Greetings, and welcome to the INmune Bio 2nd quarter 2023 earnings call. If anyone should require operator assistance during the conference, please press star zero on your telephone keypad. As a reminder, this conference is being recorded. A transcript will follow within 24 hours of this conference call. At this time, it is my pleasure to introduce to you Mr. David Moss, CFO of INmune Bio. David, thank you. The floor is yours.
Thank you, John, good afternoon, everybody. We thank you for joining us for the call for INmune Bio's second quarter 2023 financial results. With me on the call, actually sitting right next to me, is Dr. R.J. Tesi, CEO of INmune Bio, who will provide an update on our two platforms, XPro and INKmune. Before we begin, I remind everyone that except for statements of historical facts, the statements made by management and responses to questions on this conference call are forward-looking statements under the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements involve risks and uncertainties that can cause actual results to differ materially from those in such forward-looking statements.
Please see the forward-looking statements disclaimer in the company's earnings press releases, as well as risk factors in the company's SEC filings, including our most recent quarterly filing with the SEC. There's no assurance of any specific outcome. Undue reliance should not be placed on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date they are made, as of the facts and circumstances underlying these forward-looking statements may change. Except as required by law, INmune Bio disclaims any obligation to update these forward-looking statements to reflect future information, events, or circumstances. With that behind us, now I'd like to turn the call over to Dr. RJ Tesi, CEO of INmune Bio. RJ.
Thank you, David. Thank you everyone for joining the call. As usual, I will arrange my remarks to highlight the key takeaways for the second quarter and subsequent period and provide updates on our platform programs. I will start by reviewing our developments with XPro and INKmune before I pass it back to David to discuss financial results and provide an update on upcoming and new milestones. We will move to Q&A. During the second quarter, our primary focus remained enrollment of patients into the phase 2 blinded randomized trial in patients with early Alzheimer's disease, with inflammation, and increasing the geographic footprint of that trial. We are going global. Expanding the geographic footprint has been slowed by staffing at problems at regulatory authorities in some jurisdictions. I believe this is a hangover from the COVID era.
For instance, one country has, is 120 days past the response time required by law, but there's nothing you can do about the problem. We just deal with it and answer their requests as needed. Enrollment continues to accelerate, and we are encouraged to see patients finish the trial and opt to continue treatment under the phase II open label extension program. I remind you, the OLE, or the open label extension, provides two additional bites at the apple, if I may. One-third of the patients entering the open label extension have been on placebo. That is, they've not received XPro. These patients now have an opportunity to respond to XPro therapy. We should be able to capture that data.
Patients who received XPro, the two-thirds who had been on active drug during the trial, will continue on the drug and provide data for long-term efficacy and safety follow-up, important issues for the company, investors, clinical teams, potential partners, and the regulatory authorities. Finally, we remain on track with the FDA to meet the conditions necessary to lift the clinical manufacturing hold before the end of the year. This long and frustrating process is nearing its end, we hope. The just-completed annual Alzheimer's Association International Conference was filled with both promise and pragmatism. The promise was the release of data from the lecanemab study in patients with early AD. With the release of that data, there are now 3 large phase III studies performed with different anti-amyloid antibodies. The 3 studies showed consistent efficacy and safety.
Put another way, wearing my commercial hat, although the marketing staffs of the respective companies will see differences in the three drug therapies and their clinical trial results, clinicians and patients will see similarities. There is a class effect. That is reflected by the pragmatisms seen by the clinical Alzheimer's disease professionals. It was palpable that they want more. A multi-day survey confirmed there was no need, in their opinion, for additional drugs targeting amyloid. There was plenty room for improvement in the drugs treating Alzheimer's disease. Clinical teams and the clinical experts want three things. First, additional drugs that improve outcomes and that do not target amyloid. Drugs targeting tau and neuron inflammation are on top of that list.
Second, there is a desire for better biomarkers to identify patients early in the disease process, when they can be best treated, and to help select what drugs the patient should receive. The preference is for easily obtained blood tests. Finally, combination therapy has become a serious topic of discussion. No one is satisfied with the results of the monotherapy anti-amyloid trials, and Alzheimer's disease is a complex disease. In modern medicine, complex diseases often require treatment with combination therapy. We should expect no difference with Alzheimer's disease. An interesting problem did rear its head at the meeting. There was much head scratching about what to do with patients after the amyloid is gone. In fact, the Lilly trial with donanemab, they stop the drug once the amyloid is gone, but the patients continue to show progressive cognitive decline. Clearly, there is a need for something to solve this problem.
Like with combination therapy, we believe XPro is well positioned to fulfill this new cognitive decline without amyloid problem. Some may be scratching their heads trying to understand the data the company presented at the meeting in Amsterdam. The posters on the effects of XPro on gray matter microstructure elements were complicated and a little bit data dense, and I'll attempt to integrate these highly technical data into our overall program for you. We have presented extensively on the benefits of XPro treatment on, in white matter, on white matter pathology in patients with Alzheimer's. Because the brain has both white and gray matter, some have asked, "Well, what about gray matter?" These data we presented show that XPro does affect positively the microstructural elements of gray matter in the brain, in the areas where Alzheimer's pathology is most severe.
That is, XPro helps normalize the microstructural elements of both white and gray matter, that is, the whole brain. We have already shown that XPro changes the biology of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, synaptic function, and myelin. These data suggest that remodeling and repair of the aging of the brain occurs when you control destructive neuroinflammation with XPro. What remains to be shown is the impact of these changes on cognitive function. In the open label phase I trial, eight of nine patients treated with, shall we say, full dose XPro, had stable or improved cognition on XPro therapy. We have been vocal in our belief that XPro will flatline cognition in patients with Alzheimer's disease and neuroinflammation, but we won't really be able to answer this question until we've completed the ongoing phase II trial.
We have signaled our interest in using the DN-TNF, or the Dominant-Negative TNF platform, for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, or DMD. As highlighted in January, we established DNO2, a separate wholly owned subsidiary that will hold the intellectual property to facilitate partnering and business development activities for treating DMD with our dominant negative TNF. This business structure allows us to focus on our core mission, that is the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, without leaving a valuable asset on the shelf, so to speak. Our confidence in DMD is based on the preclinical data. The ticket for entry into DMD is clear. A therapy must decrease inflammation and decrease muscle fiber destruction. DN-TNF does that and more. The most interesting and novel attribute is that DN-TNF treatment improves muscle fiber regeneration.
To our knowledge, muscle fiber regeneration has not been seen in any small molecule, biologic, or gene therapies. A therapy that promotes muscle fiber regeneration may change the course of disease in these boys. As part of the preclinical effort, we are performing molecular studies to understand the advantage of DN-TNF therapy compared to standard of care, corticosteroid therapy. We are working hard to find a potential partner for this promising asset. Moving from DN-TNF to the INKmune platform, you recall in May that the FDA, or we received from the FDA, a safe to proceed letter, actually it's an email these days, for the phase I, II clinical trial using INKmune to treat men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, or mCRPC, is the more common phrase that is used.
This simple email formalized our decision to pivot from using INKmune to treat hematologic diseases to treating solid tumors. The decision for this pivot was based on the unique biology of INKmune-primed NK cells. INKmune-primed NK cells undergo changes that allow the NK cells to function in the immunologically hostile and hypoxic TME. To our knowledge, cytokine-primed NK cells or genetically modified NK cells do not undergo these changes that are critical for successful treatment in solid tumors. The choice of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer as our first tumor target was carefully considered. Prostate cancer specimens have a robust NK cell infiltrates, but cells are resting NK cells that do not kill cancer. Prostate cancer has well-established biomarkers that allow us to determine if INKmune is decreasing tumor burden in the cancer patient.
Finally, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is one of the few tumors that have not benefited from the immunotherapy revolution of the last 5 or 6 years. We believe we can change that. Finally, the health of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer ranges from very active, let's say normal, to sedentary. INKmune is given as an outpatient without the need for pre-medication, cytotoxic conditioning, or difficult-to-use cytokine therapy. This therapeutic profile aligns well with the expectations of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, who often live a long time with their disease and value a high quality of life. The trial is a novel Bayesian design that is expected to enroll 30 men. The trial will take place at a minimum of six sites in the U.S., and we plan to enroll the first patient by the end of the year.
Patients will receive 1 of 3 doses of INKmune as an outpatient during the six-month trial. Immunologic and therapeutic efficacy will be measured. Immunologic efficacy will be measured by the increase in memory-like NK cells in the blood and how long these cells are present in the patient's circulation. We expect this to correlate with therapeutic effects. Therapeutic efficacy or tumor response to INKmune will be measured using traditional biomarkers of prostate cancer tumor burden, including blood PSA, a CT scan, and bone scans, as well as novel biomarkers of tumor burden, which include the PSMA PET scan and circulating tumor DNA. We continue to treat patients in the LAUREL trial. That's the ongoing phase I trial in high-risk MDS/AML patients. Four patients have received the complete 3-dose regimen. Results show that it is so far it's well tolerated.
three of the four patients showed evidence of NK cell activation. Of the four patients, one remains alive 20 months post-treatment, with no having received no other therapy, and has enjoyed an improved quality of life. Two patients were bridged to transplant, and 1 GRIT patient actually died while waiting for a transplant. We've opened a third clinical site in Athens. The first Greek patient has been identified, and treatment is planned for the end of August. There have been Two major barriers to recruitment of patients in the LAUREL clinical trial. The first was COVID-19. The original sites were all in the U.K., and the U.K'.s National Health Service really suffered under COVID, and those dislocations in service persist. The second problem is related to the enrollment, conservative enrollment criteria we used for the first cohort. With experience, that enrollment criteria can be made more liberal.
We believe this will solve some of the enrollment problems. The company remains committed to execute on its vision of moving XPro and INKmune towards commercialization. Both platforms offer unique therapeutic options to treat more than one disease in their respective therapeutic silos. We are excited about the prospects of both platforms and are working hard to make a difference at the bedside while building shareholder value. I return this to David Moss to review certain financial items.
Thank you, RJ. I'll provide a brief overview of our financial results and upcoming milestones before we head to our Q&A session. Net loss attributable to common stockholders for the quarter ended June 30th, 2023, was approximately $6.5 million, compared with approximately $6.8 million for the comparable period in 2022. Research and development expenses totaled approximately $4.1 million for the quarter ended June 30th, 2023, compared with approximately $4.2 million for the comparable period in 2022. General and administrative expense was approximately $2.3 million for the quarter ended June 30th, 2023, compared with approximately $2.2 million for the comparable period in 2022. At the end of June 30th, 2023, the company had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $47.8 million.
Based on our current operating plan, we believe our cash is sufficient to fund our operations into late 2024. As of August seventh, 2023, the company had approximately 18 million shares of common stock outstanding. As highlighted in the prior quarter's investor call, we continue to focus on achieving our primary clinical trial objectives while remaining cost-prudent with the potential to recover a portion of R&D expenses in Australia and, to a lesser extent, the U.K. Now, I'd like to move on and list our upcoming important milestones. Top-line results for our phase II early AD trial in patients with inflammation and Alzheimer's disease is expected in late 2024. We will initiate a phase II trial of XPro in patients with treatment-resistant depression upon resolution of the FDA manufacturing review. We've been working relatively hard on that.
Additional open label phase 1 trial of INKmune in high-risk MDS/AML in 2023 and early 2024. Initiation of a phase 1/2 program in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer will begin in the second half of this year. Finally, we continue to pursue business development partnership opportunities, and there can be no assurances that the company will complete any transactions as they're complex and very difficult. We have two great platforms, and as a small company, we will try to expand the applications of these platforms in areas we do not have the resources or expertise to pursue ourselves in order to benefit shareholders. Naturally, we'll update investors should material business development events occur. At this point, I'd like to thank you for your time and attention, and I'd like to turn it back to John, our operator, to poll for questions. John?
Thank you, sir. At this time, we'll be conducting a question-and-answer session. If you would like to ask a question, please press star one on your telephone keypad. A confirmation tone will indicate that your line is in the queue. You may press star two to remove a question from the queue. For participants using speaker equipment, it may be necessary to pick up your handset before pressing the star keys. One moment, please, while we poll for questions. The first question comes from the line of Joel Beatty with Baird. Please proceed with your question.
Thank you, Craig. Thanks for the update and for taking the questions. The, the first one is on the ongoing FDA manufacturing review. Could you provide a little bit more detail there on what is needed to get that resolved?
Yeah. Thanks, Joel. It's now 15 months since we received... maybe 14 months since we received the clinical hold, and really, I divide this into two halves. It took us a long time to understand exactly what the FDA was asking for. As you know, both Canada and Australia are fine with the new XPro that we've made. It's being used to treat patients in both of those regulatory jurisdictions. We, with the way the communication happens with the FDA, which is not very efficient, it took seven months for us to reach an agreement with the FDA, what the problem was and what the solution was. I can promise you that was extremely frustrating for us and as it was for investors. Since then, we have been executing against their request.
Once again, scratching our heads, a little confused of why they are preventing us from treating patients in the U.S., despite the fact the drug has been used in the U.S. before for our COVID trials, and it's being used in both in the in Canada and Australia. That is the nature of working under the regulatory authority of the FDA. We expect to give them everything they need to get us off clinical hold and time for us to receive that hoped-for safe to proceed email before the end of the year. If I sound a little bit less than hyper confident, it's just because it's the FDA, and, you know, you never know the score until the whistle is blown. It's been frustrating for you, it's frustrating for us, but the drug is fine.
We're, you know, using it in two venues, and new patients are going on frequently.
The next question comes from the line of Thomas Shrader with BTIG. Please proceed with your question.
Hey, good afternoon. This is Tom, calling in for Tom, and thanks for taking our question. I have two questions. First is, regarding Alzheimer's, more of a big picture question. Thinking about a pricing for a new drug, if a new drug does not require ARIA monitoring, do you believe that that will allow for premium pricing, assuming cost savings from the MRI? The second question is: following the recent FDA decision on the competitor's drug in MDD over the weekend, how does that help you think about enrichment strategy for TRD trial, and can the level of KF can be used here? Thank you.
Yeah. Thank you. Very two good questions. The current estimate for the cost of care, of the cost of receiving an anti-amyloid drug for the first year is $82,000, a little more than $82,000. That's only 1/3 of that is the cost of the drug. 2/3 of that is really all of the safety monitoring and what's needed for diagnosis of the disease. We believe that XPro will not have that burden. In other words, right now, our enrollment criteria includes basically a, you know, a set of blood tests, which are all relatively cheap, nothing fancy, can be done virtually in any lab in the country, and an MRI scan. It requires some special reading, but that's that is not expensive.
There's no PET scans, and there's no need for, at least as we envision it today, there's no need for additional follow-up, MRI scans. So yeah, you know, you know how pharmaceutical pricing works. The first drug company sets the price, which has been done, and then you can adjust the pricing based on whether you're better. We think if we do meet our clinical goal of stabilizing cognitive decline, that allows us for premium pricing. I would expect that premium pricing would come well within that $82,000 bracket, although don't hold me to that, we're a little ways off from that decision. The bottom line is, the current drugs are difficult to use. They're complicated.
I think their uptake is gonna be somewhat will be slow because of that sophistication needed for managing those patients, and the resources, such as MRI scans, which are gonna be needed for those, managing those patients. As far as the more recent, events with, major depressive disorder, I found that very interesting and actually quite validating about how we do our central CNS drug development. Clearly, you know, although I've not seen the data, I'm not gonna comment on it, we are very sensitive to the fact that, particularly in depression, but in all central nervous system diseases, placebo effects always are what catches you by surprise. The way to eliminate surprises on the placebo side, is to better control your patient enrollment criteria using enrichment factors. The oncologists learned this 20 years ago.
The CNS drug developers have not yet learned it. We take this seriously, and in our Alzheimer's trials, these patients all have neuroinflammation. Actually, in the trial that we plan in treatment-resistant depression, they will all have neuroinflammation. We believe by using that kind of, shall we say, discipline in enrollment, it will prevent surprises on the, on the placebo end, or the placebo response, and allow you to really accurately assess the drug's effect on the disease.
Great. Thank you.
It looks like there are no further questions, and I would like to turn the floor back over to RJ for any closing comments.
Yeah, thank you. Just in summary, you know, XPro is a unique asset in the Alzheimer's therapeutic space. You know, this became particularly clear when at AAIC this year, where a lot of companies have jumped on the anti-inflammatory bandwagon for Alzheimer's. As many of you know, CJ, as CJ likes to say, CJ is our VP of CNS Drug Development, for those of you that don't know CJ. It's not treating neuroinflammation that's important, it's how you treat neuroinflammation. Many of the anti-inflammatory strategies are what we call glial suppressive. In other words, they turn off glial cells, both astroglial and microglial cells.
While that may prevent production of destructive inflammatory cytokines, it doesn't fix the problem, because glial cells play a very, very important and active role in the remodeling and repair needed to control and reverse CNS diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Turning off a dysfunctional glial cell is not a winning strategy. Converting a dysfunctional, destructive glial cell into functioning, normally functioning glial cells, that phagocytose myelin debris, promote synaptic plasticity, and improve neuronal function, is needed for success. Far, we have evidence that XPro plays this role well, and as far as we know, we're the only drug that plays this role. Finally, why is the NK space so confusing? We believe it's a pretty simple reason.
Everybody has assumed NK cells are like T cells, when in fact, the how and why of NK cells in oncology is a separate and distinct scientific discipline. INKmune is a therapy that solves the three major problems facing today's NK therapies. INKmune therapy leverages the patient's own NK cells to treat their disease. Why make new NK cells when the patient has plenty? INKmune converts the patient's own NK cells into cancer-killing memory-like NK cells, that are present for months after INKmune therapy. It does this in the patient's circulation without the need for complex manufacturing or concomitant cytokine supplementation. Finally, INKmune primed NK cells survive and thrive and kill cancer in the hostile tumor microenvironment of solid tumors. You can't control cancer if the cells can't play on cancer's turf. INKmune primed NK cells thrive in that environment.
These are the reasons why INKmune should succeed in solid tumors, and why others are stuck treating hematologic malignancies. I remind you that 90% of cancers are solid tumors. When will we have the data to support this bold talk? Because the CaRe PC trial, which is the open label phase I, phase II trial, if it is open label, we should be able to see snippets of patient responses during 2024, and you will hear about them. Our corporate focus is in delivering phase II data with XPro in Alzheimer's disease and INKmune in prostate cancer. We are positioning other valuable assets in our pipeline, such as INB03 and DN-TNF for DMD, for partnering. Our goal is to partner some of these promising assets, to allow them to be...
To benefit patients while providing non-dilutive capital for the development of our core assets. On behalf of Mark and David, CJ, Terra, and the entire INmune team, we thank you for your support, your continued support, and we look forward to speaking to you in the near future and providing further updates. Thank you. With that, we will conclude the call.
Ladies and gentlemen, that does conclude today's teleconference. You may disconnect your lines at this time. Thank you for your participation, and have a great day.