Good afternoon. My name is Paula, and I'll be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to the Coupang Third Quarter 2022 Earnings Conference Call. All lines have been placed on mute to prevent any background noise. After the speaker's remarks, there will be a question and answer session. If you would like to ask a question during this time, simply press star followed by the number one on your telephone keypad. If you would like to withdraw your question, press star one again. Thank you. Now I would like to turn the call over to Mike Parker, Vice President of Investor Relations. You may begin your conference.
Thanks, operator. Welcome everyone to Coupang's Third quarter 2022 earnings conference call. I'm pleased to be joined on the call today by our founder and CEO, Bom Kim, and our CFO, Gaurav Anand. The following discussion, including responses to your questions, reflects management's views as of today's date only. We do not undertake any obligation to update or revise this information, except as required by law. Certain statements made on today's call include forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially. Additional information about factors that could potentially impact our financial results is included in today's press release and in our filings with the SEC, including our most recent annual report on Form 10-K and subsequent filings. During today's call, we may present both GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures.
Additional disclosures regarding these non-GAAP measures, including reconciliations of these measures to the most comparable GAAP measures, are included in our earnings release and our SEC filings, which are posted on the company's Investor Relations website. Now I'll turn the call over to Bom.
Thanks everyone for joining us today. I'm excited to share with you some highlights from our third quarter operating results. Revenues increased to $5.1 billion, growing 27% year-over-year on an FX-neutral basis and over 10% year-over-year on a U.S. dollar basis. This was driven by an increase in both active customers and revenue per active customer. We generated over $1.2 billion in gross profit with a record 24.2% gross margin, representing over $3.4 billion in gross profit recorded year-to-date. Our Adjusted EBITDA was $195 million for the quarter at a 3.8% Adjusted EBITDA margin. Our cumulative Adjusted EBITDA year-to-date is positive $170 million.
In Q3, we achieved positive net income of $91 million for the consolidated business, improving $415 million year-over-year. First, on product commerce. While the macro environment remains uncertain around the world, the Korean retail market in Q3 grew at a strong pace of 7% year-over-year. Even as the world reopens post-COVID, our growth has been resilient. Our FX-neutral revenue recorded a robust 27% year-over-year growth. Our active customers for product commerce grew even faster than the 7% year-over-year active customer growth for the consolidated business. The spend of our customer cohorts, even our oldest, continues to compound at a fast rate, and that strong spend growth can be seen across all categories, even our most mature.
We still don't know the entitlement spend of our customers in any category, much less in aggregate in a total commerce market projected to exceed $600 billion by 2025. That momentum positions us well to support merchants, suppliers, and consumers to succeed in the current economic environment. Over 70% of our merchants are small and medium enterprises or SMEs with less than $2.5 million in annual revenues. Those merchants generated growth on Coupang that was multiples of the overall retail market. We believe we've become the number one source of growth for our SMEs. Q3 marked the third quarter in a row of significant profitability improvement.
While we continue to see positive impact from increasing economies of scale and margin accretive offerings, most of the recent improvement has been the result of investments in technology, infrastructure, supply chain optimization, and process innovation, including automation. For instance, typically inventory loss grows as you increase the breadth of selection in fresh, especially across multiple regions. We set out to break this trade-off and provide customers with the widest assortment of fresh at the lowest cost. Our teams found ways to leverage machine learning, among other means, to better predict changes in customer demand by region and optimize inventory orders and placement. That was a key driver of the over 50% year-over-year reduction in fresh inventory losses in Q3 alone. There are numerous such efforts across the company to improve efficiency, many of which have been ongoing for years.
The rate of improvement won't be consistent or as dramatic each quarter, but we're excited about the potential ahead. Above all, the results of the quarter reflect our accelerating flywheel that is powered by our relentless focus on customer experience and operational excellence. We obsess about how to make experiences richer and prices lower for our customers, and our unique e-commerce network scale and design enable our superior customer service and efficiency. Over the past seven years, we invested billions of dollars to build a network that integrated from inception, fulfillment, and last mile logistics. Today, we have built the largest fulfillment infrastructure in the market. We also believe we have the largest last mile network of directly employed drivers. From order to delivery to returns, virtually every aspect of our customer experience is orchestrated by our technology.
Our homegrown technology directs the movement of our goods and tens of thousands of drivers and staffers seamlessly across our integrated network of over 40 million sq ft of infrastructure. Stacked side by side, that would be the equivalent of 500 soccer fields or an area larger than that of Central Park in New York. That distinct integration of technology, fulfillment infrastructure, and last mile logistics allows us to break traditional trade-offs between selection, service, and price for our customers. Because of it, we're able to deliver millions of items via Dawn Delivery, ordered as late as midnight and arriving at the door before 7 A.M. with unlimited free shipping. Because of it, our customers can leave items for return outside their door without the hassle of packaging in a box or even printing a label.
Because of it, we're able to eliminate box packaging for over 85% of our Rocket deliveries, as well as deliver most of our fresh orders in eco bags that we pick up and reuse. Much of the efficiency gains we've captured are exclusive to a network of our design. We customize processes upstream to generate efficiencies downstream and alter design downstream to optimize processes upstream. The integration also allows us to deliver fresh products in the same last mile trucks with our general merchandise deliveries without a separate cold chain delivery network. Boxless and eco bag deliveries make customer lives easier and drive significant reductions in packaging waste and the number of trips our trucks make to complete deliveries, which result in lower emissions. Our increasing scale will help us fulfill our potential, but we will also continue to invest in automation, including machine learning and robotics.
This will make work even easier for our workers and prices even lower for our customers. In addition to better service and low prices, we'll continue to expand both first-party and third-party selection for our customers. That includes new selection on Rocket enabled by fulfillment and logistics by Coupang or FLC. FLC provides hundreds of thousands of merchants access to the speed, efficiency, and convenience of Rocket delivery and returns. We're excited to share the benefits of $ billions of investment in infrastructure and technology with tens of thousands of small and medium enterprises that have traditionally been excluded from shelves and offline stores. This will help them capture the growth and savings generated by our end-to-end integrated operations. In turn, they'll help customers gain access to even wider selection with the experience of Rocket and build an even richer ecosystem that benefits both small businesses and customers alike.
Finally, let me touch on developing offerings where revenues increased 10% year-over-year on a constant currency basis, driven by our Eats offering. As we stressed recently, our focus in Eats has been on creating a profitable foundation, and the dramatic improvements in economics over the last few quarters are reflected in the gross profit improvement of nearly $42 million year-over-year. We're also excited by the customer engagement that we're seeing in our initial efforts in Coupang Play, Fintech, and International. We're in the very early stages of these offerings, but we believe they have the potential to expand the TAM for Coupang and extend our innovations to customers in new sectors and new markets. We'll continue to invest with discipline in keeping with our operating tenets, starting with small investments, testing rigorously, and allocating more capital and opportunities that maximize our long-term cash flows.
As you've seen with our execution in product commerce, we'll be disciplined and long-term oriented in our investments in developing offerings. Overall, the results of Q3, despite the challenging environment, reflects the focused execution of our teams and the fruits of significant investment over many years. While we remain vigilant about the persistent short-term pressures in the macro environment, we also continue to be excited by the strong underlying trends that we're seeing in the business. Now, I'll turn the call over to Gaurav to review the financials in more detail.
Thanks, Bom. As a reminder, we continue to look at our business through the perspectives of product commerce segment, representing our general merchandise and fresh offerings and our developing offerings segment, which includes our investment in nascent initiatives like Eats, Play, Fintech, and International. Our teams have executed remarkably over the last three quarters, reaching notable milestones in each quarter. We had positive Adjusted EBITDA for product commerce in Q1, achieved positive Adjusted EBITDA for the consolidated business in Q2, and delivered a positive net income of $91 million for the consolidated business in Q3. We are really proud of our teams and their execution.
At the start of the year, we provided guidance for 2022 that we expected to achieve Adjusted EBITDA of -$400 million for the total company for the full year, and that our product commerce segment would be profitable by Q4 of this year. As of Q3, our Adjusted EBITDA year to date for the entire business is over $170 million. We continue to see strong demand again this quarter. Our total net revenue grew 10% year-over-year on a reported basis, or 27% year-over-year and 8% quarter-over-quarter in constant currency. More importantly, we continued the trend of growing at a multiple of the e-commerce segment growth. Our top line growth was driven by both strong customer adoption and deeper penetration with existing customers. Active customers grew 7% year-over-year.
The active customers in product commerce grew even faster. Our net revenue per active customer increased 19% year-over-year and 7% quarter-over-quarter on a constant currency basis, reflecting greater engagement by our customers. Our customers come to us every day for our unrivaled customer experience, low prices, and vast assortment, and we strive to exceed those expectations with each interaction. We continue to invest hundreds of millions of dollars into our customers this quarter through investments in free Rocket shipping and returns, discounted pricing, and free video content for our WOW members. Q3 marked another record quarter for gross profit margin. We generated over $1.2 billion of gross profit, a 64% year-over-year improvement. Our gross profit margin was 24.2%, an increase of nearly 800 basis points year-over-year and 130 basis points quarter-over-quarter.
Product commerce continued the trend of strong gross profit margin expansion, increasing by over 720 basis points year-over-year and 150 basis points quarter-over-quarter, ending this quarter at 24.6%. The drivers for this improvement remain consistent with the factors we have highlighted throughout this year. Benefits from investments in technology, infrastructure, automation, supply chain optimization, and scaling margin accretive offerings. This quarter, we showed a large improvement in SG&A expenses as a percentage of revenue, improving 160 basis points of revenue quarter-over-quarter, despite additional investments in fulfillment and headcount. Our operating margin performance demonstrates our ability to leverage our scale while we continue to invest with discipline for future growth. We do want to note that the reduction of SG&A expenses in absolute dollars was affected by the higher FX rate.
We also had a record $195 million of adjusted EBITDA, which is 3.8% of revenue. Product commerce generated an adjusted EBITDA of $239 million, or 4.8% of revenue, driven by gross margin expansion and leverage in SG&A. This level of adjusted EBITDA margins in our product commerce reinforces our belief that we are on track to deliver our entitlement margin over the long term. In the short term, revenue remains hard to predict in these uncertain times, but we are pleased with our track record of growing at multiples of the core GMV e-commerce segment and expect that trend to continue. While we don't expect profitability improvement every quarter, we do expect to generate meaningful profit expansion over time. We are committed to maintaining discipline in our investments in nascent long-term opportunities.
We invest in these offerings because we are excited about the opportunity to expand the TAM and generate greater cash flows over the long term. Earlier this year, we communicated that we expected these investments in Fintech, Coupang Play, and International would not exceed $200 million in 2022. Our year-to-date results thus far are consistent with that expectation. Operator, we are now ready to begin the Q&A.
At this time, I would like to remind everyone, in order to ask a question, please press star then the number one on your telephone keypad. Please limit your questions to two per person. Your first question comes from the line of Eric Cha of Goldman Sachs.
Hi, team. Thank you for the opportunity to ask questions and, congrats on the great set of results. I have two questions. First, on the product commerce gross profit margin. I understand that there were commentary around this in your early presentation, but would you give us a bit more details around what this quarter levers were for the product commerce gross profit margin to yet again go up as much as it did? A bit of a near-term outlook would be helpful. Does this change your long-term target or outlook in any way? The second question is, the revenue seems to be up 7% sequentially, constant currency, but your OpEx seems to be flat, also adjusted for FX.
Would be great if you can let us know where this operating leverage came from. Was there any specific efforts from the company this quarter or can we consider this as being structural going forward? That's it. Thank you.
Hi. Thanks, Eric, for the question. On gross profit margin, you are seeing benefits from continuous improvement programs and many years of investment in technology, infrastructure, supply chain optimization among others. These are consistent with the drivers that we've mentioned in the last few quarters. You are seeing gains in the past few quarters. The gains won't come every quarter, but we expect to continue to see benefits from these improvements over time. This past quarter, process improvements, including automation, were also big drivers. You know, I mentioned the inventory waste challenge in fresh. Offering wide selection creates the risk of inventory waste, in fact, increases the risk of inventory waste.
Our teams were able to leverage machine learning, greatly improve forecast accuracy and inventory placement, helped reduce fresh inventory waste by over 50% in Q3 alone. Those are the kinds of initiatives that we continue to invest throughout the company. There are many such efforts currently ongoing. We understand the drivers that we believe will get us to that long-term margin opportunity, which as we've stated before, is, you know, 7%-10% or higher EBITDA. Those are the drivers that have led to 830 basis points of gross profit margin improvement year to date. We are excited about that long-term potential, but it is important to note that they will not happen overnight. As you can imagine, Eric, we won't realize gains every quarter.
Yeah. On the SG&A expenses, Eric, you're right to note that, in constant currency, it was flat quarter-over-quarter. You know, we generated efficiencies with process improvements and innovative projects in our fulfillment costs, which are in those numbers. While we continue to increase headcount, we also generated a few basis points of leverage with our scaling there. You're right to note, we believe it's structural, as we continue to you know invest in both these areas in a disciplined way. Yep.
Thank you.
Your next question comes from Stanley Yang of JP Morgan.
Okay, good morning. Thank you very much for your great result, and congratulations again. The OP turn and net profit turning positive was much earlier than I think our expectation. I think that's a big milestone of Coupang's financial history and meaningful step forward to your long-term EBITDA margin guidance. Can you please guide the next financial milestone, such as Free Cash Flow turning positive point and your EBITDA margin guidance achieving timing? Second question is, what will be the key strategic changes once you turn Free Cash Flow positive in the future? Are you going to pursue a more aggressive development, developing, business investment? Related to this question, you seem to ramp up Rocket Delivery and cross-border product in Taiwan.
Do you plan to enter a Taiwan market with a sizable investment like in Korea or do you have a different approach in Taiwan or other international market expansion?
Eric, I'll take the first part of your question, Stanley. As you pointed out, Stanley, you know, we are very excited about the milestones we have hit this year. In Q4, we got to Adjusted EBITDA positive for product commerce. In Q2, we got to Adjusted EBITDA positive for the entire company. In Q3, we got to positive net income for the entire company. Our next milestone that we are focused on is being free cash flow positive. Now, historically, prior to 2021, our free cash flow was roughly equivalent to or better than our Adjusted EBITDA. This year, specifically, we have made some strategic investments, including one-time CapEx in owning facilities and building facilities, large inventory buys in areas of growth.
Over time, we expect this relationship between Free Cash Flow and Adjusted EBITDA to normalize. That's our next milestone to deliver.
Hi, Stanley. Thanks for the question. I think Gaurav meant Q1, not Q4, but on the product commerce Adjusted EBITDA positive. I think to your question about, you know, whether there'll be strategic changes in our investment approach in the future, whether Taiwan, other markets will be sizable investments. You know, first of all, we're excited about the long-term opportunity in markets beyond Korea. We do believe that we're confident that we can be intelligent and disciplined in our execution. We also believe we have opportunities to leverage many strengths that we've already built, including technology, processes, and even selection. As you've seen us demonstrate in our core offerings, we execute in keeping with our operating tenets.
We communicated earlier this year that we expected our investments in Fintech and Play and international would not exceed $200 million in 2022. Our year-to-date results thus far are consistent with that expectation. Our investment approach is not dependent on our financial results from our core offerings. It's always been in keeping with our disciplined approach, our operating tenets that we shared shortly after we went public last year. We test and iterate. We make sure that we're confident of long-term cash flow potential before we invest more. When we do invest more, it's a reflection of that confidence.
We don't expect our philosophy, our culture to change. We hope to continue to show you that we can execute in an intelligent and measured fashion.
Thank you.
Your next question comes from Seyon Park of Morgan Stanley.
Hi. Good morning. I guess good evening to some of you. Thank you for the opportunity. Two questions from my side. As you look into the fourth quarter, which is seasonally strong for Korea, but then I think in the past, you've also seen that the fourth quarter tends to be a little bit more promotional and competitive. Does that imply that, you know, we should be expecting some of that promotional activity to impact your gross margin in the fourth quarter? Is my first question. Second question is, can we get some kind of color on how much advertising revenue you are generating? You know, what's the kind of run rate that we could expect for the year, and what kind of potential you see from ads?
I think if we look at some of the international benchmarks like Amazon or I think JD.com, you know, 5% plus of GMV apparently is, you know, being generated in terms of advertisements. Would that be some kind of a benchmark that we could also look forward to as you grow your advertising business? Thank you very much.
You know, I think to your question about quarterly guidance, you know, we intend to share annual guidance at the beginning of the new year as we did this year. You know, I think while we're excited about our progress to date, we exceeded our Adjusted EBITDA guidance for the year. These are uncertain times, and we'd like to refrain from making specific revisions. I think in general, if you look at our business GMV, our growth and our customer spend growth in particular, is really driven by the experience that we've built over many years. The constant everyday low price, fast delivery, vast assortment. It really isn't dependent on any short-term or periodic promotions.
You know, as we pointed out, the spend of our customers continues to compound at a fast rate. We're seeing strong growth across all categories, even our largest. You know, that everyday promise, selection, low prices, fast delivery is what we're focused on. That continues to be the driver for growth, and certainly has been the driver for growth over the last few quarters. We can expect it to be the driver of growth in quarters and years to come. On ads, you know, we're pleased with the progress that it's making. It's been a positive story over the last year. It's still far too early and far from where we want it to be.
You know, we have opportunities to improve that service and expand functionality and, you know, I think it's also important to note that we've seen synergy between ads and not only our product commerce with many offerings beyond that as well, and it will continue to benefit from the continued growth of our overall business. It's still very early in that journey and we're excited about the potential to come.
Thank you, and congrats again on the great results.
Thank you.
Your next question comes from Susie Lee of Bank of America.
Thank you. Thank you for the opportunity for a question. I have one quick question regarding your labor cost and operating expenses. In Korea, as you're aware, those headline and core inflation are rising rapidly. Do you expect to see any incremental burden on your labor cost, especially for those working in either logistics center or those working in the last mile delivery, especially your Coupang Friends? If there is any upward burden on your labor cost, how would that potentially impact your overall operating expenses and the margin? That would be all. Thank you.
Hi. Thanks for the question. There are inflationary headwinds. But our results this quarter, again, were net positive because of our investments, our disciplined execution that we continue to see benefits from, you know, throughout the year. At least so far, we don't believe that these factors will create a material disruption to our business. While the macro conditions are uncertain, we continue to be confident about our ability to drive the inputs that we control in our business.
All right. Thank you.
Thank you.
Your next question comes from James Lee of Mizuho.
Great. Thanks for taking my questions. Two here. First one on consumer behavior. In the U.S., we saw a mix shift to services and offline, and just curious what you're seeing, whether you're seeing a similar trend. Also with inflation in Korea, are you seeing any sort of customer trade-down? Second question's on, you know, EBITDA guidance. Any adjustment to your prior kind of indication? Should we assume that your disciplined approach in investment will kind of carry over in FY 2023? How should we think about maybe puts and takes on the profitability levels heading into FY 2023? Thanks.
Thanks for the question. You know, James, as I mentioned, our guidance, I think we'll reserve that for the beginning of the new year, as we did this year. You're right that the underlying strength of the business that we're seeing today, we're encouraged by it. I think any adjustments to guidance or revisions, we'd like to look forward to sharing that at the beginning of the new year. Your first question was about
Yeah. Consumer behavior, any mix there?
Consumer behavior. You know, perhaps it's a reflection of how early we are, the stage of our journey that we're at, but we're seeing strong growth across all categories. Our customer cohorts are compounding. You know, we're still a very small percentage. You know, we're a small percentage of the overall commerce market that's projected to exceed $600 billion by 2025. The overall retail market in Korea is also showing signs of strength, growing 7% year-over-year this past quarter, which is reminiscent of the strong growth it had displayed in the years leading into or, you know, prior COVID. You know, the overall market is growing. We're still a small percentage of it. You know, we're seeing compounding cohorts still across all categories, even our oldest, even our largest.
We still don't know what the full potential spend is for our customers in any category, much less in aggregate. What we do know is that we're still early in the journey, and customers want selection, low prices, fast delivery in all categories. We have yet to find an exception to that simple truth.
If I can squeeze in a follow-up question. I get a lot of questions from investors in general. In the US, Amazon's been raising its Prime membership monthly pricing or yearly pricing. I think they did that early in the year. Just wondering, you know, from your perspective, do you feel like you have any room to increase your pricing? If that's the case, you know, why do you think that's the case? Thanks.
You know, our focus in WOW continues to be on creating extreme value surplus for our members. You know, we want the benefits to vastly exceed the price they pay. We've added seven services to WOW since launch. We're still looking to invest in more. You know, we'll keep expanding the value proposition, so that it is in excess of the price they pay for our WOW members for years to come. That's our strategy, and that's our plan.
Your next question comes from Josh Levin of Autonomous Research.
Hi. Good morning. I have two questions. The first question is, net revenue per active customer was up quite a bit year-over-year on a constant currency basis. Can you provide some more granular color as to what is driving that and how sustainable that trend might be? How much of that trend is greater frequency of purchase versus a wider diversity of goods purchased? Second, active customers were up just a bit quarter-over-quarter, but how much would active customers be up if you excluded Coupang Eats customers? Thank you.
Thanks for the question. The net revenue per active, as I mentioned, you know, it's a reflection of the stage of growth that we're at. We're still a small percentage of the overall commerce market. We are seeing greater frequency, wider assortment in all the variables that you mentioned. We're seeing customer spend compound in existing categories, in new categories. Even our most mature.
Oldest or largest categories, you're still seeing significant spend growth in our cohorts. What's driving that is selection, low prices, fast delivery, the convenience of Rocket Delivery, and returns, among other services. It's what our integrated, end-to-end integrated network delivers. It's what we invested billions of dollars to build the technology and infrastructure and processes around. We continue to optimize that so the experiences get better, more reliable, faster, cheaper, for our customers. We believe that will continue to drive our customers' spend growth, as well as our active customers. On active customers, as you mentioned. Sorry, can you repeat the second question again?
Yes.
That is copy.
Yes. The question was how much would active customers.
The host would like you to unmute your microphone.
Hello?
Um, so they can put-
Oh, no. It was about product commerce. That's right. You're right to observe that active customers grew 7% year-over-year for the consolidated business, and product commerce active customers grew even faster. You're absolutely right to observe that difference. We're still seeing great momentum in both active customer growth and increase in revenue per active customer in our e-commerce offering.
The host would like you to unmute your microphone. You can press star six to unmute. The host would like you to unmute your microphone. You can press star six to unmute. The host would like you to unmute your microphone. You can press star six to unmute.
Next. Should we move to the next question?
Yes. Your next question comes from the line of Junghyun Kim of HSBC.
Yeah, thanks for an opportunity to ask.
The host would like you to unmute your microphone.
You may proceed with your question.
Can you hear me? I'm sorry.
The host would like you to unmute your microphone. You can press star six to unmute.
My apologies to everyone. I think we're having some technical problems.
Sorry for this. Wait, can you hear me?
Yes, we can hear you.
Okay. Sorry for this. Thanks for an opportunity to ask. Could you please share any data for any operating ratio of retail?
I think we're having trouble reaching our operator, so I'm not sure exactly how we can hear the questions. Hi, operator. Could you unmute?
Okay.
Okay. Unfortunately, I think we have to end the call.
Okay.
Here. Thank you everyone.
Okay. Oh.
For your questions today and for your time. We really appreciate your time and questions. Thank you very much.
Ladies and gentlemen, we do appreciate your participation in today's event. This does conclude today's call. You may now disconnect.