm not mistaken. You guys are obviously able to, you know, dial up, you know, your growth part rating. I'm curious, when you think about, the market on a go-forward basis, you know, how large can, you know, could the opportunity be assuming, you know, rates remain elevated and there's, you know, opportunities to write business? I'm curious, you know, how much could you grow that? What could that mean from kind of the capital deployment perspective?
I think the opportunity is, you know, significant. Remember, I think for us, it's more about rates than it is about volume. 'Cause we can still make up volume in the other areas like secondary markets and the international and the infrastructure businesses that allow us or structure finance businesses that allow us to write other businesses in this kind of marketplace. We're very optimistic because of rates predominantly, and of course, spreads tend to come with rates, so that helps. We're also looking at the fact that if you look at penetration rates, and I always look at this every year, our penetration rates for the BBB and the A issuers are significant on a transactional basis. It's over, like, 70% for, like, the BBB, and I think it's well over 50% for the A.
That market gets thick as rates go up as well. That gives us even more opportunity. Although volume could be down substantially, I still think we're gonna see opportunity because of where the rates are and who the borrowers are gonna be. The nice thing about municipal finance is you can't really shut it off. It's a spigot that's gotta run, right? The municipalities need to finance themselves, and they can hold it off for a period of time as they're concerned about rate volatility or the ability to access the market. Over the long haul, there is a given level of volume that's gotta come to the market, and that's where the opportunity is.
For us, as long as rates stay high, and it appears that rates are gonna stay higher for longer, which is great for us, I think the market opportunity then presents itself for very strong, you know, continued premium growth.
That's great. Thinking, you know, this might be jumping ahead. You know, there are a lot of questions about, you know, dividend capacity for this year. I'm curious around on AGUS, you know, if there's any plans to dividend out some of the income pending deal. How does that kind of count towards your investments on this year, which would flow into, you know, 2024 dividend capacity? If that could be a benefit to kind of keep things moving.
Yeah. We've got other strategic objectives that we need to meet. I would hold off on that. Obviously, income is income for us, no matter where it arises from. It's whether we can get the ability to move the cash around. It's more important that we look at AGUS holdings as the cash opportunity to get to the AGL holding company. That's gonna be based on management fees and profitability in the asset management business.
That sounds good. I appreciate it.
Yeah.
Thank you.
Remember, Tommy. I'm sorry.
Guiliano.
Some of the assets in AGUS are kind of illiquid. They're going to be stuck in those funds for a little bit of a period of time. The ability to actually create cash out of that versus earnings. Right now, we look at it as an earnings play. Cash will materialize as you start to sell some of those assets when they come to maturity within the funds. That's a longer period of time.
That's great. I appreciate it. Thank you very much, and I'll come back to you.
You're welcome. Thanks.
Thank you.
Thank you. This concludes the question and answer session. I would now like to turn the conference back over to our host, Robert Tucker, for closing remarks.
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