Welcome to Natera's 2018 fourth quarter financial results conference call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. Following management's prepared remarks, we will host a question and answer session. To ask a question at that time, press star followed by one on your touchtone telephone. If anyone has difficulty hearing the conference, please press star zero for operator assistance. As a reminder, this conference call is being recorded today, March 12th, 2019. I would now like to turn the conference over to Michael Brophy, Chief Financial Officer. Please go ahead.
Thanks, operator. Good afternoon. Thank you for joining our conference call to discuss the results of our fourth quarter and full year 2018. Also on the line is Steve Chapman, our CEO, Bob Schueren, Chief Operating Officer, Solomon Moshkevich, General Manager of Oncology and Transplants, and Matt Rabinowitz, Executive Chairman. Today's conference call is being broadcast live via webcast. We will be referring to a slide presentation that has been posted to investor.natera.com. A replay of the call will also be available at investor.natera.com.
During the course of the conference call, we will make forward-looking statements regarding future events and our anticipated future performance, such as our operational and financial guidance for the full year 2019, our assumptions for that guidance, market size, partnerships, clinical studies, opportunities and strategies, and expectations for various current and future products, including product capabilities, expected release dates, and related effects on our financial and operating results. We caution you that such statements reflect our best judgment based on factors currently known to us and that actual events or results could differ materially. Please refer to the documents we file from time to time with the SEC, including our most recent Form 10-Q and the Form 8-K filed with today's press release. Those documents identify important risks and other factors that may cause our actual results to differ from those contained in the forward-looking statements.
Forward-looking statements made during the call are being made as of today. If this call is replayed or reviewed after today, the information presented during the call may not contain current or accurate information. Natera disclaims any obligation to update or to revise any forward-looking statements. We will provide guidance on today's call, but will not provide any further guidance or updates on our performance during the quarter unless we do so in a public forum. We will quote a number of numeric or growth changes as we discuss our financial performance, and unless otherwise noted, each such reference represents a year-on-year comparison. Now I'd like to turn the call over to Steve.
Great. Thanks, Mike. Good afternoon, everyone, and thanks for joining us. I will cover our recent highlights and progress since we last spoke in November, and Mike will provide additional detail on our financial progress. As Mike mentioned, we will be referring to slides that were just posted at investor.natera.com. Before we jump into recent highlights, I'll revisit the three goals that we spoke about at the JP Morgan conference in January. We think Natera can drive significant value for shareholders in the near term by executing on these three core objectives. First, we want to extend our leadership position in reproductive health and get to cash flow break even. Continued volume growth, combined with a roughly $200 gross profit per unit would get us there, which we think is achievable. Second, we need to deliver rapid revenue growth in our oncology business.
We've generated a lot of compelling data so far, and this year we expect that to translate into meaningful revenue from pharmaceutical companies. Finally, we need to pass key inflection points in our organ transplant business by commercializing our tests and gaining Medicare coverage, continuing our success from 2018, where we completed all of our stated milestones. We will spend more time on these goals throughout the call. Let me now move on to a summary of our recent highlights on the next slide. On volumes and revenues, we processed roughly 669,000 tests in 2018, which represents a company record of 30% year-on-year growth versus 2017. We processed over 174,000 tests in the fourth quarter, including processing over 119,000 Panorama tests and accessioning more than 46,000 Horizon tests. We're very pleased with this rapid volume growth. Revenue growth also roughly tracked our volumes.
We generated total revenues of $67 million in the quarter, up 29% versus Q4 of 2017. In oncology, we think 2019 can be an inflection point for the business, as we are seeing the market for minimal residual disease testing and solid cancer starting to take off. We just announced a $50 million partnership with BGI Genomics to bring Signatera to China, and we are outperforming our pharma contracting target. We said on our last call that we expect to end 2018 with pharma contracts valued at $8 million. We ended up beating that goal by closing the year 2018 with $9.1 million in total contracted value.
We expect the cumulative contract value to hit $40 million-$50 million by the end of 2019, driven by an increasing interest in MRD and molecular monitoring, where we believe that Natera is poised to emerge as a leader with our unique personalized approach. We also presented our breast cancer data at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, demonstrating Signatera's ability to detect molecular recurrence up to two years in advance of imaging. Our performance in breast cancer was similar to the excellent results we published in lung, bladder, and colon cancer last year. We've now analyzed roughly 3,000 plasma samples across 18 different cancer types. Consistent results like these helped us to secure the $50 million partnership with BGI to commercialize Signatera in China and to extend our rapid growth in pharma services. We're making great progress towards our goal of delivering meaningful revenue in oncology.
We're also rapidly achieving milestones in our transplant business. Earlier this year, we announced a co-marketing partnership with One Lambda, a division of Thermo Fisher. In this deal, Natera and One Lambda will both market our tests on a co-exclusive basis in the United States. We also published our analytical and clinical validity studies in top peer-reviewed journals. The results highlighted the power of our core technology, showing superior analytical performance characteristics underpinning exceptional clinical test performance in screening for active rejection. Having achieved all of our stated milestones in 2018, we are on track to commercialize and obtain Medicare coverage in 2019. I will cover each of these topics in more detail in a few minutes. With that summary, let me walk through the key topics in each of these areas. The first component of our reproductive health strategy is to continue to grow volume at a rapid pace.
This slide shows the full year progression over the last few years in our business. We doubled our growth rate in 2018 to 30% off a much bigger unit base. I think this speaks to our core competitive advantages in women's health, our technology, and our direct sales channel. While you hear about a lot of NIPT competition in the field, what hasn't really changed is that there are two primary technologies available for NIPT: Natera's SNP-based technology and the shotgun sequencing method used by most others. Most of our major competitors are using the same shotgun sequencing method approach that we've successfully competed against in the past and where we have clear technological and clinical performance advantages. In addition, our direct OB-GYN sales channel continues to be a source of strength.
We've got a very stable, long-tenured team relative to the industry, and we are focused solely on this premium segment genetic testing sale. Given the strength of our technology and our commercial footprint, we are well-positioned to ride the wave of increased adoption that we expect to result from future average risk NIPT expansion. We think the average-risk market, which is 3.3 million pregnancies, is only about 15%-20% penetrated today. As this market expands, we have an opportunity to grow volume from our existing customers that don't routinely order average-risk NIPT today. Our patient mix has remained at roughly 40% high risk and 60% average risk. We think this could shift dramatically as our existing clients adapt their practice patterns in the future, driving significant volume growth.
In addition, we expect to capture new accounts from physicians converting from maternal serum screening to NIPT and through continued competitive wins. We plan to be on the front foot in capturing more market share, so we are expanding our commercial efforts further in 2019 to help maintain and grow our leadership position. The second component of our reproductive health strategy is to improve the average selling price. ASPs were stable in the quarter, and Mike will touch on how we expect the ASP to track going forward later in the call. We see average-risk coverage being a significant driver of our future ASP, and we have been encouraged by recent policy adoptions from Blue Cross Blue Shield of Tennessee, Minnesota, North Carolina, and North Dakota, in addition to the recent approval from five state Medicaid programs.
Annualizing our Q4 volumes, we estimate the value of average-risk coverage would be worth roughly $60 million in revenue and cash flow from the tests we already run at an illustrative $450 ASP. Although we don't control the timing, we continue to believe there will be progress in average risk this year and expect to see some of the upside coming during the second half of 2019. The final component of our strategy in reproductive health is to lower the cost of goods sold. In Q4, our COGS per unit improved again to $263 per unit. We've continued to make steady progress. Based on specific funded projects already underway, we think we can make significant progress in 2019 toward our longer-term goal of getting COGS below $200 per unit.
As you can see from the right half of the slide, if we can get to the $200 per unit mark, the incremental savings from our current blended COGS would generate roughly $40 million in additional gross profit and free cash flow using Q4 annualized volumes. Together, the impact of average-risk coverage and our planned COGS improvements could be worth up to $100 million in gross profit and cash flow on an annualized basis. Our plan is to continue growing volume, driving average-risk coverage, and reducing costs to get us to cash flow breakeven in the reproductive health business. Switching gears now to oncology and our goal to deliver rapid revenue growth for this business. We were very pleased to announce a $50 million partnership with BGI to leverage their extensive reach and operations to bring Signatera to the Chinese market.
We believe China represents a very large clinical testing opportunity, and we also expect this partnership to support the adoption of Signatera into pharma-sponsored clinical trials in China. This may give us an advantage with global pharma customers running trials in China, since Chinese law prohibits the export of patient blood samples overseas. BGI already enjoys a significant leadership position in genetic testing in China. For example, last year, they performed more than 1 million cell-free DNA tests. This partnership with BGI strengthens our oncology franchise, expands our reach in reproductive health in select markets, and may reduce COGS in our lab. Many of you will recall that we entered into a partnership with QIAGEN early last year and that we have a 10-year supply agreement with Illumina. This new partnership with BGI doesn't change the plans we have in place with our other partners.
Offering our content on a range of sequencing platforms remains part of our long-term strategy, both expanding our commercial reach and providing the opportunity to lower our COGS. The financial terms of the deal consist of $35 million in upfront licensing fees and prepaid royalties, plus $15 million in future milestone payments to Natera. In addition, Natera will receive ongoing royalties on the sale of tests. Natera will prepay $6 million for sequencing services to BGI and prepay $4 million to another supplier. Overall, including near-term milestones, we expect a net of $30 million cash inflow in 2019 related to this deal. This transaction is subject to customary closing conditions. In addition to the BGI deal, our Signatera commercial effort continues to accelerate. We started 2018 with just a few hundred thousand dollars in signed Signatera pharma services contracts.
You can see our evolution from initial pilot studies to now signing several prospective clinical trials with leading pharmaceutical companies. The bars on the page represent the total contracted value, which is the amount of revenue we would expect to recognize over time from signed deals based on the pricing and the test volume specified in each contract. We generally expect most signed deals to translate to recognized revenue over roughly 12 to 36 months, depending on how long it takes for prospective clinical trials to enroll patients, among other factors. I mentioned at the top of the call that we believe 2019 can be an inflection year for Signatera. We believe we can secure signed pharma contracts with a cumulative value of $40 million to $50 million by the end of 2019.
This is a major step forward for our business and sets us up for significant revenue growth as we execute against these signed agreements. On the clinical side of the oncology business, we have inbound demand from patients and physicians who want to test for recurrence. With the CLIA launch planned for Q2, we will begin to serve the U.S. and international markets. Our commercial investment will remain largely focused on the pharma business until we secure reimbursement with Medicare and commercial payers. We have previously estimated the market opportunity in MRD and molecular monitoring to be north of $12 billion. We believe Natera is poised to take a significant share of this market given our unique personalized approach. Shifting gears now to transplant.
There are two critical milestones that will allow us to reach a tipping point for this business, commercialization of our assay and securing Medicare coverage, both of which we think we can hit in 2019. On commercialization, we're off to a great start with the partnership we signed with One Lambda, Thermo Fisher earlier this year. One Lambda is a global leader in HLA and antibody monitoring assays, and therefore has longstanding relationships with most of the largest transplant centers in the U.S. We will be able to leverage their commercial infrastructure to accelerate our entry into this new market. This deal will complement our planned direct sales effort that we will be pursuing in parallel. We kicked off the collaboration at last month's CEoT conference and are looking forward to having a joint presence at the American Transplant Congress, along with other efforts planned for this year.
Turning to our technology and performance. Natera enters the organ transplantation field as a leader and expert in cell-free DNA testing, having spent more than a decade optimizing our molecular biology and bioinformatic techniques and having performed over 1.5 million commercial cell-free DNA tests. This expertise has resulted in measurable and significant advantages in assay performance. We just published on our analytical validation results in the journal *Transplantation* describing the performance of our assay. The reported precision of our test was particularly strong, with repeatability up to five times better than others. The fundamental point here is if you believe donor-derived cell-free DNA is a useful biomarker, Natera has a more precise and reliable tool for measuring that biomarker. We expect this precision advantage to apply in renal as well as other organ types whenever donor-derived cell-free DNA is measured.
The superior analytical performance we published helps explain why our clinical performance data was so strong. Our published clinical validation was two times larger than other studies, and the data showed a better overall area under the curve, superior detection of T-cell-mediated rejection, and the ability to detect subclinical rejection where there are no other clinical signs. Transplant physicians are responding very positively thus far to our analytical and clinical data, which together put us in a good position to execute on our goal of commercialization and achieving Medicare coverage in 2019. Let me walk through the reimbursement timeline more specifically. This slide is the same roadmap we showed you on our last two earnings calls. We've now accomplished all of our objectives for 2018.
We completed our analytical and clinical validations, completed our pre-submission meeting with Medicare, obtained a unique Z code for our test, and formally submitted our dossier at the end of 2018. We are very pleased with our progress, and at this stage, we remain on track to obtain Medicare coverage and launch in 2019. To frame the commercial opportunity here in more concrete terms, we estimate the market opportunity for donor-derived cell-free DNA testing in kidney transplant rejection to be roughly $2 billion. While using a cell-free test to screen for rejection is a relatively new concept, we are encouraged that physicians are adopting a protocol where patients receive testing up to seven times in the first year, when the risk of rejection is highest, and then quarterly thereafter.
The adoption of cell-free DNA testing has been very encouraging, and given the strong clinical performance of our test, we think we can compete very well. Given that the market is estimated to be less than 5% penetrated, there's a lot of greenfield opportunity out there for us. To lay out a few scenarios for what this launch might mean for our business, if you assume 20,000 new patients per year and a protocol of seven tests in the first year, and then quarterly thereafter for the next two years, you could see a range of annual revenues that would be achieved at a price point and market penetration rates that we believe are achievable based on market precedent.
Even with relatively modest product adoption, we think the transplant business can be a very significant contributor of high-margin revenues to our overall business in the next two to three years. We are very encouraged by the opportunity ahead of us in reproductive health, oncology, and transplant. With that, let me hand the call over to Mike to review our financial performance. Mike?
Thanks, Steve. To summarize our results from the quarter. The results for the quarter and the full year crossed the wire this afternoon. For brevity on the call today, I'm going to focus on the key points of the Q4 results. As a reminder, the results from Q4 of 2017 have been restated under ASC 606, in which revenues are recognized on an accrued basis, the face of the financials are apples to apples in the filing that crossed the wire today. Our fourth quarter total revenues were $67 million compared to $52 million for the fourth quarter of 2017. This growth was driven by volumes, as Steve described. Gross margins were 36% in the quarter, compared to 29% in the same period of the prior year.
Panorama revenues for the quarter were $36 million compared to $30.9 million in the fourth quarter of 2017, an increase of approximately $5.1 million. Horizon revenues for the quarter were $23.9 million compared to $16.1 million for the fourth quarter of 2017, an increase of approximately $7.8 million, driven by both volume growth and shifts in product mix. Total operating expenses for the fourth quarter were roughly $54 million compared to $62 million in Q4 of 2017. At the close of the quarter, the company held approximately $158.5 million in cash and equivalents, compared to $170 million as of September 30th, 2018. As of December 31st, 2018, we held a net carrying amount of $73.4 million under our seven-year term $125 million debt facility with OrbiMed Advisors and had drawn down $50.2 million, including accrued interest under the $50 million line of credit in place with UBS.
Turning to our future outlook, we expect 2019 total revenues of $275 million-$302 million, gross margins to be 35%-41%, selling general and administrative costs to be $180 million-$190 million, research and development costs to be approximately $60 million-$65 million, and our cash burn to be approximately $80 million-$100 million. This guidance assumes we will maintain our leadership position in women's health with continued volume growth. Steve talked about some of the drivers to ASP in the medium and long term, which we think are positive. For the 2019 guide, though, we've made an effort to be conservative on pricing assumptions, particularly in the first half of the year. The guide presumes an uptick in the factors that affect the % of times on which we get reimbursed, like prior authorization policies that we've described in the past.
We don't think these factors are permanent and that there is scope for ultimately getting reimbursed on some of these tests on appeal, but we don't plan to accrue these claims as revenue immediately in 2019. You've seen some of the successes on getting reimbursed during 2018 on older claims, and we continue to optimize our efforts in that area. On the positive side, Steve talked about our confidence in getting broader reimbursement on average risk NIPT, and the guide presumes steady improvement in average risk NIPT reimbursement in the second half of the year. On the revenue from new businesses, we are presuming steady growth and steady, stable pricing in our core blood business, and Steve talked about the goal for total value of contracted business for Signatera of $40 million-$50 million.
For any given deal we sign with a pharmaceutical company, we expect that contracted value of the deal to translate to revenues over the course of roughly 12 to 36 months as we run the samples from the clinical trial, as Steve described. We don't have revenues from transplant in the guide, but we remain on track with our original target to launch and get Medicare reimbursement by the end of the year. The guidance assumes a successful close of the BGI deal, and it includes the $30 million in cash inflow that Steve described, but it excludes any upfront revenue recognition from the BGI deal. We are evaluating that and will provide another update on our Q1 call in May.
The gross margin guide takes into account the volumes and pricing comments above and also presumes we make steady progress in reductions to cost of goods sold per unit that Steve described earlier in the call. The next slide breaks down an estimate of our operating expenses by business, reproductive health, oncology, and transplant. We wanted to break this down to give you a clearer sense of the investments we are making in each area. The reproductive health effort supports our sales channel and includes roughly $4 million this year for the SMART Trial, which we think is key for future microdeletions reimbursement, and that spend should be winding down after 2019. The majority of the additional spend assigned to the reproductive health business is focused on reducing cost of goods sold.
Projects like planned improvements to our carrier screening workflows and additional automation, and algorithm improvements that take advantage of recent advances in AI to improve performance and reduce the amount of sequencing required to generate a result, and of course, supporting alternate sequencing platforms like the effort we announced with QIAGEN last year and BGI this year. Our oncology effort is already paying dividends, as you can see from the BGI deal announcement and the rapid growth in the value of signed contracts we've signed with pharmaceutical companies. In 2019, we plan to support BGI's development effort and drive further adoption with pharmaceutical companies by launching the CLIA version of Signatera. We've gotten to this point in the Signatera launch with just a few people selling to pharma companies, and we are expanding that team to roughly 10 people.
We are going to be conservative about offering the test in a clinical setting before we have a clear path to reimbursement. We are planning to launch targeted clinical trials in selected indications where we feel the health economics and unmet need are compelling. We'll launch those in 2019 before growing clinical volumes meaningfully. Finally, in transplant. We are doing the work to launch the test commercially with an efficient direct sales and marketing effort that will complement our work with One Lambda. To summarize, we're on the front foot in reproductive health and think we can unlock up to $100 million in cash flow from expected average risk expansion and COGS projects as Steve described, and that's just from our existing volumes.
Given that, our trajectory in pharma and the near-term milestones we expect in transplant, we intend to put our foot on the gas to capitalize on these opportunities. Now I'd like to open the line for questions. Operator?
Thank you, sir. Ladies and gentlemen, at this time, if you would like to ask a question over the phone, please press star then the one on your telephone keypad. If your questions have been answered or wish to remove yourself from the queue, simply press the pound key. Our first question will come from the line of Bill Quirk with Piper Jaffray. Your line is now open.
Great. Thanks, good afternoon, everybody.
Hey, Bill.
Hey, Bill. How you doing?
Good. I guess first question, Mike, you kind of alluded to it a little bit in some of your comments regarding timing of taking those oncology orders and turning those into revenue. Could you give us a little extra color on your breakdown expectations for the big categories, things like Panorama, Horizon, I think if I heard you right on oncology, it's probably going to be something like a $3 million-$4 million 2019 expectation?
Yeah. I want to just keep the guide to the total revenue, Bill, like we've always done. I feel like when you give more detail, it just actually introduces more complexity and makes life harder for everyone. I think it's simpler to kind of stick to that kind of total revenue guide. It's fair to say that if you look at past years, the vast majority of that revenue has come from Horizon and Panorama. I don't think the percentage of revenue is going to be dramatically different than what you've seen in past years. We will have a material amount of revenue coming from oncology, and it's going to come on that waterfall that you start with contracted revenue as the beginning of that kind of revenue recognition waterfall.
As we said on the call, kind of cascades 12-36 months from there to actual revenue recognition. Finally on transplant, there's nothing in the guide for transplant revenues, just given our expected launch timing.
Understood. Just I guess a clarifying question. With respect to the cash burn forecast, is that inclusive of the net $30 million that you expect to have-
Yeah
from BGI or is that-
No, that does include the cash. That contemplates the cash we're getting from BGI.
Understood. Okay. Got it. I guess just on transplant, given that you got your draft LCD in here before the end of the year, presumably we should have some sort of update, I would think, by the end of March. Is that the right way to think about it, guys? Obviously there's an open comment period and then we'll get some sort of final documentation from Palmetto, call it late summer, early fall. Is that the timeline you're looking at as well?
Yeah, roughly. I think we're engaged with Palmetto and in discussions when the local coverage decisions are released, there's an opportunity for us to participate there. Then from there it will follow the standard cycle as you outlined.
Okay. Got it. Thanks, guys.
Thanks, Bill.
Thank you. Our next question will come from the line of Catherine Schulte with Baird. Your line is now open.
Hey, guys. Thanks for the question. With the One Lambda partnership, how are you going to divide the commercialization responsibilities between your team and One Lambda? How should we think about this in terms of incremental feet on the street for you?
Yeah. Obviously, we're really excited about that partnership. With One Lambda's presence in all the major transplant centers, they have a very strong reputation. They're plugged in with the top doctors and top labs. As we've said, we're going to be building out our direct sales force in parallel, I think similar to what we've done in the past when we brought NIPT to market. We had a direct strategy, and we also had partners that came to market with us. We saw that as a way to expand our distribution. I think there's natural accounts where they have stronger relationships, and there will be accounts where we have strong relationships, and the field team just works together in a very positive way to collaborate. Again, we're excited about the opportunity with them, and it makes sense. Matt, do you want to add anything there?
Yeah, I think, it's a great question, just how one collaborates with big partners. There's a very technical sell that we can make in transplant because the data is so compelling. As you saw from that slide, we've got about a 1.85% standard deviation on repeatability of our test versus the competition at about 9.2% in the main publication. We've seen that incredible analytical performance translate into much better clinical performance. It's going to be very important when you've got that kind of a technical advantage to have our sales team collaborating with sales team of Thermo Fisher and helping make that very differentiated technical sell. We saw the same thing in NIPT. We had a very different technology, very differentiated.
We took market share very quickly with the help of our partners, we really did depend on having our own experts sort of co-traveling with them and educating those larger sales forces. It's going to be a pretty similar approach in transplant.
Okay, that's helpful. What are your latest thoughts on ACOG, and can you just quantify what your assumptions are in the back half for that improved average risk reimbursement?
Yeah. I'll take the general comments. I think, Mike, if you want to talk more broadly about what's in the forecast. Obviously, we're engaged with ACOG. We've established a good relationship with them. We're also a participant of the NIPT consortium, where many members, Illumina, Roche, et cetera, LabCorp, are engaged various ways with ACOG. I think generally, everyone is sort of hearing positive noises, but nobody has the exact playbook for what ACOG is going to do. We obviously expect some positive guidance as we've reflected in our forecast, but we don't know the exact timing, and we don't know exactly what the guideline is going to say. Mike?
Just in terms of quantifying it, we've talked about previously how within the commercial business and average risk NIPT, we're getting paid circa 35%-40% of the time there. The guide just contemplates kind of a steady appreciation of that fraction of time that we get paid in a linear way through the course of the second half of 2019.
Last one from me. For Signatera, when should we expect to get some data from your pharma relationships and get more clarity on the reimbursement pathway for indications other than the ones you're pursuing yourself?
Solomon, do you want to take that?
Yeah, thanks, Steve. In terms of data publication, we are looking forward to presenting some new data at ASCO in the middle of the year, in Chicago. In terms of additional collaborations with pharma, I think the roadmap looks very bright here. We don't always control release or publication of data that comes from a pharma collaboration. Where the data's compelling and there's an agreement that it should be out in the field, we work together with our partners to publish that. I can't give you a specific timeline around data like that right now. I would say that there continues to be a data pipeline coming from academic collaborations as well, and we look forward to presenting more of the data this year. In fact, I think there's going to be some publications that come out in some major journals in the coming months.
In addition to that, from a reimbursement perspective, we would say that we don't expect to have Medicare reimbursement in the immediate term. We are working with Medicare in the same way that Steve described on the transplant side to set up a roadmap there. I think that's going to depend on bringing the test to market, and also demonstrating the utility of the test and the key unmet need applications where we've described before. I think initial indications would be in the areas where our data is strongest and the unmet need is clearest, including early stage and late-stage diseases.
Yeah. Solomon, I'll just add, a lot of the data that we presented throughout the year of 2018 is now going to be published in the very near future in very high-impact journals. We've been very pleased with publications that have been accepted that are going to be published in the very near future. In addition, we're feeling very good about our pharma pipeline. Companies that have looked at the data and thought about the different ways that they can use our test within their development programs or for future clinical trials. We said we expect to have $40 million-$50 million in total contracted value cumulatively by the end of 2019, that is significant progress from where we were at the beginning of 2018 and even at the end of 2018.
We're seeing a lot of momentum that's based on the strength of the data and the strength of the technology.
Great. Thank you.
Thank you. Our next question will come from Mark Massaro with Canaccord Genuity. Your line is now open.
Hey, guys. Thanks for taking the questions. I guess, just my first one for clarification, does the $40 million-$50 million include the BGI payment or the $30 million net inflow in 2019?
No, those are totally separate streams. The BGI, the $30 million that we referenced, that's what we expect as a net cash inflow from this BGI partnership that we just signed. The $40 million-$50 million in contracted revenues from pharmaceutical companies is the value of the cumulative set of deals we've signed with pharma companies to use Signatera. Does that make sense, Mark?
It does. Just for clarification, that contracted value will convert to revenue over 12-36 months.
Yeah. We've already signed some deals, as we talked about on prior calls. Yeah, I mean, 12-36 months is roughly the waterfall.
Okay, great. Certainly, 2019 marks a year of greater investment. Certainly, I appreciate the increase, especially on the oncology side. You have to build up a little bit on the kidney side. I think you also talked about increasing your leadership position in NIPT. I guess, if you could you give us a sense on how many people you'll be adding in the OB-GYN sales call point and just help us with some of the numbers across the areas?
I think when you look at the investments that we're making in 2019, as you said, it makes a lot of sense for us to be making investments in OpEx at this point. You look at our trajectory in pharma, $40 million-$50 million in total contracted value, that is a leading indicator for revenue, that puts us on a trajectory of the top oncology diagnostic companies in the space. Transplant, we're at a major inflection point now where we've done all the work, we've done all the R&D. Have to commercialize the test, we have to get Medicare coverage, we're going to be in a position to go out and compete very fiercely for market share. We feel like it makes a lot of sense to continue to invest there.
In women's health, we have an opportunity to continue to grow business because our technology is differentiated. As we said, our COGS are coming down rapidly. We have a path to get down to $200. With average risk coming in, we have an opportunity to unlock like $60 million roughly from our existing accounts. We're really sitting in a very good position right now, it makes a lot of sense to be making investments to put ourselves in a leadership position. Our commercial team has been fairly stable over the past, there's select areas where we're making investments going forward because we think it makes sense.
Great. If I can, maybe a question for Matt. You're building bespoke assays. I believe you're the only company doing this in oncology. I'd be curious to hear your take on how you think the fact that you're building customized panels for a particular cancer patient is resonating in your early conversations, both with pharma partners and potentially with other institutions, relative to some of the other larger panel opportunities, relative to other companies.
Sure. I'm glad people still have questions for me. That's good. I'll take a crack at that, I'll hand it over to Solomon. To just go through the fundamentals, when you build these customized panels per patient, there are two big advantages. The one big advantage is you can go down to these very low levels of cell-free DNA, pretty much single molecule levels of detection with a limited amount of sequencing. We're going down to levels of below 0.01% in catching these tumors, we're able to do that with incredible sensitivity and specificity. We show our clinical data that shows that we catch the recurrence of lung, bladder, breast, colon cancer, and several other cancers coming down the pike with positive predictive values in certain cohorts that are 100%, I mean, it'll never stay 100%, geez, the performance is phenomenal.
It's largely because we've got that bespoke approach where we can go down to roughly single molecule detection levels with unmatched sensitivity and specificity to our knowledge. That's the one component that with a limited amount of sequencing, you can go very low. The other component is that you can catch a large number of variants per patient. If you use a standardized panel, even if you're looking at several hundred genes, the number of variants that you see on that one-size-fits-all panel can be very low. Even for the 300, 500-gene panels, you can see zero to five variants for a particular patient. That makes an enormous difference because the frequency at which these variants appear in the plasma can range over two orders of magnitude, the allele fractions.
The fact that we can track many variants means that we can accommodate the very different
DNA fractions of which those variants appear. We can make sure that we can monitor the particular tumor based on all of the targets that are relevant for that tumor, which gives us better sensitivity and specificity. If you're just looking at one variant, you can have a false positive because of PCR errors or other things. If you're looking at a multiplicity of variants, you can play all these informatics games and be much more robust. Those are the two main things. Behind those two sort of core arguments, there's a ton of technology and molecular capability and informatics capability that goes into making this work. You've seen some of the publications come out. We're very pleased with the acceptances we've had from a bunch of top clinical journals in oncology, and you're going to see those in the upcoming months.
I think that the pharma partners have resonated with us. They've tested our technology against these broad panel approaches. The hybrid capture approaches go down to about 0.1% versus our levels of an order of magnitude below that. They see that we can see things earlier with better sensitivity and specificity, and lower cost than the other approaches. That's the reason why we've got more than 30 pharmaceutical trials going on right now, and that pipeline is growing beautifully. Okay, Solomon.
Matt, that was an excellent answer. To add to that, I think the data is demonstrating also the strength of the method that Matt described. We've now tested approximately 3,000 plasma samples from around 700 patients across 18 different cancer types. We've published some of the bigger studies in the cancers that you've seen before in lung, colon, bladder, and breast cancer. We have tested now in many different cancer types, and what we're seeing is pretty consistent performance and also a validation of our method, because we're seeing that the first MRD positive time point that we detect is very frequently, a majority of the time, is below 0.1% variant allele frequency.
What Matt described, that the technology is designed to be able to confidently detect below that 0.1%, where larger panels start to suffer because they're just not looking for enough variants to confidently detect at that level. Detecting below 0.1% also means you're going to have a longer lead time of molecular relapse versus clinical relapse, and that lead time makes a clinical difference. Because in theory, if you're going to treat somebody, you have a better chance of cure if they have a lower disease burden. I think between the scientific rationale that Matt described and that being demonstrated now in the clinical data that we have shown across many cancer types, you're starting to see the market embracing the opportunity and the differentiation of this method.
Great. Thank you for all the color.
Thank you. Our next question will come from Eleni Tyko Peterson with JP Morgan. Your line is now open.
Hi, thank you. This is Eleni in for Tycho. I was just wondering, on a go-forward basis, how are you thinking about revenue per test? It looks like it has leveled out in the $400 price range over the last four quarters. What are the dynamics you expect once the ACOG bulletin for average risk comes out?
Hey, thanks, Eleni. Yes. As we touched on in the prepared remarks, over the medium term and longer term, Steve covered a number of drivers that we think can be very constructive to the average selling price. As to the guide in 2019, we're taking a conservative approach on the assumptions, including the fraction of time that we get paid, particularly in the first half of the year. We do have an assumption in the second half of the year that we do start to get some benefit from average-risk NIPT getting paid a higher fraction of the time, gradually improving through the course of the second half of the year.
Great. That's helpful. In terms of the pacing of pharma contracted value, you mentioned around $40 million-$50 million expected by year-end. I was wondering how the timing of the CLIA assay launch affects that. Are we looking at a sort of back half load a year in terms of the contracted business?
Yeah. I think the CLIA launch is one of many factors that will help us improve our ability to sell faster with pharmaceutical companies. As we mentioned, we have these more key publications that have now been accepted in very high-impact journals. We think that data coming out, along with the CLIA launch, along with our announcement of the partnership with BGI, that gives us special access in China that is going to be very hard to compete with, because for pharma trials, you need to have Chinese patients enrolled if you want to launch the drug in China. There's many different factors of this sort of flywheel effect that we're now on, that are going to start to increase the pace at which we're able to sign partnerships with pharmaceutical companies.
As we said, this trajectory of $40 million to $50 million now that we're on toward the end of 2019 is really in line with the top diagnostic companies in the oncology space, and that is a leading indicator of future revenue.
Great, thanks. Then on the kidney transplant test, while your analytical and clinical data looks good and revenue sensitivity is definitely encouraging, was wondering what else you believe is necessary to increase that penetration rate above the 5% level, and what steps you are taking. You do expect Medicare reimbursement by the end of the year, what effect do you think that will have in increasing adoption?
Yeah. I think the market so far appears to be doing very well. We've been very encouraged with other cell-free DNA tests that are on the market and their ability to grow rapidly up to roughly this sort of 3%-5% market share. From our standpoint, it's the same playbook as when other tests launch. There's a lot of medical education, peer-reviewed publications. There's detailing with medical science liaisons in the field, et cetera, physicians begin to use the test, as Medicare coverage and data become available. We plan on commercializing in 2019 with both the direct sales effort and in our partnership with One Lambda, who we really think is a premier partner because they have relationships in all of the top transplant centers.
Now, there's a lot of other things that go beyond just the technical and clinical performance of our assay that we think will help us scale very quickly. There's a lot of user experience capabilities that we've built and a lot of operational efficiencies that we've built in running a very high scale and high throughput cell-free DNA laboratory. We've now performed over 1.5 million cell-free DNA tests in our lab, and what you learn through that process is really important, and we've made a lot of significant improvements that we can now leverage as we move into the transplant space. The same on the user experience side. We're doing hundreds of thousands of tests per year with physicians that have very high expectations for how we work with them and how we work with their patients.
We're able to piggyback on a lot of the stuff that we've built in the women's health space and bring that immediately and directly to transplant physicians. A lot of the things like interfaces and so forth, we've done before and we know how to execute.
Great. Thank you.
Thank you. Our next question will come from Alex Nowak with Craig-Hallum Capital. Your line is now open.
Great. Good afternoon, everyone. Steve and Matt, congrats on the deal with BGI. When do you expect to see your Signatera test launched into the Chinese market and generating royalties there? Then just, you mentioned it in the prepared remarks, but just any update on QIAGEN and when they're going to launch your test on GeneReader?
Yeah. We think BGI can launch the Signatera assay in China in 2020. They have the ability to move very quickly and efficiently as they've done in many other cell-free DNA tests. We don't need Chinese FDA approval to launch the test. There's many hospital systems that are exempt from that provision. When you look at the Chinese market itself, there's about $4.3 million patients that are diagnosed with cancer on an annual basis, and that's like 3x the U.S. If you just compare the trajectory of other cell-free DNA tests in the U.S. that are sort of $50 million-$75 million range, and you would imagine in China, BGI can generate $50 million-$75 million.
We think we're in a position to make tens of millions of dollars in the future from ongoing royalties in the BGI partnership and at some point, recognize revenue on the upfront payments and milestones that we've gotten in the partnership. Shifting gears to QIAGEN. They're a very strong partner, and we're feeling very positive about the relationship with them. Things are going in line with our expectations and the expectations that we outlined on the call roughly last year when we announced our partnership with them. Matt, you want to add anything additional?
Yeah. Well, thanks, Steve. I don't know if I'm going to speak again on this call, so I'll just take this opportunity to say that Steve has done an amazing job leading this company, and the management team has coalesced around Steve's leadership really beautifully. We're feeling great about that decision to go with an internal ace rather than to bring somebody from the outside. Congrats, and thanks, Steve. On the BGI and QIAGEN deals, we've spoken for a long time about this vision to piggyback on the emergence of sequencing all over the world and to offer our proprietary technology in a way that is really accessible to patients all over the world. The deal with BGI was just part of that vision. BGI, as Steve said, has a lot of resources in China. They can move very quickly.
I think they're going to be a major competitor in the sequencing space. It was crucial for our vision to be partnered with them, and I think this deal has taken a long time to come together, but it's a great deal for both companies. On QIAGEN's got a lot of inroads into the lab business worldwide. They've got their DNA extraction and their oncology pipeline and a whole series of technologies that synergize beautifully with women's health, and they've got this packaging of the Sample to Insight approach, where they really streamline this for labs. I think QIAGEN's going to have a very compelling value proposition as well. The timelines for QIAGEN are really up to them. We're supporting them in every way that we can, and we are expected to.
We're hoping that they're going to come out with a very compelling proposition and they're driving the timeline, so you're just going to have to ask them what their launch dates will be, but all of that is looking very good. As we've said in the prepared remarks, the announcement with BGI doesn't change our plans with Illumina and QIAGEN. We want to be supporting all of these different sequencing providers. In terms of what we do here in the U.S., we think that the additional sequencing competition is going to be good for the market and certainly going to be very good for patients and healthcare in general. We will offer those technologies that are most accurate and cost-effective in our lab and that have the best service associated with them. All of that is looking very good.
Okay, understood. Thank you. I believe there's a new CPT code for carrier screening here in 2019. I know Panorama had some challenges years ago when switching over to a new code. Do you foresee any challenges, first couple of months here of the year, is there anything baked into the guidance regarding that?
I think others have talked about this and generally very favorably, particularly around the pricing upside. Medicare priced the code in the sort of high $2,000s range, if I recall directly. We think that's a very positive, in the long term. The medium-term question is really what happens with coverage, and we're monitoring that. It's certainly a portion of our business, although we do offer a very broad range of offerings in carrier screening, and we have a mix of how physicians tend to order, with many choosing smaller panels. With respect to how this makes an impact and so forth, we've been fairly conservative with the guidance for this and other factors that Mike outlined on the call.
Okay. Got it. Last question from me for Mike. Just understand needing to invest in the business here, and you also talked about some of the potential upsides around COGS and at-risk pricing. Based on your current trajectory, what you currently see out there, when do you anticipate achieving cash flow breakeven for the business? Thanks.
Yeah. We went into some detail in the prepared remarks around cash flow breakeven for the women's health business, and that's where we've oriented the goal. Steve laid out an illustrative example of getting there with a unit-based volume of 900,000 units. At that base volume, you'd be covering your women's health operating expenses with about a $200 spread. Now, obviously, there's a number of variables there. There's the gross margin spread, which is affected by pricing, and it's affected by COGS. There's also the volume base. It's possible, as we alluded to in the prepared remarks, that we could get to that breakeven point at a lower volume base, if the reimbursement comes more quickly. I think that's sort of a middle case for you to contemplate, Alex, is just kind of steady volume growth to that level.
With that gross margin spread would get you to cash flow breakeven in the women's health business.
Okay. Got it. Thank you.
Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, this concludes our question and answer session for today. We thank you for your participation on today's conference, and you may now disconnect. Everybody have a wonderful day.