Good day, welcome to the Cheniere Energy, Inc. First Quarter 2018 Earnings Call and Webcast. Today's conference is being recorded. At this time, I'd like to turn the conference over to Randy Bhatia, VP of Investor Relations.
Thanks, operator. Good morning, welcome to Cheniere Energy's first quarter 2018 earnings conference call. The slide presentation and access to the webcast for today's call are available at cheniere.com. Joining me for today's call are Jack Fusco, Cheniere's President and Chief Executive Officer, Anatol Feygin, Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer, and Michael Wortley, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Before we begin, I would like to remind all listeners that our remarks, including answers to your questions, may contain forward-looking statements, actual results could differ materially from what is described in these statements. Slide two of our presentation contains a discussion of those forward-looking statements and associated risk. In addition, we may include references to non-GAAP financial measures such as consolidated adjusted EBITDA and distributable cash flow.
A reconciliation of these non-GAAP measures to the most comparable GAAP measure can be found in the appendix of the slide presentation. As part of our discussion of Cheniere Energy, Inc.'s results, today's call may also include selected financial information and results for Cheniere Energy Partners, L.P. or CQP, Cheniere Energy Partners LP Holdings, LLC or CQH. We do not intend to cover CQP or CQH's results separately from those of Cheniere Energy, Inc. The call agenda is shown on slide three. Jack will begin with an overview of the quarter and give an update on construction and operating progress at our liquefaction projects. Following Jack's comments, we'll hear from Anatol on our commercial activities, then from Michael, who will review our financial results. After prepared remarks, we will open the call for Q&A. I'll now turn the call over to Jack Fusco, Cheniere's President and CEO.
Thank you, Randy, good morning, everyone. Thanks for joining us as we review Cheniere's record results from the first quarter of 2018, our improved full-year 2018 financial guidance. We've picked up in 2018 right where we left off in 2017, achieving superb execution throughout the Cheniere platform, which culminated in the financial results we announced this morning. We generated over $2.2 billion in consolidated revenue, over $900 million in consolidated adjusted EBITDA, over $250 million in distributable cash flow for the first quarter. Results which have led us to increase our full-year 2018 consolidated adjusted EBITDA guidance, which Michael will detail in a few minutes. Our record results in the first quarter were driven by strong LNG market pricing and solid production at Sabine Pass.
The first quarter demonstrates the power of our market-leading LNG platform and represents the tangible results of superior execution at all stages of our business. We constantly strive for superior execution driven by how we want to be viewed in the market by our customers, competitors, and our stakeholders. During both the fourth quarter of 2017 and the first quarter of 2018, our integrated marketing function had access to a meaningful amount of LNG production due to Train 4 at Sabine Pass being completed significantly ahead of the guaranteed construction schedule, as well as a seasonal production benefit from cooler winter weather. In addition to benefiting from a strong LNG market and robust production, access to significant volumes also enabled us to demonstrate our capabilities in effectively managing a substantial LNG portfolio, which is critical as we prove ourselves as reliable operators to the global LNG market.
Our commercial operations team did an outstanding job of not only placing such a large amount of volume into the market, much of it on a short-term basis, but also managing all the required logistics such as gas supply, shipping, and marine operations. Proving our capabilities is critical as we view our portfolio volumes as a strategic competitive advantage, both operationally and commercially. We expect our portfolio volumes to increase again starting in early 2019 as Train 5 at Sabine Pass and the first 2 trains at Corpus Christi remain well ahead of their respective guaranteed schedules, and longer-term as we expect to manage a top 5 global LNG portfolio. We continue to make progress on Corpus Christi Train 3, and our expected timeline for a positive FID on the project has not changed.
We recently announced the bank group arranging the project financing and are working diligently on the process with them in anticipation of being able to make FID in the next few weeks. Turn to slide six for an update on our LNG projects at Sabine Pass and Corpus Christi. At Sabine Pass, highlighted in the first quarter of 2018 was the commencement of our foundation customer SPA with GAIL, which we celebrated with the ceremony aboard a GAIL-chartered vessel during its first lifting at the terminal. We have now commenced the primary foundation customer SPAs related to each of the first 4 trains at Sabine Pass, which are expected to provide over $2 billion in aggregate fixed-fee revenue annually. Trains under construction at both sites remain ahead of guaranteed schedule and on budget.
On Train 5 at Sabine Pass, construction efforts continue to progress against accelerated schedules, and during the quarter, Bechtel brought forward the expected substantial completion date for Train 5 by two months. At our Corpus Christi project site, project completion for Trains 1 and 2 is about 86%, with construction focused on pipe completion, testing, and critical path systems. As of the end of March, construction has turned almost 100 systems over to the commissioning and startup teams, and the Corpus Christi pipeline is mechanically complete. The Corpus construction team achieved a milestone accomplishment recently as it reached 10 million man-hours worked without a lost time incident over a one-year period. I recognize and applaud the construction team and our EPC partner, Bechtel, on this achievement. Safety is a core value at Cheniere, and we are proud to have that value on display at our Corpus Christi project site.
Sabine Pass five and Corpus Christi Trains One and Two are tracking ahead of their guaranteed schedules and well ahead of the DFCD dates. If we maintain the current construction schedule, I'm optimistic our marketing function will have access to meaningful volumes as those trains enter service next year. During the quarter, Bechtel continued Corpus Christi Train Three construction under a limited notice to proceed and achieved the first concrete pour in early March. As I mentioned earlier, we are on track to make an FID on Train Three over the coming weeks, after which we should issue Bechtel a full notice to proceed. Turn now to slide seven, where I'll give you some insights into what we view as a very constructive LNG macro backdrop. One we view as supportive of economic commercial activity.
Anatol will go into additional details in his remarks, but I wanted to point out some key data points present in the market today, which reinforce my belief in our long-term growth prospects. Positive LNG market fundamentals are firmly in place, from LNG supply and demand dynamics to shipping and a broad recovery in commodity prices. On the supply and demand front, demand growth continues to outpace new supply, as evidenced by the higher prices and netbacks in the spot market year-on-year. LNG demand growth is supported by gas continuing to emerge as a fuel of choice, as well as accelerating GDP growth rates we are witnessing in key existing and growing LNG demand centers. Demand growth is most pronounced in Asia, with China being the largest consumer of incremental LNG supply, having absorbed nearly 40% of the market supply growth in 2017.
Already in first quarter of 2018, absorbing over half of all the supply growth, increasing imports in the first quarter this year by 60% compared to last year. I won't steal Anatol's thunder on the LNG market, but China isn't the only end market seeing significant demand growth. Along the LNG value chain, shipping is an important component for both us as we manage our portfolio volumes, as well as to our current and prospective foundation customers who buy LNG from us on an FOB basis. A well-supplied and liquid LNG shipping market is important for us and our customers, that's exactly what we have today. Current day rates for short-term vessel charters are roughly half of their winter peak, new-build economics continue to improve as significant advances in shipping technology have resulted in meaningful efficiency gains.
At the bottom of this slide, I've included a recent picture of the Panama Canal's locks on the Pacific side. This picture is significant because if you look closely, you'll see there are three LNG vessels transiting the locks in succession, a first in the Panama Canal history. All three of the vessels were en route to Sabine Pass. The Panama Canal is an important piece of infrastructure for both Cheniere and our customers, our ability to utilize it efficiently is important, especially as a preferred route to growing demand centers in Asia. We work closely with the Panama Canal Authority, it has demonstrated significant cooperation and support for increasing LNG vessel capacity as demand increases for transits from LNG carriers. Finally, commodity prices, specifically crude oil, have rallied to multi-year highs, resulting in benefits to LNG pricing.
Both Brent crude and spot LNG prices are approximately 40% higher year-on-year, and in the case of LNG, despite a supply growth of approximately 30 million tons. We are currently in what is traditionally called a shoulder month for LNG as peak winter demand from Asia moderates. While we have seen prices come off of the winter highs, today we are still seeing healthy netbacks from Sabine Pass for this summer, and pricing for next winter is already near double digits as utilities buy forward for late 2018 and early 2019. The rally in crude prices has a levered benefit to Cheniere as it incentivizes increased domestic crude production, which means incremental associated gas, reinforcing the relative economics of a Henry Hub index gas within the global market.
As I mentioned on our last call, I'm more excited about Cheniere's growth prospects than any time since joining the company, and my confidence has only grown since then with our execution and our operating credibility, an infrastructure platform that is the envy of the industry, and a macro LNG backdrop that is constructive on multiple fronts. I'll now turn the call over to Anatol, who will give you some more detailed insights into what we see in the LNG market today.
Thanks, Jack, good morning, everyone. Please turn to slide nine. LNG ushered in 2018 with strong demand following on a robust fourth quarter of 2017. The net global call on LNG in Q1 '18 was about 7 million tons greater than in Q1 '17, largely driven by continued demand growth from Asia. The region grew by more than 9 million tons year-over-year in Q1, 28% greater than the growth in global supply during the same period. This resulted in an increased volume of reloads from Europe into the Asian market to take advantage of the price spread. Reloads almost doubled year-on-year in Q1 to just under 2 million tons.
This seasonal tightness occurred against the backdrop of significant long-term supply expansion. The market has added about 45 million tons of incremental LNG in 2016 and 2017, growth of more than 15% overall, with a 10% increase in 2017 alone. Despite this robust supply growth, spot prices into Asia over the first quarter averaged $10.55 per MMBtu, some $2 per MMBtu higher than last year's $8.55. Notably, prices sustained a level beyond oil parity or 16% of crude oil price on average for the quarter, similar to the previous two years. This indicates to us that winter market tightness was at a similar level this year as the two previous years, demonstrating the market's ability to efficiently absorb this new supply.
The incremental supply in the market helped improve availability of supplies during the harsh winter, especially in Asia, where just over half of the volumes from Sabine Pass were delivered and helped prevent LNG prices from becoming expensive relative to crude, which could ultimately result in LNG demand destruction over time. Sabine Pass was the second-largest contributor to LNG supply growth for the first quarter of 2018 as compared to a year ago, increasing more than 35% year-over-year to approximately 4.25 million tons for the first quarter. U.S. LNG has added flexible and spot volumes to a growing market in need of such supply, helping maintain the global competitiveness of LNG relative to other fuels in demand growth centers such as Asia.
Demand from China was a key factor leading the growth in Asia, though countries such as Pakistan, India, South Korea, and Taiwan all exhibited growth year-on-year, as we'll see in the next page. The Asian market was the main driver of global LNG demand growth during the quarter, and the region consumed about 80% of the global LNG in Q1 '18. Unlike previous years, however, demand growth was no longer solely propelled by the traditional Asian markets of Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, or JKT. In aggregate, Asia consumed an additional 9.1 million tons in Q1 '18 as compared to Q1 '17, with only 29% of that growth attributed to the traditional JKT markets. More than four and a half million incremental tons came from China and about 1.8 million from India and Pakistan.
India's LNG imports climbed 26% year-on-year in the first quarter as the country's hydro reservoir levels were down and temperatures were up in March. Also in March, the country received the first LNG cargo from Sabine Pass Terminal under the long-term agreement with GAIL India. Equally, however, Pakistan's demand for LNG was just as impressive, soaring 60% year-on-year amid a ban on fuel oil imports and as the newly operational FSRUs enabled the country to address pent-up gas generation demand. The more traditional demand centers in Asia have also registered gains year-on-year. LNG demand in Japan and Korea was buoyed by the power sector as LNG had to offset the material drop in nuclear generation as a result of considerable outages.
In Japan, the restart of nuclear reactors has been far from smooth, demand growth may taper off going forward as additional nuclear reactors restart over time. China, the region's demand growth engine, has maintained very strong levels of imports in Q1, growing 63% on the year or 4.9 million tons to a total of 12.6 million tons imported in the quarter. Robust economic performance, weather patterns, and an accelerated push for coal to gas switching continue to support high growth rates in LNG consumption. China has become Sabine Pass's third-largest LNG delivery destination, while the U.S. became China's third-largest LNG supplier over the period. Our SPAs with CNPC will reinforce this dynamic, and as Jack spoke to earlier, these agreements mark the start of a new long-term, mutually beneficial relationship as with all our other customers. Turning now to slide 11.
Our customers are our highest priority, and we strive to serve their LNG needs in the most effective manner. A key part of that is managing the gas supply to our plant to ensure we are a responsive and efficient LNG provider. As illustrated in the top chart, routine plant maintenance and operating conditions can entail variability in daily gas supply requirements at Sabine Pass. These include, but are not limited to, shifts in ambient temperature, maintenance schedules, and even optimization of upstream gas supply routes. Over the course of the past two years of operation, our teams have adapted to these conditions and many more, such as Hurricane Harvey and other severe weather events.
As we continue to grow our platform, these skills will become even more important as the commercial impact of these operations will continue to grow. We expect these capabilities to further distinguish Cheniere from our competition. By 2020, data from Wood Mackenzie show that Cheniere could be the second largest operator of LNG plants in the world. We're committed to continue the safe, reliable, and efficient operations of our plants. Now I'll turn the call over to Michael, who will review our financial results.
Thanks, Anatol. Good morning, everyone. This morning I'll discuss some highlights from our record first quarter financial results, as well as revised 2018 guidance. Then give an update on our recent financing activity. Turn now to slide 13. As Jack mentioned earlier, the first quarter was exceptional for Cheniere. For the first quarter, we reported consolidated revenue of over $2.2 billion, consolidated adjusted EBITDA of over $900 million. Distributable cash flow of over $250 million.
These results were driven by strong margins on cargo sold by our marketing function, which had access to a significant amount of volumes from Sabine Pass for the first two months of the quarter, prior to the FCD as a foundation customer SPA with GAIL in March, as well as a pickup from the 12 cargoes in transit as of the end of 2017, which were delivered and recognized on our income statement in Q1. We exported 244 TBTU of LNG from Sabine Pass during the quarter, none of which were commissioning volumes. These volumes were materially consistent with fourth quarter 2017 exported volumes of approximately 250 TBTU. Approximately 70% of the volumes exported during the first quarter, 165 TBTU, were lifted by our third-party SPA customers, and the remaining volumes were lifted by our marketing function.
As I mentioned earlier, our marketing function had access to substantial volumes during the first quarter due to the early completion of Train 4 in 2017. As the primary foundation customer SPAs on all four trains in operation have now commenced, we expect our marketing function to have access to a smaller amount of volumes until Sabine Train 5 and Corpus Trains 1 and 2 are completed, currently anticipated in 2019. The long-term foundation customer SPAs, which have commenced, are expected to provide over $2 billion of fixed-fee revenue annually.
During the first quarter, we recognized in income 273 TBTU of LNG produced at Sabine Pass, consisting of 241 TBTU loaded during the quarter, plus 43 TBTU or 12 cargoes loaded in the prior quarter but delivered and recognized in the current quarter, less 11 TBTU or 3 cargoes sold on a delivered basis that were in transit as of the end of the first quarter. We also recognized the income statement impact of 11 TBTU or 3 cargoes of LNG sold by our marketing function that was sourced from third parties. While prior quarter cargoes on the water had a significant impact on our financial results for the first quarter, we expect the impact of in-transit cargoes to be muted on a quarter-over-quarter basis until Sabine Train 5 and Corpus Trains 1 and 2 are completed.
Net income attributable to common stockholders for the first quarter was $357 million, or $1.50 per share on a diluted basis, an increase of $230 million compared to fourth quarter 2017. The increase in net income as compared to the prior quarter was primarily driven by increased income from operations, partially offset by increased income allocated to non-controlling interest. Turn now to Slide 14. I'd like to address our revised 2018 guidance and recent financing activity. Today, we are increasing our full-year 2018 guidance to $2.3 billion-$2.5 billion of consolidated adjusted EBITDA and $350 million-$550 million of distributable cash flow, driven primarily by incorporating record results from the first quarter and by stronger margins on marketing volumes than originally forecast. You may recall when we released the initial 2018 guidance, we anticipated margins for the year for marketing volumes to be in the $1.50-$2 range.
Since that time, we have seen the market strengthen, not only for pricing of marketing volumes realized year to date, but also in the price curve for the remainder of the year. Our team was ready to capitalize on that opportunity. Due to the commencement of our foundation customer SPAs and the fact that our marketing function's volume from Sabine Pass should be fairly flat for the remainder of the year, we would anticipate EBITDA in Q2 through Q4 to be fairly ratable. We are also increasing our CQP distribution guidance to $2.20-$2.30 per unit for 2018, and our CQH dividend guidance to $2.25-$2.35 per share for 2018.
As we recently announced, we have engaged a bank group to assist in arranging an amendment and upsize of our Corpus credit facilities to include the debt financing portion of train three at Corpus, in addition to trains one and two and the Corpus Christi pipeline and related facilities. We have received signed commitment letters from the banks and anticipate increasing the available commitments under the facility from $4.6 billion up to a maximum of $6.4 billion. We are pleased by the response we have received for this pending transaction. We appreciate the continued support of our bank group, which has been critical to the achievement of significant milestones on the CCL project since financing the first two trains in 2015.
We expect the amended Corpus credit facilities to close within the next few weeks, which will allow us to make a positive final investment decision and issue Bechtel full notice to proceed for train three comfortably within the first half of this year. As we discussed on our last call, we will refresh 8-train run rate guidance incorporating Corpus train three subsequent to an FID announcement. Before we turn the call over to Q&A, I'd like to briefly reemphasize some of the points Jack and Anatol discussed, points which support my confidence in our ability to grow and deliver incremental long-term value to shareholders. Turn now to slide 15.
We have laid out the Cheniere investment thesis before. The fundamentals of that thesis have not changed. Over the past few years, we have spent a considerable amount of time and effort battling micro and macro headwinds as the LNG market softened and long-term contracting slowed. We stayed focused, worked hard to get four trains online, established ourselves as a reliable operator in the global LNG space while continuing to pursue additional long-term contracts to support incremental liquefaction capacity. The results of those efforts are reflected in the financials we just discussed and provide significant tailwinds and clear competitive advantages at a time when the end market is as healthy as it has been in years. Our demonstrated execution capabilities, expansive asset footprint, financial wherewithal, and ability to deliver flexible solutions to customers put us in an ideal position to capture growth opportunities present in the market today.
We are leveraging our operating, financial, and commercial competencies together with our advantage position on the global LNG cost curve to deliver growth projects with attractive returns. Starting with train three at Corpus Christi, which we expect to FID in the coming weeks. That concludes our prepared remarks. Thank you for your time and your interest in Cheniere. Operator, we're ready to open the line for questions.
Thank you. Today's question and answer session will be conducted electronically. To ask a question, please press star one on your telephone keypad. If you are using a speakerphone, please make sure your mute button is turned off to allow your signal to reach our equipment. We ask that you please limit yourself to one question and one follow-up to allow everyone the opportunity to ask a question. Again, please press star one. We'll go first to Theodore Durbin at Goldman Sachs.
Thanks. Maybe just starting out with that you had the SPAs you announced earlier this year, and clearly you're working on, you say, commercializing the next Sabine train. Can you just give us a flavor for how those conversations are going, whether it's on the term? Are we still looking at the sort of 15-25-year SPAs that you signed earlier this year? Size, volume around a million tons it seems like is where the market is, then any color on pricing would be great.
All right. Hey, Ted. This is Jack, thanks for being on the call, and thanks for the support. I'll turn it over to Anatol, I can tell you our origination staff, led by Ramsey, have been busier than ever. The demand for the product, worldwide, there's just an entire secular shift to natural gas as a preferred fuel, we're seeing the results of that in our discussions. I think the point that we don't want you all to lose is this one: It's that our customers are demanding more of a full-service product. They want us to buy the gas. They don't want to figure out how to buy gas in America. They want us to liquefy it. They want us to load it up on our ships, and they want us to deliver it to their regas terminals.
That's where I really see our competitive advantage in our discussions, and that's why I see the longer-term contracts are coming Cheniere's way is because of that full-service model. Most of our counterparties now happen to be utilities that need it, and they depend on it. With that, I'll turn it over to Anatol.
Thanks, Ted, and thanks, Jack. To answer your questions, we see a range of tenors. We have never been in the camp that long-term contracts are over, and we certainly, as Jack said, have a very healthy pipeline today. As you can imagine, over the last few years, as the market has absorbed these volumes and Henry Hub has stayed flat and in fact, the forward curve is as low as it's ever been, and as flat as it's ever been. That is certainly reinforcing the advantages of Henry Hub. We have a range of long-term contracts that we are discussing, and we're very proud of what the team has achieved with the terms that you've seen from us that in recent history have ranged from 15 to 25 years.
In a lot of these discussions, as Jack said, one of the key issues that the customers were looking for was performance. They wanted to make sure that the gas quality was correct. They wanted to make sure that our systems work. They wanted to make sure that our shipping function could efficiently deliver these volumes all over the world. We've checked that box over the last two years over and over, and that, combined with all of the other tailwinds that we've discussed, is leading to a very robust level of activity.
Okay, great. As we think about, and you sort of alluded to this, the obviously very strong earnings you put up this quarter and thinking ahead to 2019, can you give us a sense of, as you're modeling it out, how much spot market exposure you might have relative to how you're tracking on completion of both train 5 and then the two Corpus trains relative to the Date of First Commercial Delivery? If you could also couple that with, this is a long question, some of the hedging that you disclosed last quarter and when you might have the exposure there.
Hey, Ted, it's Michael. I think you put it right in your note the other day that there's a lot of uncertainty in your model for next year, and there's a lot of uncertainty in our model, honestly. I think what we're likely to see is something like we just saw over this winter. We're going to have another huge hump of volumes starting when Bechtel's done. That could be first half of next year or a little earlier, and we'll just have to see how it plays out.
Yeah, we'll be exposed to those volumes. In terms of hedging, it's tough to do anything with them when you don't know if they're going to come or not. We'll just be back exposed to the spot price, and there'll be a lot of uncertainty until we get past that time.
All right. I think that's my two questions. Thank you.
We'll go next to Jeremy Tonet at J.P. Morgan.
Good morning.
Morning, Jeremy.
Thank you. I think you touched on it a bit already, but as far as the guide increase here, just wondering how much of this is based on what you've already captured, versus what you see over the balance of the year as far as EBITDA uplift. With the capacity that you guys have open over the balance of the year, could you just refresh us on how much you might look to lock in versus keep open in case market opportunities arise?
Hey, Jeremy. It's Michael again. Yeah, most of it was attributable to Q1. 50% of CMI's volume occurred in this quarter. As we look through the balance of the year, it's going to be pretty ratable, two or three cargoes a month. We don't want to get into the position of our book, but we like prices, so we've been putting a lot of that away. I wouldn't expect a whole lot of volatility for the balance of the year.
Great, thanks. With CQH, there was some announcements there, and I was just wondering if you could refresh us as far as how you think about that vehicle, given your current level of ownership and rights that you guys have owning over 90%.
I guess I'll just stick to the facts. We've been very patient in CQH and waiting for deals that we think made sense for our shareholders. We got an offer a few days ago that led to several others, and we were able to trade in size 21.5 million CQH shares in, and we did those deals at market at an exchange ratio that we thought made a lot of sense for our shareholders. That puts us at 92%. Again, just factually, we have a call right if we own more than 90% at either the highest price we paid over the past 90 days or market, the higher of those two. As we've been saying for two years, we have a preference to simplify. Anything beyond that, we wouldn't have a comment on right now.
Just procedurally, there's nothing stopping you at this point, though?
Well, I guess that depends. I wouldn't have any comment.
I'll stop there. Thank you very much.
We'll take our next question from Theresa Chen at Barclays.
I just wanted to make sure I understand some of the accounting that went on with the cargo boats that were on the water at least last year. I know it's different for CQP versus LNG, from the consolidated LNG perspective, the feed gas for the 43 TBTU was booked last quarter as a cost without any corresponding revenue, and the revenue was booked this quarter. Is that right?
Right. We were carrying, on a consolidated basis, inventory at the end of the quarter, which you would see, and that was just inventory on boats headed to their destination.
When we think about marketing, and how you're signing up the contracts there, are the contracts always priced off of Henry Hub, or are you selling any contracts that are indexed off?
Hey, Theresa. It's Anatol. Any term deals we would do are Henry Hub linked.
Thank you.
We'll take our next question from Matthew Phillips at Guggenheim.
Morning, guys. Follow up on earlier question on CMI and 2019. Obviously, a lot of potential cargoes there. You have some other projects starting up, both in the U.S. and elsewhere. What has been the general tenor of commercial discussions there in terms of buyers' willingness? Are they taking a wait-and-see attitude for 2019, especially from U.S. cargoes, or do you think that folks are pretty key into go ahead and secure supply?
I would say, Matt, in our prepared remarks, I think we gave you some indication that the winter of 2019 is pretty active and trading quite a bit. Supplies around the world are down. There's a lot of maintenance activity up in Europe and in other places. As you know, quite a few of the projects that were expected to come online in early 2019 have announced that they're not. I think it'll be a good year for Cheniere. Then I'll turn it over to Anatol.
Thanks, Matt. Thanks, Jack. We say internally that if you go back a couple of years, kind of A, the glut that never came, B, in the second quarter of 2016, the spreads were pretty tight, winter finally showed up. The 2016-2017 winter showed up in November and kind of never looked back. Last year, winter showed up in August, this year winter showed up in Q2. To Jack's point, with the rapid rebalancing that has been Asia demand driven and supply demand driven, we're seeing a very healthy environment. As Michael said a couple times, 2019, given the fact that on the operating plants, the SPAs have commenced, we do have a fair amount of uncertainty about
The timing of our and Bechtel's ultimate successes on the three remaining trains. Terming up those volumes is not a business that we want to get into.
Understood. Since you signed the CNPC deal, there's been a lot of market commentary about rising trade tensions with China. Is this something that you're seeing reflected at all in your discussions with buyers over there?
Matt, this is Jack, we're on the right side of those discussions because we're the solution. As far as the trade imbalance goes, over 45 cargoes from Sabine Pass have made it to China. In Q1, I think we had nine that made it to China. We would expect that to continue pretty robustly.
Understood. Thank you.
Thanks.
Our next question comes from Michael Webber at Wells Fargo Securities.
Hey, good morning, guys. How are you?
Morning.
Good. Good morning.
Jack, just wanted to follow up on a couple of the commercial questions. If you look at the active buyer pool and the kind of conversations you're having, it seems like globally there's a decent amount of maybe redundancy or bluster and a lot of maybe buyers that might not be serious this window, but might be looking kind of post 2025. Obviously a lot of buyers that are serious. If you kind of narrow down those conversations to guys that you would view as legit buyers that have a realistic view of assigning SPAs in the next six to 12 months, basically guys that are ready to swing the bat, how big is that pool right now? Just in terms of number of players and in terms of number of tons.
Yeah, I'm not going to go there with you, Michael, because as you know, it's a very competitive market. I can tell you, though, We don't differentiate the market the way you have as far as those that are serious and those that aren't. We're trying to make sure we're touching as many of the prospective customers that. As you know, there's 40 countries that have the capability to import LNG that we possibly can, and we're trying to design solutions for them both shorter-term, longer-term, medium-term. If they want it oil-based, we'll give it to them oil-based if we could hedge it out that far, so we're not taking undue risk. We're trying to be helpful and creative with our marketing products. I do think there's enough of a demand pull right now to help Cheniere grow significantly in the early days.
I don't think if you're asking me, do I think Corpus 3 is the next and only train? I don't think so. I think there's plenty to add.
No. Yeah, it would seem that way, certainly for Sabine 6 and beyond. I think maybe legitimacy is the wrong term. Maybe urgency would be a better framework for just how big the pool of buyers is around something if it gets on in the next year. I can follow up offline.
Okay.
Okay. I guess as a follow-up, and this is for, I guess, you or even Michael. Just given the fact that you've got a bigger prop percentage associated with CC3, at least today, than other trains. It just seems like global prop books in general are going to start inching up, especially as some new projects come online. It's going to become a bigger part of the market and the global story. I'm curious, when you're looking at those on a long-term basis, and I guess, Michael, on a long-term budgeting basis, certainly on a financing basis, where's your head at right now in terms of where you think kind of long-term throughput or utilization should be on per ton, maybe on a prop book?
I know it's a difficult question, it's just becoming more and more relevant, I think, as we look at some of the economics long term.
Michael, just so I'm clear on your question, you're asking about how much exposure we want to the spot market off of a train, or?
Yeah. Overall, if you're looking at these on a 30-year basis when you're budgeting, are you budgeting in 80% utilization on your prop book? It's both a function of, I guess, what you would want and then what you could get, right? If I think back to we'd have a different view of your prop book than we do today. I'm just curious how you think about that from a long-term budgeting perspective.
Well, yeah, from an investment perspective, we have seven or eight boxes we're trying to check before we go to our board with a project. One of them is de-risking some level of return on a contracted basis. We're not trying to sell X% on a train. We're really trying to just make a minimum level of money on a contracted basis, irrespective of throughput, right? Because we get paid. That turned out on train three to end up at a million and a half tons open. What do we think our utilization on that's going to be? High. In this market, 100%, 105%. To the extent we can contract that on a long-term basis and de-risk it, I really don't care about throughput.
Given where Henry is and worldwide LNG prices are and our competitors' cost to build, this thing ought to run at very high rates for a long period of time.
Yeah.
We don't rely on that from an investment decision, okay?
Sure.
Just to finish that.
Sure. Yeah. No, sure. I guess the question is, have you had enough time to kind of evolve kind of a longer-term view of where that utilization rate would be?
Michael, I guess, this is Anatol. From my vantage point, as Michael said, there have been
Discussions about the U.S. market being the global capacitor for LNG on the water, we simply don't see that. We think that Henry is going to be so advantaged that we will be fully dispatched, and we'll have the ability to capture margin on anything that the plants can produce.
Got you. Okay, that's helpful. Thanks, Jack.
Thanks.
We'll go next to Craig Shere at Tuohy Brothers.
Good morning, congratulations on a great quarter. Do you see potential for completing the CQH buy-in helping to tee up discussions around the CQP IDR? Given your improving LNG level and even CQP level cash flow outlook with $3 liquefaction and the money now even in the shoulder seasons, do you see increased flexibility around contracting the tenor of Sabine Train 6 ?
Well, it's Michael. I guess I'll go first on the first part. I guess they're mutually exclusive, right? What we do with CQH has nothing to do with what we might or might not do with CQP. They're both simplification opportunities at the right price. The tenor piece? What was the second part of your question, Craig?
Well, basically, obviously, we've had a lot of discussion, including prepared comments about the widening spot market and improving spreads. Pardon me. Given the improving cash flow and market outlook, if you think about contracting out Sabine Train 6 , do you see more flexibility on tenor? In other words, we don't need 20, 25-year contracts to be the majority of it.
No, I guess they're different. As I said earlier, we're trying to de-risk the project with contracts, that kind of happens irrespective of spot market pricing. Now, to the extent we do that and we're making a lot of money in the spot market, it allows us to put a lot more equity into the project, which we don't have a problem doing. I guess those would be kind of independent variables as well.
Okay. My last question. Anatol, we've heard about increasing overseas storage investment, particularly in China. Have you noticed this trend, and do you think that that could lead to higher shoulder season pricing but more controlled wintertime spikes?
Good question, Craig. China is clearly investing in underground storage. It is on track to have somewhere between 0.4 and 0.5 TCF of working gas, which is not a very big number. One of the shots across the bow for the China infrastructure in general was how tight things were as this coal to gas shift occurred. One of the things that they had a tough time with was they actually didn't have the opportunity to refill storage last off-season. This will help. It'll help smooth out utilization across its infrastructure and can certainly help to mitigate some of the operational challenges that they've had where they've had to resort to running import facilities at 200% plus of utilization. I think that will help ultimately to flatten the curve like we have Henry.
It takes a lot more storage than at this point I think China can economically add.
Thanks for the color.
We'll go next to Alex Kenney at Wolfe Research.
Hi. Thanks very much. This may be a little bit of a follow-up from the previous question, but just given the improved marketing margins that you had on the first quarter and then the kind of more robust expectations going forward and in terms of what that means for use of cash, would it be fair to think that you may want to be maybe leaning towards maybe being a little more equity heavy in financing Corpus 3? Or is that maybe more of a general comment for future trains?
Yeah, both. To the extent we've targeted 50% debt to equity. That's where we'll get to on Train 3. If we could do even a little less on Train 6, we should. We have plenty of debt. We're levered at the right level, but if we could come under those targets in periods of strong markets, that's okay too.
Okay.
The returns are really attractive, so we think it makes sense to put equity into these projects.
Makes sense. Okay. I guess a question for Jack. Just thinking of this more broadly, the strategic value of Cheniere's business seems to be getting better. There's a lot of large energy companies that we've been seeing that seem to be pretty interested in the kind of integrated natural gas kind of story. I was just kind of wondering what your latest thoughts are just with respect to M&A in this environment relative to maybe what you have left to do on your own and the opportunity set that you see.
That's a good question. I think overall, globally, it's a very fragmented market, the whole LNG space. There are quite a few owners that don't seem to have our capabilities to monetize because of their business strategy was more of a tolling strategy rather than a full-service strategy. I don't know. We'll have to see. As you know, the interest rates are going up. Access to capital is going to get a lot more difficult, we'll just have to see if these robust energy prices around the world stay for the long term.
Great. Thanks so much.
We'll move next to Julien Dumoulin-Smith at Bank of America Merrill Lynch.
Hey, good morning, team.
Good morning, Julien. How are you?
Good. It's a pleasure. It's been a little bit. I wanted to cut in if I can, coming back to the CMI side and talk about the relationship with SP6. How much incremental contracting could you be doing out of the CMI side to support the SP6 effort? I.e., providing contracts that start before the in-service of SP6. Just trying to get a sense of the total opportunity set.
Yeah. Julien, just for clarity, we're not passing anything up. We're engaged on all fronts and with all customers. I feel very good at what we've been able to do so far this year with the SPAs that we've signed. I'm hopeful that we're going to continue to get our market share.
Yeah. Julien, this is Anatol. If your question was along the lines of, you guys have this CMI portfolio, you have these trades operating, does that help you in discussions with customers for term offtake? The fact that we can execute today and provide these early volumes is absolutely a distinguishing factor. That is one of the reasons why we have had the successes in recent history. We absolutely will leverage the portfolio we have today to have more term offtake, and as Michael said earlier, and reload the portfolio with more infrastructure that is paid for by those term commitments. That's absolutely a key leg to the marketing stool.
Thank you. That was exactly what I was after. If I could clarify a little bit, how much of an opportunity is there, i.e., would you expect that through the contracting of SP6, that you would largely, call it, quote-unquote, "use up" whatever latitude you have in providing more of a term product? Could you quantify the volumetric opportunity there?
There have been a couple of questions about the volumetric opportunity globally, I guess our summary statement on that is it's as robust as we've seen it in a couple of years. Remember, a couple of years ago, as there was relatively little activity, one of the arguments was, hey, there's going to be this glut through the mid-2020s. Our retort was, hey, it's really going to be through the early 2020s. By the way, it takes four years to build a train. Now we're sitting in the middle of 2018. The glut didn't occur, a lot of the term legacy contracts are rolling off over the coming three to five years. The level of activity is very healthy. We have a very large portfolio in Cheniere Marketing International today. It'll be even larger, obviously, as we get Train 3 done at Corpus.
That will add volume to the Cheniere Marketing International book, if you will. We have millions of tons that we can leverage into many millions of tons as we build Train 9 and thereafter. To give you a specific number, that I can't share with you.
Got it. Jack, just curious, now taking the helm here, how do you think about looking beyond SP6 here? Just kind of curious as you've checked the latest or about to check the latest box with CC3.
Julien, I'm about ready to celebrate my two-year anniversary here at Cheniere, I'm appreciative that you said I've just taken the helm, but it's been a little while. I'm a little seasoned. We positioned ourselves to continue to expand at our sites. When we ran our SWOT analysis, the real weakness we had was real estate, and we've solved that at both sites with additional real estate. I am very optimistic about our ability to continue to expand our sites and leverage the infrastructure that we already have built.
Nothing third party.
Nothing third party. At this point, no.
Thank you.
Okay.
We'll move next to Ben Nolan at Stifel.
Yeah, thanks. Good quarter, guys. I want to follow up on a few things related to Corpus Christi, specifically. I know earlier you'd said that currently you're still, in terms of long-term contracts, marketing everything against Henry Hub. As more and more gas is coming from the Permian, it appears to be at a discount to Henry Hub. Have you considered doing any WAHA-based contracts? Ultimately, along those lines, how much pipeline capacity do you have committed, or would you envision having committed, to be able to access that Permian gas?
Thanks, Ben. It's Anatol. I'll take that one. As you can appreciate, we are today the largest physical sink, if you will, for gas in U.S. and Canada. We work tirelessly with producers, infrastructure providers, even marketers alike, to find the most attractive molecules. What we offer those producers in the case of Corpus is a very large, very ratable and very transparent NYMEX market and fully expect a lot of infrastructure and a lot of debottlenecking to point those molecules to this route. As you know, Waha is quite volatile and as a basis is a nice point of price discovery. Just for reference, Cal 20, I think, has moved $0.70 over the last month or so.
The infrastructure providers are more than happy to find solutions that are in the $0.50-$0.70 range to get that gas to a market. We will be that market in size, transparently and reliably for all, if you will. Okay, that's helpful. To that end, as it does seem like there's an awful lot of gas that will be coming from that region, could you maybe update me on where you stand with respect to the FERC process for the expansion of Corpus Christi and how that's coming? You're referring to stage 3, as we call it, in particular. Yeah for train 3? Yeah. We have a pre-filing in place, and we are looking for the right solution to update the FERC and have a full filing in front of it. Okay.
Nothing, I guess, notably or incrementally other than sort of what you'd already kind of said and done in that front. Correct. Okay. All right. Thanks, guys.
We'll go next to Fotis Giannakoulis at Morgan Stanley.
Yes. Hi, gentlemen, and thank you. I would like to ask you, based on your global demand estimates and what you see from different projections, what is the liquefaction capacity that is going to be required by 2025, particularly from the U.S.? How much of this capacity Cheniere is able to provide? You already have Corpus Christi 3 and Sabine 6 and the mid-scale. Is this the maximum, this nine additional million tons that you can provide by 2025, or you can expand even further?
No. Fotis, I have to tell you, we spent a lot of time looking at the demand side of the global LNG market, and I'll have Anatol fill you in on where we think that demand shortfall is going to be out. It keeps moving in closer to 2021 or 2022. No, I don't view having a FERC permit as being a constraint to us and our growth potential. I don't know if there's anybody that will give you what they think the U.S. LNG market is going to get from the next sliver of demand. I think it's going to be a very competitive market worldwide, and there's a lot of expansion opportunities worldwide that are going to make this a very competitive market going forward. Anatol, what's the demand number? Yeah. Thanks, Fotis.
You picked a bit of a tricky year with 2025, right? Let me say it this way. By 2030, our math is the world needs about 150 million tons of additional supply. As you know, beyond the 10 Bs or so that are operating and under construction, there's another 10 that the U.S. has that's fully permitted, including, of course, our trains. We will be about half of the U.S. capacity. We expect to continue that market share and continue to grow. Beyond the Corpus expansion, if your question is can we do more than the 9 million tons at Corpus stage 3, we fully expect that by 2025 we could. As Jack said, we have the real estate at both sides to continue to follow on that trajectory. We think U.S. is dispatched. We think U.S. growth is dispatched.
We will compete effectively with a number of other projects globally. As Jack said, there are a number of projects that we also expect to be in the supply portfolio by the middle of next decade.
Thank you, Anatol. Thank you, Jack. One follow-up. The cost of this additional capacity from the additional real estate that you have secured, do you expect to be comparable to Sabine 6 and Corpus Christi 3, around $500 per ton? There are going to be additional expenses?
Yeah. Fotis, I don't think we've guided to that yet. You're going to have to wait and see. We will be extremely competitive with the worldwide LNG providers.
Thank you very much, gentlemen.
Perfect.
We'll go to our next question from Ryan Levine at Citi.
Good morning. Can you provide color on a timeline to construct the mid-scale train at Corpus once it would receive FID?
A timeline? On all of our discussions with our EPC contractor for the mid-scale opportunity, which was KBR, I believe it's 39 months-42 months.
After FID. Very similar to a large ConocoPhillips train, which is around 42-45 months.
Okay, thanks. Did any of the recent CQH purchases have a cash component? If so, what was the highest cash price paid by Cheniere in the last 90 days?
It was all equity.
All equity. Okay, that's not relevant for a data point for the CQH buy-in?
Reckon. Go ahead.
All right, thank you.
Yeah.
We'll go next to Sunil Sibal at Seaport Global.
Yeah. Hi, good morning, guys, and congrats on a great quarter and solid progress on the trains under construction. I just had a quick question regarding some of the news flow about your agreements with U.S. safety regulators regarding some issue with the LNG tank gauge at Sabine Pass. Could you tell us where do you stand on that? I understand there are no operational impact so far, but how should we think about any potential operational aspect, optional impact at Sabine Pass from that? Lastly, how does that incorporate it into your SPAs?
Well, thank you. As you may or may not know, at Sabine, since it's a regas terminal also, the amount of tank storage is about double of any normal LNG facility, liquefaction facility around the U.S. There's been no operational impacts to the tank issue that we experienced during freezing temperatures. We don't expect any going forward. Unfortunately, the situation got a lot more press and news than it should have. We pride ourselves in running a very safe operation. There was definitely a misunderstanding between ourselves and the regulators in how we were going to work and work together. I feel very good that we've worked through those issues. I feel good that in the short term, one of the tanks will be back in service. Longer term, our tank 3 needs a little bit of repair work.
We're hopeful that within a matter of months, that one will be back in service also. We hope that we've learned and the regulators have learned about us, and we can work together going forward.
Got it. Thanks for that. My follow-up was with regard to your operational capacity with the 4.5 nameplate. I think last year at the Analyst Day, you had bracketed a range of that. I was just wondering now that you've kind of got one more year of operational experience under your belt, is there kind of any update to that range that you provided us last year?
We haven't updated it yet. The range we gave was 4.3 to 4.5. 4.3. I'm sorry.
4.6.
4.6. That's an annual range that is based, an annualized range based over 20 years of operation. What we did there was we took our total production over the 20 years with our maintenance cycles and with an unforeseen outage rate, then back calculated what the effective rate should be of those trains to help you all with your modeling. There's going to be a lot of variability in those numbers. If you're watching the feed gas rates, you know that we have far exceeded those numbers on most days. We'll have maintenance that we'll need to do. Some of the trains will come down for scheduled maintenance, and some will come up, and there'll be some variability in that number.
We haven't guided to a new 20-year production number at this point that's different than the 4.3 to 4.6.
Got it. Thanks, guys.
Okay.
We'll take our next question from Pavel Molchanov at Raymond James.
Thanks for taking the question. You've covered a lot of ground on the demand side, particularly in marketing. Zeroing in on Argentina and Mexico specifically in both of those markets, there is a lot of government push for boosting domestic gas supply. I'm curious if you're seeing any potential softening of LNG imports in either of those geographies.
Thanks, Pavel. It's Anatol. Two very different dynamics. I would say in Mexico, which as you know, has been our largest market, I fully expect that to moderate. That's not a function of domestic production growth. That is a function of pipeline infrastructure being built and the ultimate demand. The single biggest driver of demand growth in Mexico has been domestic gas decline, and that is one that will not go below zero, right? That as a demand driver will go away. Infrastructure will come up. Argentina, you know as well as we do what is going on there from a domestic supply push standpoint. A lot of regulatory changes, a lot of activity, ultimately, I expect Vaca Muerta to be productive but have only a marginal impact on Argentina's overall supply-demand balance over the next decade.
Okay. That's helpful. Any initial thoughts on what the steel and aluminum tariff might have an impact on the cost of whether it's CC3 or any additional trains that you're contemplating?
Hey, it's Michael. Talking to our E&C guys in Bechtel, we don't know the final answer yet, but as we map it out, in worst case, it's very low single-digit impacts. Think 2% to 3%.
Okay. Understood. Appreciate it.
Well, thank you all. Thanks for your interest in Cheniere, we appreciate all of your support.
That does conclude today's conference. Again, thank you for your participation.