Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by, and welcome to the second quarter fiscal 2018 earnings conference call. During the presentation, all participants will be in a listen-only mode. Afterwards, we'll conduct a question and answer session. At that time, if you have a question, please press the one followed by the four on your telephone. If at any time during the conference you need to reach the operator, please press star zero. As a reminder, this conference is being recorded on Wednesday, December 20th, 2017. I would now like to turn the conference over to Jeff Siemon, Vice President of Investor Relations. Please go ahead, sir.
Thanks, Sarah, good morning to everybody. I'm here with Jeff Harmening, General Mills CEO, Don Mulligan, our CFO, and Jon Nudi, President of our North America Retail segment. I'll hand the call over to them in a moment, but before I do, I'll cover our usual housekeeping items. Our press release on our results in the second quarter was issued over the wire services earlier this morning, and you can find the release and a copy of the slides that supplement our remarks this morning on our investor relations website. I'll remind you that our remarks will include forward-looking statements that are based on management's current views and assumptions. The second slide in today's presentation lists factors that could cause our future results to be different than our current estimates. With that, I'll turn you over to my colleagues, beginning with Jeff.
Thank you, Jeff, good morning, everyone. Thank you for joining us today to discuss our second quarter fiscal 2018 results. Our biggest challenge entering 2018 was to change the momentum on our top line. I'm pleased to say that we have delivered broad-based improvement in the second quarter across geographies, product platforms, and channels. We're executing better, we have stronger innovation, more effective brand building, and better merchandising that's driving market share gains in the majority of our key global platforms. We're growing aggressively in key emerging channels like e-commerce. I'm also pleased to say that we grew organic sales in absolute terms across all four of our operating segments this quarter. While we like our momentum, I must say it feels great to grow again in absolute terms.
While we like the momentum we're building on our top line, we also know we have work to do to deliver the year. Our second quarter total segment operating profit was improved over the first quarter, but still down year-over-year. We have concrete plans in place to deliver strong profit growth in the second half of the year while continuing to drive our top line. With two quarters behind us and good visibility to our back half plans, we are raising our organic sales outlook for the year and maintaining our guidance for profit and EPS growth. With that as a summary, let me turn it over to Don Mulligan to provide more details about our second quarter performance.
Thanks, Jeff. Let's jump right into our financial results on slide six. Net sales totaled $4.2 billion in the quarter, up 2% as reported. Organic net sales increased 1%. Total segment operating profit totaled $773 million, down 8% in constant currency. Net earnings decreased 11% to $430 million, and diluted earnings per share declined 8% to $0.74 as reported. These results include a $42 million charge related to a prior year tax adjustment. Adjusted diluted EPS, which excludes that tax charge and other items affecting comparability, was $0.82, down 5% on a constant currency basis. Slide seven shows the components of total company net sales growth. Organic net sales increased 1% in the second quarter, driven by sales mix and net price realization. Foreign currency translation yielded a one point benefit to total net sales.
Second quarter adjusted gross margin decreased 240 basis points, and adjusted operating profit margin was down 220 basis points as expected, driven by higher input costs, including currency-driven inflation on imported products, unfavorable trade expense phasing, stronger seasonal merchandising performance, and a 7% increase in media expense. These were partially offset by savings from cost management activities. As we look ahead, there are a few key drivers that will strengthen our adjusted operating profit margins from the low 17% range in the first half to more than 18% in the second half. First, we expect to drive positive net price realization and mix across all four segments, driven by trade phasing, pricing in certain geographies, and improved sales mix. Second, our cost savings will accelerate as our global sourcing initiative ramps up. Third, we expect input cost inflation to moderate a bit after peaking in the second quarter.
For the full year, having increased our sales guidance and maintained our profit guidance, we now expect our adjusted operating profit margin to be below last year due to a higher input cost outlook, more negative transaction FX impact, some incremental investment we've chosen to make in our differential growth platforms to accelerate their growth in fiscal 2019, and favorable translation FX helping sales more than operating profit. Slide 10 summarizes our joint venture results in the quarter. CPW net sales declined 2% in constant currency due to volume declines in the U.K., partially offset by strong performance in Asia, Middle East, and Africa region. Häagen-Dazs Japan constant currency sales were 3% below year-ago period, when net sales grew 21% in constant currency. On a year-to-date basis, constant currency net sales were up modestly for CPW and up 4% for Häagen-Dazs Japan.
Combined after-tax earnings from joint ventures totaled $24 million in the quarter, compared to $30 million a year ago, driven by lower volume and higher input costs for CPW, and a comparison against 27% constant currency after-tax earnings growth last year. Slide 11 summarizes other noteworthy income statement items in the quarter. We incurred $6 million in restructuring and project-related charges in the quarter, including $5 million recorded in cost of sales. Corporate unallocated expenses, excluding certain items affecting comparability, increased by $17 million. Net interest expense was down 1% versus prior year, and we continue to expect full-year interest expense will be flat to last year. The effective tax rate for the quarter was 35.9% as reported, compared to 32.8% a year ago, driven by the prior year adjustment I mentioned earlier.
Excluding items affecting comparability, the tax rate was 29.3%, roughly in line with our full-year expectations and 310 basis points below last year's quarterly rate due to favorable impacts from discrete foreign items. We continue to expect our full-year adjusted effective tax rate will be in line with last year. At this point, we have not incorporated any estimate of the impact of U.S. tax reform legislation into our guidance. Average diluted shares outstanding declined 3% in the quarter. We now expect shares will be down approximately 2% for the full year. Turning to our first half financial performance, net sales of $8 billion were down 1% as reported and on an organic basis. Segment operating profit declined 12% in constant currency, and adjusted diluted EPS was down 6% as reported, and 7% in constant currency.
Turning to the balance sheet, slide 13 shows that our core working capital decreased 42% versus last year's second quarter, with benefit from our terms extension program more than offsetting higher accounts receivable. First half operating cash flow totaled $1.6 billion, up 45% over the prior year, driven by continued improvements in accounts payable as well as changes in trade and incentive accruals. Year-to-date capital investments totaled $260 million. Through the first half of the fiscal 2018, we returned over $1.1 billion to shareholders through dividends and net share repurchases. As we turn our attention to the second half of fiscal 2018, we expect to continue to drive strong seasonal merchandising performance as the soup and baking key seasons extend through the third quarter. We have an excellent back-half innovation lineup, and we expect our new product sales will continue to outpace last year.
We anticipate favorable price mix across each operating segment. We expect input cost inflation to moderate in the second half and cost savings to accelerate, with the largest benefit coming in the fourth quarter. As a result, we're targeting strong growth in segment operating profit and adjusted diluted EPS in the second half. Importantly, given the seasonal merchandising in the third quarter, cost savings ramping up in the fourth quarter, and some shifts in below-the-line items, we expect growth in SOP and EPS to be more heavily weighted to the fourth quarter. Let me close my portion of our remarks by outlining our updated fiscal 2018 guidance. Namely, we now expect organic net sales growth to be in a range between flat and down 1%. This translates to a 300 to 400 basis point improvement over our fiscal 2017 performance.
In addition, we now estimate currency translation will increase reported net sales by approximately one percentage point for the full year. We continue to project total segment operating profit growth to be in a range between flat and up 1% on a constant currency basis. As I said, we now expect adjusted operating profit margin to be below last year's levels. We continue to expect adjusted diluted EPS will increase between 1% and 2% in constant currency. As I mentioned earlier, this outlook excludes any impact from proposed U.S. tax reform legislation. We continue to estimate foreign currency will have a $0.01 favorable impact to full-year adjusted diluted EPS. With that, I'll turn it over to Jon for an update on our North America Retail performance.
Thanks, Don. Good morning, everyone. I appreciate the opportunity to give you a deeper dive into our North America Retail segment. I'm proud to lead this team. We have great people, we're moving with urgency, and we're operating differently than a year ago, and I think you can begin to see that translate into our performance. The key messages from North America Retail this quarter are similar to headlines for our total company. We're driving broad-based top-line improvement with organic sales slightly positive and rounding to flat in the quarter. Our profit was down this quarter, but improved sequentially over the first quarter, and we have clear initiatives that will deliver profit growth in the second half. We're executing well against our FY 2018 priorities, and we have strong back-half plans in place to maintain our trajectory.
Looking at the financial results in the second quarter, organic net sales for the segment were up just under half a percent. U.S. Cereal posted 7% net sales growth, which was ahead of Nielsen measured retail sales due to non-measured channel growth, strong selling for Chocolate Peanut Butter Cheerios, and other quarterly timing shifts. Fiscal year-to-date, U.S. Cereal net sales and retail sales are each roughly flat to last year. U.S. Snacks net sales increased 5% in the quarter, with growth in LÄRABAR, Nature Valley, and Fruit Snacks partially offset by declines in Fiber One. Canada net sales were up 1% in constant currency, and net sales for the U.S. Meals and Baking operating unit were down 2%.
U.S. yogurt net sales declined 11%, an 11-point improvement over the first quarter, driven by continued declines on light and Greek varieties, partially offset by excellent innovation and news on core established brands. Segment operating profit declined 5% in constant currency in the quarter, driven by higher input costs, unfavorable trade phasing, and increased advertising and media expense, partially offset by favorable product mix and benefits from cost savings. We've driven sequential improvement in U.S. retail sales since the beginning of the year. In fact, our second quarter retail sales trends are almost 700 basis points better than the fourth quarter of last year. Our improvement is driving better results for our categories, which saw retail sales turn positive in measured channels in the second quarter. It's not just a couple of businesses driving this trend.
Our retail sales trends are better in eight of our nine largest U.S. categories, and we've had absolute retail sales and dollar share growth in this quarter on six of these nine businesses. Not only are these trends broad-based, they're high quality. We've increased our brand building investment this year, and we're leveraging new campaigns on some of our biggest brands, generated by new creative agencies who are taking a fresh approach to our consumer messaging. For example, new campaigns on Cheerios, Nature Valley, and Pillsbury are helping drive baseline sales improvements by as much as double digits for these brands since the end of last year. We're also seeing benefits from an increased focus on innovation, with retail sales from new products up more than 50% this year, driven by successes like Oui by Yoplait and Chocolate Peanut Butter Cheerios.
In total, our second quarter baseline sales trends in the U.S. improved by over 600 basis points relative to the fourth quarter of 2017. That represents more than 75% of our overall improvement in Nielsen measured channels. We're also driving better merchandising performance this year. Our display support, which is the most effective merchandising vehicle, was up double digits in the quarter. When you have good brand building support and strong innovation, your merchandising works even harder for you. It's important to note that we're maintaining discipline on our pricing in the market. Average unit prices for our overall U.S. portfolio were up 5% in the first half. Three-quarters of that increase was due to significant mix impacts from our yogurt business.
Excluding yogurt, average unit prices for the rest of our portfolio were up 2% in the first quarter and about a half percent in the second quarter. The quarter mix change was driven in part by moving into the zone on our soup and refrigerated dough businesses, where our seasonal pricing is lower than last year, but still higher than two years ago as we had planned. As we look ahead to the second half of fiscal 2018, remember that our Nielsen pricing metrics will compare against periods last year when our aggregate U.S. pricing was up 5% or more. We're also driving strong results in growing channels, including exceptional performance in e-commerce. Our U.S. e-commerce business grew 82% in the first half of the year, and we still enjoy higher market shares in online full basket purchases compared to shares in bricks and mortar channels.
We're excited about the opportunity that e-commerce provides, and we're continuing to develop our insights and capabilities to keep our business in an advantaged position in this important emerging channel. With that as a backdrop, I thought I'd briefly check in on the segment priorities I shared at our Investor Day in July and give you a preview of the product news and innovation that will drive results in the back half of 2018. Our top priority in North America Retail is to drive improved performance in U.S. cereal, and I'm happy to report that we're achieving that goal through six months. We've seen a strong turnaround in performance in measured channels this year with retail sales growth in the second quarter, and we've gained 70 basis points of market share through the first half.
Four of our largest taste-oriented cereals, which make up over a third of our portfolio, are driving our performance this year. Year-to-date retail sales for Lucky Charms and Cocoa Puffs are each up 14%, while Cinnamon Toast Crunch and Reese's Puffs are up 8%. Don't call them kids' cereals because roughly half the consumption on these brands is by adults. Compelling consumer news has been the theme across these brands, whether that's new marshmallow news each quarter on Lucky Charms or cinnamon news on Cinnamon Toast Crunch, which has driven 43 consecutive months of market share gains for the brand. We're planning to extend our cereal momentum in the second half behind some exciting innovation and impactful marketing executions. Chocolate Peanut Butter Cheerios, which launched in October, is off to a great start and is trending at the top of the category.
We'll continue to fuel this new product in the second half with strong in-store support. In January, we're launching two new Blasted Shreds cereals in peanut butter chocolate and Cinnamon Toast Crunch flavors in an effort to invigorate the $400 million shredded wheat segment by delivering on satiety and taste. We're tapping into the fast-growing nut butter trend with new almond butter and peanut butter varieties of our Nature Valley Granola cereals. We're supporting these launches as well as the rest of the portfolio with remarkable marketing and merchandising. I'm probably most excited about our Cheerios merchandising initiative with The Ellen DeGeneres Show that begins in January. We're running an on-pack sweepstakes where consumers share an act of good they've demonstrated for a chance to win two prizes, one for themselves and one to share with another person as an act of good.
The sweepstakes will be announced on the show next month. Let's shift gears to our second priority, which is reshaping our U.S. yogurt portfolio by innovating in faster growing emerging segments of the category. Our 2018 yogurt innovation has been tremendously successful thus far, led by Oui by Yoplait, which already makes up almost 10% of our U.S. yogurt portfolio. Oui's glass jar and unique positioning really stand out on shelf, which has helped drive strong consumer trial, we're seeing an acceleration in repeat purchases. Retailers love Oui because it is driving more sales from current consumers and attracting new yogurt buyers.
Through the first four months on shelf, Oui is the largest launch in the category over the past five years, Yoplait Mix-Ins, targeted towards traditional yogurt lovers looking for great-tasting snack options, is the second largest launch in the category this year. While innovation is critical to our U.S. yogurt strategy, it's also critical that we stabilize our two large core platforms in Kid Yogurts and Original Style Yoplait. This year, we addressed our biggest consumer pain point on our Go-Gurt franchise by making the tubes easier to open. Consumer investment communicating this change is driving improvement on the Go-Gurt business, with retail sales nearly flat in the second quarter. We're also investing in advertising for Original Style Yoplait, featuring our Mom On campaign, where we celebrate hardworking moms and show her how Yoplait fits into her busy life.
We've seen sales trends improve here as well over the last few quarters. We have plenty of news to drive further improvement on yogurt in the second half, we are launching four additional flavors in January, raspberry, key lime, mango, and blackberry. We're also launching a new line of Annie's pouch yogurts. We make this product using organic whole milk and four flavors that combine fruits and vegetables with no added sugar. Fruit is the hero in the traditional yogurt segment. Nearly 50% of shoppers would like more, we're giving them what they want and adding more fruit to our Original Style Yoplait. We're updating the package to communicate the change and messaging the change on TV and digital advertising.
We also see an indulgence opportunity in the traditional yogurt segment. Maybe we can bring more consumers to the shelf with a decadent whole milk and real fruit offering. Our new FruitSide line shows off its indulgent ingredients with clear packaging. It is priced at $1 to maintain broad appeal. We know there is still a long way to go on U.S. yogurt, but we like the direction we are heading. We think the combination of our first half improvements and our back half news will help us cut our declines to single digits by the end of the year. Our third priority in North America Retail this year is driving differential growth on Totino's Hot Snacks, Old El Paso, and Snack Bars. I would say we have generated good growth so far this year with low single-digit retail sales increases across each of these large platforms.
On Totino's Hot Snacks, we have a full slate of consumer support planned for the back half, targeted towards our millennial male consumer. We are bringing to life our Live Free. Couch Hard. campaign in time for football championship season by inviting consumers to show us how they couch hard. We are supporting the campaign with football-themed in-store merchandising. We will continue to run advertising on digital and TV throughout the year. For Old El Paso in the second half, we are accelerating our in-store activations. We will again partner with Avocados From Mexico, which is one of our largest merchandising events of the year. We are bringing taco truck merchandising displays to key retailers. We will continue to support the business with our Anything Goes in Old El Paso campaign. Growth on our Snack Bars business has really been a tale of two stories.
With strong growth for Nature Valley and LÄRABAR offsetting declines on Fiber One. Retail sales for Nature Valley are up double digits so far this year, helped by new advertising on our core and excellent performance on our new Nature Valley Biscuits and Granola Cups platforms. LÄRABAR continues to deliver 30% retail sales growth behind strong distribution growth and investment behind its Food Made From Food campaign, which will continue in the back half of the year. The story on Fiber One is more challenging. We are working hard to improve performance by refocusing our messaging on our core consumer and renovating our products and packaging to return to Fiber One's core role of permissible indulgence. Though retail sales were still down sharply in the first half, driven by reduced distribution, base sales per point of distribution have turned positive, which is a good indicator of future trends.
We are working to rebuild the innovation pipeline on Fiber One, including the launch of eight new items in January, featuring four flavors of Fiber One Bites. We are supporting these launches with our All Mine TV and digital advertising. We have some great new indulgent offerings on Nature Valley as well. Consumers are looking for indulgent treats made from real food, so we are introducing layered bars that have a triple layer of nut butter, granola with nuts, and chocolate. We are launching soft-baked filled squares that combine whole grain oatmeal bars with creamy peanut butter filling. We will support these launches with TV, social media, digital coupons, and merchandising. With winter in full swing here in Minneapolis, I thought I would share a quick update on our performance so far in the key soup and baking seasons. We are back in our game in soup this year.
Retail sales for Progresso are up 2%, and we've gained a half point of share in the category 2 months into soup season with strength across our core ready-to-serve business, including new Progresso Organic. Retail sales for our Betty Crocker dessert mixes were up a half percent since October, and we gained over one point of share behind strong in-season support and good performance from our core segments. On Pillsbury refrigerated dough, our results are improved over last year's key season, but we're still not where we want to be. Our new media campaign, Made at Home, is driving better baseline sales, and we have stronger merchandising plans this year. Retail sales declined 1% the first two months of key season, but we're seeing month-on-month improvement. We posted growth in November.
Our final priority for this year is to expand our national organic portfolio, and we're seeing good results here too, particularly on three of our largest businesses, mac and cheese, cereal, and Fruit Snacks. We've generated year-to-date market share gains across each of these categories due to strong consumer engagement, distribution expansion, and in-store support. We'll continue those efforts throughout the second half to continue to drive growth in our national organic portfolio. I'll close by summarizing my key messages for North America Retail today. We're seeing broad-based, high-quality improvement in our top-line trends, including organic sales growth in the second quarter. Our profit performance is improving, and we have clear initiatives that will deliver profit growth in the second half. We're making progress on our fiscal 2018 key priorities, and we have strong back half plans in place to maintain our trajectory.
For the full year, we now expect organic sales to be down 1%-2%, which is 100 basis points better than our original guidance, and we expect segment operating profit growth on a constant currency basis. With that, I want to thank you for your time this morning, and I'll hand it back over to Jeff.
Thanks, Jon. I'll cover second quarter performance for our other three segments. In Convenience Stores and Foodservice, second quarter organic net sales were up 5%. Driven by mid-single-digit growth for the Focus 6 platforms and benefits from index pricing on bakery flour. Within the Focus 6, innovation drove strong double-digit growth on frozen meals, including new frozen breads and stuffed crescents in K-12 schools and a new stuffed waffle in convenience stores. We also generated good growth on cereal in the foodservice channels. Segment operating profit was down 2% in the quarter, driven by higher input costs. Looking ahead to the second half, we expect to continue driving good performance on frozen meals led by strong demand in K-12 schools for our healthy, delicious, and easy-to-prepare meal solutions.
We like the prospects for our stuffed waffle, which meets many C-stores consumers' desires for convenience and great taste. We've also seen our snacks business strengthen in C-stores recently, and we'll build on that success with support for Gushers and Nature Valley Granola Cups. Finally, we expect further growth on cereal in the back half, including our successful granola offerings in colleges and universities. Turning to Europe and Australia. Organic net sales were up 1% in the second quarter. We gained market share across our seven largest Häagen-Dazs markets, driven by innovation on stick bars and mini sticks, new packaging on our pint business, and investment behind a new advertising campaign. Our performance on yogurt improved behind new product innovation, focusing on a combination of simple ingredients and great taste. In the U.K., we leveraged our learning from Canada to drive 25% growth on Liberté.
In France, we found success with our Triple Sensations launch. On snack bars, innovation and increased distribution drove double-digit retail sales growth across the segment, including in the U.K., our largest snack bars market. Segment operating profit totaled $27 million in the quarter compared to $41 million a year ago, primarily driven by significant raw material inflation and currency-driven inflation on products imported into the U.K. As we look at the back half, we expect Häagen-Dazs and snack bars will lead the segment's growth. It's summer in Australia, and we're looking to build on our successful Häagen-Dazs launch last year by driving the brand's consumer awareness through media sampling and consumer promotions. On Fiber One snack bars, we'll leverage our diet season playbook to reach consumers who are looking for an indulgence that doesn't break their New Year's Resolution.
In our Asia and Latin American segment, second quarter organic sales matched year-ago levels with growth in Asian markets offset by declines in our Latin American markets. In China, we had our strongest Häagen-Dazs mooncake season in four years behind new flavors and improved marketing. Our Wanchai Ferry business strengthened behind our innovation and marketing of our core shrimp dumpling line, and we continue to expand distribution for Yoplait yogurt. We also posted excellent growth on our snacking platform in India and the Middle East. While our Latin America business improved from the first quarter, net sales were still below last year due to continued challenges related to our enterprise reporting system integration in Brazil, as well as the impact of natural disasters in the Caribbean and Mexico.
Segment operating profit decreased to $17 million in the quarter compared to $29 million a year ago, reflecting currency-driven inflation on imported products and increased media and advertising expense. We have an exciting lineup of news planned across Asia in the second half of this year. There is strong demand for premium yogurt in China, so we're expanding our Perle de Lait line with two new flavors created specifically for our Chinese Yoplait consumers, matcha green tea and red bean. We'll have more news to share on Perle de Lait innovation in coming months. For Häagen-Dazs, we're introducing two new flavors of our limited edition fruit and flowers line. We're continuing to roll out our new global packaging design, and we're launching new green tea and red bean flavors on our popular Häagen-Dazs Mochi line.
In addition, we have some important snack bar launches across the segment, including new Pillsbury Pastry Cakes in India and Nature Valley crunchy single bars across Asia, which better align with Asian consumers' preferred sizing and price point expectations. Before I close, I wanted to provide a brief update on the four key growth priorities for fiscal 2018 that we outlined back in July. First, our momentum is building on cereal, and I like our chances to grow cereal globally, including CPW this year. Second, while there's still work to do, we've made significant progress on improving our U.S. yogurt business through innovation, thanks to the great success of Oui and Yoplait Mix-Ins. Third, we're shifting resources toward our differential growth platforms. As Don mentioned, we've added investment on these platforms this year to accelerate growth in fiscal 2019.
Fourth, we're in the zone for soup and baking seasons, and we expect our performances on those businesses will be much improved versus last year. With that, let me summarize today's key messages. We delivered high quality, broad-based improvement in our net sales performance this quarter with organic sales growth in absolute across all four operating segments. We drove sequential improvement in operating profit in the second quarter, and we have clear plans in place to deliver profit growth in the back half of this year. With six months in the books and visibility to the impact of those second half plans, we're raising our 2018 organic net sales guidance and maintaining our outlook for total segment operating profit and adjusted diluted EPS. Now we'll open up the call for questions. Operator, will you please get us started?
Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, if you'd like to register for a question, please press the one followed by the four on your telephone. You'll hear a three-tone prompt to acknowledge your request. If your question has been answered and you'd like to withdraw your registration, please press the one followed by the three. If you're using a speakerphone, please lift your handset before entering your request. One moment, please, for the first question. Our first question comes from the line of Chris Growe with Stifel. Please proceed.
Hi. Good morning.
Good morning, Chris.
Good morning. I just had a question for you in relation to this pretty significant shift you're going to see in margin for the second half of the year, you've got a pretty significant improvement built in. You obviously have some trade phasing benefit coming in later in the year. Sorry, the trade accounting benefit. You have trade spending, I think you said, would be higher in the third quarter. I know that cost savings are picking up, inflation's coming down. When I put that all together, I'm trying to understand, especially into the third quarter, how that gross margin is going to pick up significantly, or should it be more fourth quarter weighted? Overall for the year, as you think about the gross margin, how much could that be down?
Are you giving any kind of color around the amount of gross margin decline for the year?
Sure. Okay, Chris, this is Don. There are a lot of questions rolled into that, I'll try to answer. If I don't, let me know. First off, on the gross margin. To spend in the second quarter, the operating margin, more broadly. The key drivers in the fourth quarter were higher costs, including transaction FX, unfavorable trade phasing, you kind of went into the accounting behind that last quarter, I won't go down that again. That impacted the quarter as we expected. Again, some stronger seasonal merchandising, we had increased D&A expenses, that was partially offset by cost. We look at the back half, we expect, again, to strengthen from the low 17% that we saw in the first half to more than 18% in the second half.
The primary drivers are going to be positive price mix on all four segments. It has driven our reported results by trade phasing reversing, improved sales mix, and pricing, as we mentioned, in certain geographies. Our cost savings will accelerate as our global sourcing initiative ramps up. The input cost inflation will moderate. We'll see it up slightly for the full year, a little higher than we expected, but we'll moderate in the second half after peaking in the second quarter. Those are the drivers. You see your question on the phasing. It will phase more to the fourth quarter. The reason for that is that the seasonal merchandising activity obviously carries through the third quarter. As I mentioned, the global sourcing savings ramp up in the fourth quarter.
The largest impact, one of the things we talked about at the beginning of the year was that our incentive true-up, we began reducing our incentive accrual last year, primarily in the third quarter. We'll see that impact, that year-over-year impact dragging in the third quarter will limit the growth in margins. In the below the line, the other below the line item is when I think about EPS is tax rate. Tax rate will be a negative something Q3, a positive in Q4. There's a number of factors that will skew the margin to the fourth quarter and the one tax item that will skew the EPS to the fourth quarter.
Okay. That was helpful. I'm sorry. Just a quick follow-up then would be in relation to you've had a couple of food industry competitors here announce some larger scale acquisitions recently, and it seems like they're really heavily focused on growth with these acquisitions. I'm just curious, you're very internally focused right now. You got a lot going on at General Mills. Is that these acquisitions that would be of interest to you? I mean, more from a high level, growth oriented acquisitions, or maybe you could comment perhaps on your pipeline of acquisitions and how you're looking at that today for General Mills.
Yeah. Chris, this is Jeff Harmening. What I would say is that, first, we don't feel pressure to do M&A just because all the other kids are doing it. We don't really think that scale for the sake of scale is what's important. We think that having leading positions in good categories is really what drives growth. Having said that, what I will say is that a couple of things. One is that M&A is part of our growth strategy. The first piece and most important piece of that is being competitive in the markets we currently compete in. The second piece is then accelerating in some certain categories. The third piece is M&A itself. We think M&A has a role in our growth strategy going forward, but it's one of three pieces.
The most important and the foundation of being, which is being competitive in our own categories. To that extent, what I will also tell you is that, I'd say we're increasingly confident in our ability to execute M&A as part of this broader growth strategy and really for three reasons. The first is that we're increasingly confident in the execution on our base business. Internally here, we talk about that all the time, that being competitive where we are kind of gives us a better foundation to build upon, whether that's accelerating in other categories or whether that's M&A. We feel increasingly confident about that as hopefully the second quarter results start to show.
The second is that whether it's Annie's or EPIC or our Carolina Yogurt business, which we've acquired recently, one of the things we feel good about is that we've demonstrated our ability to grow growth businesses. In the case of Annie's, we've actually accelerated that growth.
We've been able to use our internal capabilities effectively in order to do that. We feel good about our base business. We feel good about our ability to grow businesses. With a lot of our restructuring behind us, we feel like our ability to integrate businesses will soon be improved. Third, look, we have the financial capacity to execute against M&A. Our cash flows are really good. Don and his finance team have done a really nice job with working capital. To the extent we can grow our profitability in the back half of the year, which we feel good about, we've got good cash flow. We feel good about our base business, increasingly good, and our ability to execute that. We feel good that we've been able to grow businesses and we have the capacity.
M&A will be an important component of our growth, but it's only one of the three.
Okay. Well, thank you and happy holidays.
Happy holidays. Thanks, Chris.
Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of John Baumgartner from Wells Fargo. Please proceed.
Good morning. Thanks for the question.
Hey, John.
Jon, I'm curious, there's some concern circulating about retailers scaling back to center store to make room for the perimeter, then just downward pressure on pricing from suppliers in general. From your commentary, it doesn't sound as though you're expecting an impact from Mills. Could you speak a bit to the broader retailing environment, how you're seeing retailers responding to your initiatives, then in terms of just shelf space and merchandising, and also how you're comfortable that margins won't deteriorate further relative to the guide?
Yeah, sure. Thanks, John. I'll try to answer as many of those questions as I can. There's a lot rolled up there. Clearly, it's a competitive environment right now as new players enter the U.S., as emerging channels like e-commerce come onto the scene. Definitely, it's competitive both on the retailer side as well as the manufacturer side. What I can tell you is I feel really good about our ability to compete in this environment. We're big in the U.S. We're one of the top food companies. We have scale across center store, refrigerated, and frozen. As we grow, the categories of our retailers grow. Again, it's important that we have good plans locked in with our retailers.
In addition to that, we've got one of the best sales forces as ranked by Kantar in the industry, and they're doing a great job of really sitting down with the retailers and putting together joint business plans. What we find in those joint business plans, there's trade-offs. Again, even across a retailer, we might give a bit in one category to get something in return in another. By playing our scale, and again, if we're growing broadly, it's really good for our retailers' category. We're finding a way to get to win-win solutions. Again, there's a lot going on, and certainly, space optimization, that's something that we're seeing as well. What I'll tell you there is we have some businesses that are going to win in that. We have a broad snacking portfolio which will likely win in that environment.
In addition to that, natural organic is a core strength of ours as well. We're the third largest natural organic player in the country, so that's good. In the categories that might contract, what we tend to see is that the smaller manufacturers, the third or fourth or fifth players, tend to be the ones that lose. When you look at our business in the U.S., 80% of our brands are either number one or number two in their category. It's tough out there for sure, but at the same time, I actually feel like we're in a place now that we can be advantaged and really win in this marketplace.
Great. Thanks, Jon.
Thank you.
Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Ken Goldman with J.P. Morgan. Please proceed.
Hi. Good morning, everybody.
Good morning, Ken.
Don, I appreciate you gave a very, I think, healthy list of reasons why the second half will get better in terms of the growth, especially on the bottom line. I think what might help is if you get a little sense maybe of which of those factors will be the most critically important as we think about modeling the business. One of the questions I've been getting this morning, and I have it myself, is you're talking about better price mix. Obviously, some of that is trade accrual phasing. You're talking about less cost inflation, innovation.
Just trying to get a sense of really where the key, I guess, pivot points are that's going to make or break the year, because in modeling it, I don't know if we necessarily have enough information to sort of say, "All right, this is what really needs to have happen for this company to make it." I'm just trying to get a sense, if you had to sort of bucket or rank them, how you would do that in terms of the factors helping the second half.
Yeah, sure. They really are in the order that I listed them. The major piece is going to be the price mix, and probably half of that is going to be from the reversal on the trade accrual. As we said in the first quarter, that was about a 100 basis point drag. It was close to that in the second quarter. That will start reversing in the second half. On top of that, we expect improved sales mix in the second half given the businesses that will drive our growth and pricing in certain geographies. Obviously, across the emerging markets, a little bit in the U.K. as we battle the transaction effects. That will be the largest driver. Second will be the cost savings acceleration that we see in global sourcing. Again, that's going to be largely in the fourth quarter.
The third and the smallest bit will be the input cost moderation.
Okay. Thank you for that. Just a quick follow-up. Just so we set expectations, I think, at a reasonable level, can you give us any sense of all in, I really do appreciate you guys talking about this being more fourth quarter loaded than third quarter, are we talking about EPS potentially being flat in the third quarter year-over-year? Do you still expect them to be up to some degree based on what you're seeing right now?
Yeah, we still expect growth in the third quarter, the majority of the growth is going to be in the fourth quarter.
Okay. Thank you.
Our next question comes from the line of Matthew Grainger with Morgan Stanley. Please proceed.
Hi, good morning, everybody. I wanted to ask first, Don, I guess about the open question on the proposed tax legislation. I know there's probably going to be a hesitancy to give formal comments before everything is set in stone. Can you give us any sense, assuming it passes in its current form, 21%, where the consolidated tax rate for the company would go and how we should think about the flow-through of that to the bottom line in the second half and in 2018? Maybe just in generality, if not an absolute. I guess secondarily, just to the extent that you can talk about this on a forward-looking basis, do you see that having any impact on the promotional equilibrium in the industry? How do you think about the ways that cash flow may be, or that earning flexibility might be reinvested?
Yeah. Well, I guess I'll start by just saying that we think it's important for U.S. businesses to not to be competitively disadvantaged globally relative to our foreign competitors. A lower corporate tax rate as the current legislation envisions, certainly makes the U.S. a more attractive place to invest. The territorial system makes U.S.-based corporations more competitive because we have a reduced global tax burden, and obviously, we have increased access to our cash from foreign earnings. That's the positive. Based on the current legislation, clearly, it's still a moving target. Even just last night, the Senate made some changes that the House now has to revote on. Bottom line, we'll see a reduction in our effective tax rate. Matt, frankly, the exact timing of it and the magnitude of it will have to be determined once we see the final bill.
It will be favorable, how it'll phase in 2018 versus 2019 and the absolute magnitude, we will have to come back to you on once we actually digest the entire bill. We'll do that in due course once that's available to us.
Okay. Understood. I guess just one question from a category standpoint. I guess, just your thoughts on the health of the cereal category in the U.S. at the moment. I know you're gaining share. You saw strong sales delivery here in the quarter. Overall, when we look at the scanner data, the category is still declining 2%-3%. It looks like promotional levels are up year-over-year, although I know that can sometimes be misleading. Are you happy with where the category is at the moment, and do you think anything needs to change there to ensure that the growth you're seeing right now is going to be more sustainable?
Sure, Matthew, this is Jon. What I can tell you is that we really like the way that we're competing in the cereal category right now. When you look at our performance through the first half, our change in trend is pretty significant, 70% of that change is from baseline sales. Again, it's really better innovation and better marketing that's driving our results in the category. That's really been the recipe for success in the category over the long term. We're very committed to, again, continuing to build strong brands and then innovate more aggressively. We feel really good about the pipeline as we look forward. As you think about the category, it's still a big category, important category. It's the fourth largest across grocery. It's highly penetrating. 90% of households consume cereal. We really believe in the category.
We think there's growth ahead. There's some interesting timing things. Again, if you think about the category, it grew nicely during the financial downturn. Between 2007 and 2012, the category grew. As the economy gradually got better and out-of-home eating increased, we saw the category tip to negative. We're starting to see that moderate in terms of the in-home versus out-of-home. We also know that 30% of consumption of the category comes from boomers and older adults, and that group of consumers is going to grow. We absolutely believe in the category. We believe that strong marketing and good innovation can drive it. We're committed to doing our part. We look forward to, again, driving our growth as we move to the back half and into the future.
Okay, great. Thanks. Happy holidays, everyone.
You too.
You too.
Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of David Driscoll with Citi. Please proceed.
Great. Thanks a lot. Good morning, everybody.
Hi, David.
Wanted to follow up, Jon, on refrigerated dough. You touched on it in your prepared comments, but can you just talk a little bit more about the trends and how this phase is? I'm curious why sales aren't a bit stronger there. That's such a dominant franchise and comping against a reasonably weak year-ago period. Do you expect refrigerated dough to see material improvement in the remainder of the winter season? What would give you confidence if that would be true?
Hey, David, good question. Obviously, a big important category for us. As I mentioned, we got off to a bit of a slower start than we had hoped. We are seeing improvement for sure. I'd say two things drove the slower start. One was our distribution built a bit slower than we had planned as we came to the key season. What I can tell you is distribution's getting to our projected levels as we really enter December and January here. The second thing is we missed a promotional window at a major retailer in October. As a result of that really impacted our performance there. As I mentioned in the prepared remarks, we grew in November, which is great. We're seeing some positive things so far in December. We are still confident that we're going to deliver a much improved year in refrigerated baked goods.
We believe that we're trending in the right direction.
Thank you. Then two follow-ups, one on cereal, I'm just specifically interested in the ship in versus sell-through second quarter impact, then what it means to the third quarter. Given a plus seven in the second quarter, are we going to have a negative in the third quarter simply because of the timing issues between 2Q and 3Q? That one, I had just a follow on tax question for you, Don. Maybe you don't have all the quantifications on, which is understandable, but I think we're all just curious what the company would do with the monies, higher capital spending, dividends, share repurchase, just what do you do with kind of found money of this magnitude? Thank you.
All right, David, I'll quickly take the cereal question. I mean, the short answer is we don't expect a knock-on effect in Q3. First of all, if you look through the first half, our end market movement and our RNS is almost perfectly aligned. Again, it's right where we expect it to be. There were some quarterly shifts, the biggest drivers in the RNS versus movement difference in Q2 was first, non-measured channels continue to grow nicely, that's a piece of it. We shipped Chocolate Peanut Butter Cheerios in October, that's off to a great start, as I mentioned. All of that hasn't moved through the register. Actually, at the beginning of the quarter, we had some impact due to the hurricanes.
If you remember, in August, the hurricane hit Texas, as a result, due to some supply chain interruptions, we refilled pipeline in September that likely would have shipped in August. Again, we feel really good about how we're performing in cereal and expect normal movement and RNS as we move through the back half of the year.
Yeah, on the tax front, as we see with any increase in earnings, we'll evaluate several uses. We'll look at brand investment, we'll look at capital investment, we'll look at M&A, and clearly cash return to shareholders. Our long-term expectations on how we're going to drive the business haven't changed.
Thank you.
Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Jonathan Feeney with Consumer Edge Research. Please proceed.
Good morning. Thanks so much, and happy holidays.
Good morning.
Good morning. I had a couple of questions. First, when you think about U.S. retail specifically, can you comment at all about anything stand out to you as far as pockets of success by channel, like mass versus traditional, or not necessarily in absolute, but say, relative to the competition? I know you mentioned e-commerce, but any sort of takes where, wow, this is really working, it's really coming together in a particular channel. Secondly, it may be related, there's been a fair amount of the data we see and what you report to us this morning, share gain across a lot of your different categories. You mentioned a competitive environment, but specifically that share gain this year right now at a time when everyone's looking for the same thing, can you comment about your take on potential competitive responses in 2018 and how you're set up for that?
Thanks.
Yeah, sure. This is Jon. A couple of things. One, we really like the way we're competing across categories. Again, as I mentioned in my prepared remarks, we're seeing broad-based improvement across the majority of our categories, and we like the way we're competing across channels. It truly is broad-based there as well. We feel like we're winning in the majority of our channels, so that feels really good. As we think about share, again, the thing that gives us good confidence that we're heading in the right direction here is that the majority of our change and improvement in trend is really coming from baseline sales. Again, across total U.S. retail, 75% of our improvement is via baseline sales. It's really not a case of merchandising driving the bulk of our improvement. It's better marketing.
As I mentioned in my remarks, we made a pretty major change last year, shifting long relationships with advertising agencies, moving to some new ones, we really like the creative that we see in market, we know that it's driving our businesses and our baselines. Our innovation's better. It's up 50% year-over-year. I can tell you that it's actually off the same number of items. Again, it's not just throwing a bunch of stuff out there, it's actually better quality. We're really focused on competing, we're focused on the fundamentals, we believe that if we continue to do that, we can continue to see broad-based wins across our business.
Great. Jon, any comment about channels at all, like particular successes you had?
Yeah. Again, we feel good generally across the majority of the channels. Again, without calling out specific customers, there's puts and takes, the reality is we're growing share across all channels. I think for us right now, that's the focus is to compete wherever we are. There's not one that jumps out at me. Again, we feel really good about how we're trending in all of them.
To build on Jon's point, to broaden that from the U.S. to more broadly globally, one of the things we're most pleased with for the quarter in general is just the breadth of our growth. Whether you look across product categories in the U.S., we improved. If you look across channels in the U.S., we improved. If you look across channels more broadly, like convenience stores and food service, we improved. If you look at Europe, we improved. If you look at Asia, we improved. For us, Jon answered the question for the U.S., I would say more broadly as a company, one of the things we're most pleased about with the quarter that we hope to continue and that we plan to continue is just the breadth of the improvement that we have seen.
That's geographic improvement and channel as well as product line.
Well, thanks very much. If any of you have spare room for the Super Bowl, don't be shy. I'm an excellent houseguest. You know how to reach me.
Exactly.
Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Akshay Jagdale with Jefferies. Please proceed.
Hi. Good morning. Thank you for the question. Wanted to ask about the innovation momentum. Can you comment on the yogurt, the Oui launch? You've mentioned it's obviously the best the category has seen, but what's the end game there, if you can help us sort of size that opportunity? More importantly, what has that taught you or your organization that you can apply to other franchises, and when should we potentially expect some of that, meaning more sort of big bet innovation across your other franchises? Thank you.
You're welcome. This is Jon. I'll give you a few thoughts on Oui. Again, we're really pleased with the results there. It's about a one and a half share of the category already. We expect that to continue to increase. For year one, again, we expect this to be north of $100 million in sales. Again, it's off to a terrific start, and we're seeing really good repeat rates, and consumers are telling us that they view us very, very unique. In terms of how we got there, I'm really proud. Again, let me just start by saying, we know there's a lot more work to be done in yogurt, so we're not taking any victory laps in that category, to be clear. I like the way that that team's really operating.
They're focused on playing our game and looking for opportunities and segments that are going to be growing in the future and bringing fundamental innovation. They did it in a really scrappy way, innovating quickly and in closely with consumers. This truly is consumer-first innovation. By being in market and iterating over time, we got to a product that we know really resonates with consumers and really works hard. The actual process that we used to create Oui, we're actually moving it across all of our OUs in the U.S. and really around the world to make sure that we move more quickly and make sure that we're connected as closely to the consumer as we can. We believe that's going to help our pipeline as we move forward and make our innovation even more impactful.
To build on Jon's point, one of the things that I'm really pleased about as I look across our organization and how we're working differently now is that Oui yogurt's a great example of something that's simple ingredients and great tasting. Well, we used that same kind of thought in the U.K. and in France, and it didn't happen to be Oui, but the same consumer insight drove Liberté's success in the U.K. and Triple Sensations' success in France. As an organization, we're getting much better and much faster sharing insights across geographies. I'm really proud of the U.K. team, for example, for taking Liberté, which has been so successful in Canada, and not trying to do anything different than what was done in Canada, and applying that to the U.K. and growing it by 25%.
I'm pleased with our team here in the U.S. on yogurt, and we see improvement broadly in our yogurt business across the globe. I'm also pleased with how we're working differently, whether that's the specifics of the launch of Oui here in the U.S. or how we're sharing ideas more broadly and quickly globally.
Just two quick follow-ups. When do you think we'll start to see a broader impact on your top-line growth as you're sharing these ideas, whether it's globalization or just innovation being a bigger piece of the top line? It's already better, but should we expect that to accelerate, and when might that happen?
I would say, look, I think you're already seeing it in this quarter. We cut our losses on yogurt, our declines on yogurt in the U.S. in half behind innovation, and we hope to get to single-digit losses and plan to get to single-digit losses in the U.S. in the back half of the year. We were down less than 1% on yogurt in Europe this quarter, it was one of the best quarters we've had behind new innovation. To be honest with you, I think you're starting to see it already. We've got a team that's dedicated to continuing that, whether it's on yogurt or on Häagen-Dazs or on Old El Paso and on snack bars.
If you look at the second half of the year, one of the things that I mentioned in my remarks was that you'll see Nature Valley in Asia and our expanding Nature Valley in Asia, and that's based on success we saw in Europe and obviously the success we're having in the U.S., but applying it to Asia consumers in a slightly different format that works for them. Honestly, I think you're starting to see it now, and our plan is to continue that.
Perfect. I'll pass it on. Thank you. Happy holidays.
Happy holidays.
You too.
Operator, I think we have probably time for just one more, unfortunately. Thank you. Our last question comes from the line of Steven Strycula with UBS. Please proceed.
Hi, guys. Good morning. Two-part question. For the first part, just wanted to get a sense of, I think Ken was asking about it earlier, the absolute gross margin magnitude of pressure that we're seeing for the full year obviously gets better in the second half, is a fair way to think about it down 50 basis points for the year? That's my first part.
Let me focus on operating margins since that's really kind of what we've been giving guidance on. I mentioned the factors that'll drive it. Inflation is going to run slightly higher than we expected, and transaction effects will work against us. We've added some investment in accelerators to drive growth, the top line of which will come through next year, we're incurring some costs this year to make that happen. Then I mentioned just the nature of our transaction effects, which is helping the top line more than SOP or more than the operating profit. Just to mention on it, we're talking about a swing here of maybe 50 basis points.
We will still be in the zone of 18% operating margins for the full year. We cracked that level last year, and that still remains 200 basis points above where we were three years ago. Just kind of in order of magnitude, that's where we're going to land for the year.
Steve, this is Jeff. We don't expect a material difference in gross margin trends versus operating margin trends. I think the drivers are very similar.
Okay, thanks. That's really helpful. Then just a question for Jon, just on the soup business. Wanted to get a sense, since there's been a little bit of shuffling of the deck in the category for the soup season this year, just wanted to think about how you think about the health of the overall category, total shelving displays, not just specific to you, but the category in general. Then how do we think about, given some of the decisions that were made inter-quarter, are you seeing that, obviously Progresso's doing better, but do you think that the category is maintaining its momentum? What stops it from necessarily being a bid back of the business next year? Thank you.
Sure, Steve. The category through key season's growing, that's good overall. Again, Progresso's growing share, which we like. Similar to some of the other businesses, what we really like is that 80% of our improvement in trend in soup is actually coming from baseline sales. Again, it's fundamentals, it's good marketing, and we've got a little bit of innovation with Progresso Organic that's working for us as well. Again, like many of the other categories, it's about the fundamentals and competing well, and if we do that, we think that we can be successful and drive the category. Again, through key season, we're seeing the category grow, and it appears to be healthy, and we're having good, constructive conversations with the retailers around it. We'd expect continued growth through the back half of the year.
Okay, great. Thanks, guys.
All right. Hey, Tara, thanks. Unfortunately, I know we didn't get to everybody today. I know there are a few people probably still hoping to get a question in. I'm on the phone all day. Please feel free to reach out and connect on any questions from here on out. Thanks a lot.
Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, that does conclude the conference call for today. We thank you for your participation and ask that you please disconnect your lines.