Welcome to OneMain Financial 4th quarter and full year 2022 earnings conference call and webcast. Hosting the call today from OneMain is Peter Poillon, Head of Investor Relations. Today's call is being recorded. At this time, all participants have been placed in a listen-only mode, and the floor will be open for your questions following the presentation. If you would like to ask a question at that time, please press star one on your telephone keypad. If at any point your question has been answered, you may remove yourself from the queue by pressing star two. We do ask that you limit yourself to one question and one follow-up, and please pick up your handset to allow optimal sound quality. Lastly, if you should require operator assistance, please press star zero. It is now my pleasure to turn the floor over to Peter Poillon. You may begin.
Thank you, Gretchen. Good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining us. Let me begin by directing you to page two of the 4th quarter 2022 investor presentation, which contains important disclosures concerning forward-looking statements and the use of non-GAAP measures. The presentation can be found in the investor relations section of our website. Our discussion today will contain certain forward-looking statements reflecting management's current beliefs about the company's future, financial performance, and business prospects, and these forward-looking statements are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties and speak only as of today. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements are set forth in our earnings press release. We caution you not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements.
If you may be listening to this via replay at some point after today, we remind you that the remarks made herein are as of today, February seventh, and have not been updated subsequent to this call. Our call this morning will include formal remarks from Doug Shulman, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and Micah Conrad, our Chief Financial Officer. After the conclusion of our formal remarks, we will conduct a question-and-answer session. Let me turn the call over to Doug.
Thanks, Pete. Good morning, everyone. Thank you for joining us today. I'd like to start today's call by providing a brief overview of some of our accomplishments in 2022. Then I'll cover our performance for the fourth quarter, the current credit and macroeconomic environment, and discuss our key strategic initiatives. As you all know, inflation started to impact delinquency levels for many non-prime consumers in the second quarter. We demonstrated our agility by quickly pivoting our credit posture and operations. On credit, we significantly tightened our credit box over the summer, and our new originations are performing as expected. Operationally, we pivoted more of our team to collections and to supporting customers who are having difficulty making ends meet. The result is that for the last two quarters, we have seen stabilization of our credit results.
Despite a significantly tightened credit box through much of the year, we originated $13.9 billion of loans and served over 2.6 million customers in 2022. This highlights our commitment to serving hardworking Americans in good times and in bad, and also underscores the strength of our balance sheet. We had plenty of access to funding, even in a very difficult year in the capital markets and in the bond markets in particular. We made significant progress in 2022 building out our credit card and new secured lending distribution channels, both of which will drive significant growth in the year ahead. Through this very difficult environment, we generated almost $1.1 billion of capital, demonstrating the incredible business model we have built over the years.
We also made significant progress in our ongoing commitment to be a socially responsible company, highly focused on our customers, communities, and employees. We rolled out Trim, our money-saving and financial wellness platform, to all of our customers in 2022 as we continue to help our customers improve their financial well-being. We launched Credit Worthy by OneMain in thousands of high schools across the country. We issued a first-of-its-kind Social ABS bond, highlighting our mission to helping hardworking Americans make progress to a better future. We made a $50 million deposit commitment to support minority depository institutions and military veterans. Last week, we were informed that OneMain has been included in Morningstar's Sustainalytics top-rated ESG companies list for 2023, ranking in the top 10% of rated companies in the diversified financials industry category.
OneMain was also named to America's 100 most loved workplaces for 2022 by Newsweek. These accolades showcase our deep commitment to our team members who serve our customers so well every day and to the communities in which we work. Let me provide a brief overview of the quarter. We had capital generation of $233 million in the quarter and demand for loan products remained strong. Originations totaled $3.5 billion in the quarter, even with the significant tightening actions we took earlier this year. Considering our more conservative underwriting posture, we're really pleased with the volume of originations as well as the overall credit quality. Our 6% year-over-year receivables growth was supported by our expanded products and distribution channels. Our 30-89 delinquency levels finished the quarter at 3.07%.
This is in line with normal seasonal trends. We're optimistic about this continued stabilization in credit performance following our quick pivots last year. Net charge-offs in the quarter were 6.9%, also within our expectations, and were aided by good performance in our later-stage collections and strong post-charge-off recoveries. Regarding the macroeconomic environment as well as the non-prime consumer, we're encouraged by the continued strong employment numbers. Elevated levels of inflation are impacting consumers, particularly those at the lower end of the credit spectrum. We remain highly focused on supporting our customers, especially those most pressured by inflation. We have several advantages that allow us to better serve our customers and set us apart from the competition. They include our community-based branch network that keeps us close to our customers, so we can work with each of them based on their own individual circumstances.
Our long history serving the non-prime consumer through economic cycles, and this includes our proprietary data as well as our strong credit and data science teams and models. We have an incredibly strong balance sheet, which we positioned with a long liquidity runway and staggered maturities exactly for times like this. The data that we analyze shows that we are performing quite well in comparison to other non-prime lenders, and you can see that illustrated on slide 10 of our presentation. We continue to have a very conservative underwriting posture. Today, we are only making loans that will meet our return hurdles even if the macroeconomic environment worsens. Notwithstanding our current conservative credit box, we expect to continue to grow our balance sheet in the year ahead.
We expect growth in 2023 to continue to come from higher credit quality customers along with growth from credit card and new distribution channels. To better illustrate the point on improved credit quality, I'll point out that our top two risk grades, those with the best credit quality and lowest-risk customers, make up about 60% of our new customer originations today, versus just 37% in mid-2021. Let me now spend a few minutes on strategic initiatives. Our top focus is managing our credit and balance sheet through this complex macroeconomic environment. We also continue to focus on strategic initiatives that will fuel growth and profitability over the medium and long term. We continue to close about half of our loans outside of a branch, engaging customers through our mobile app, website, texts, screen share, phone, and more.
We also have advanced our mobile and two-way text strategies and now have the ability to digitally engage with customers in collections, payments, and servicing. We are confident that our omni-channel strategy, leveraging the best of digital, phone, and in-person interactions, will advance our competitive position. On new products, we continue to make excellent progress in our digital-first BrightWay credit card. During the holiday season, we saw our customers regularly reach for our card to spend on holiday purchases. We're now seeing many of our early customers hitting on-time payment milestones, at which point they can choose to lower their APR or increase their credit line. The overwhelming majority of our customers are engaging directly through our mobile app. We continue to closely analyze the performance of our cards across a number of metrics like spend volume, balance build, revolve rates, and most importantly, credit.
Even as we maintain a conservative credit posture, we see a lot of opportunity to grow our card portfolio. At year-end, we had approximately 135,000 card customers and $107 million of card receivables. We're going to continue to scale this business in profitable segments. We remain confident that our credit card business will drive meaningful growth with excellent returns in the future. This year, as we scale the credit card business, it will have a mild drag on capital generation before expecting it to turn positive in 2024. In 2025 and beyond, we expect the business will be quite profitable and begin meaningfully contributing to our capital generation growth. We also continue to see excellent results from our efforts to expand distribution channels in our secured lending business, which grew to nearly $400 million of receivables in 2022.
Let me end by touching on capital allocation. Our top priority is always investment in our business. First, to underwrite high-quality loans that meet our return hurdles. Second, continued investment in the initiatives that will drive excellent capital generation growth in the future. We will also continue to return capital to shareholders. This morning, we announced an increase to our quarterly dividend by more than 5% to $1 or $4 annually. This translates to a yield of approximately 9% at our current share price. Even in a difficult economic environment, our business has strong capital generation. We are committed to a healthy dividend level. During the fourth quarter, we repurchased 1.6 million shares, bringing the full-year repurchase to 7.2 million or about 5.5% of shares outstanding at the beginning of the year.
With that, let me turn the call over to Micah to take you through the financial results of the fourth quarter.
Thanks, Doug. Good morning, everyone. Our conservative underwriting posture, combined with a company-wide focus on supporting our customers, is helping to deliver strong financial results. Fourth quarter net income was $180 million or $1.48 per diluted share, down from $2.02 per diluted share in the fourth quarter of 2021. C&I adjusted net income was $191 million or $1.56 per diluted share, down from $2.38 per diluted share in the prior year quarter. Both variances reflect an increase in provision expense from the stimulus-driven historic lows we experienced in 2021. Capital generation was strong at $233 million in the fourth quarter and came in at $1,000,000,070 for the full year.
Managed receivables reached $20.8 billion, up $1.1 billion or 6% from a year ago. Interest income was $1.1 billion, flat to the prior year quarter as higher average receivables were offset by lower portfolio yield. Yield in the fourth quarter was 22.3%, down 100 basis points year-over-year, reflecting higher 90-plus delinquency and the impacts of payment assistance we are providing to customers where needed. We expect first quarter 2023 yield to be around the same level as 90+ generally reaches normal seasonal highs in February. We expect to see gradual improvement during the year as 90+ seasonally declines to its natural low in the summer and the impacts of our credit tightening begin to show through.
Pricing on new originations remains above 2021 levels as we continue to monitor the competitive environment and opportunistically take positive actions to offset the impact of a tighter credit box. We expect that current pricing will support portfolio yield in the future as new originations become a bigger part of our portfolio and the current macroeconomic impacts subside over time. Interest expense was $230 million in the quarter, down $3 million or 1% versus the prior year. Interest expense as a percentage of average receivables was 4.6% this quarter, down from 4.9% a year ago. A result of the proactive actions we've taken to manage our funding profile over the last several years. As you know, we've been extending and staggering our maturities, and therefore, current higher issuance rates did not meaningfully impact 2022 interest expense.
Looking forward, we estimate that about 90% of our average debt for 2023 is already on the books at fixed rates. If you want to look a little further out to 2024, it's about 80%. This is what gives us confidence in projecting very modest increases to interest expense ahead. Other revenue was $168 million in the fourth quarter, up $7 million or 4% from the prior year quarter. The increase was primarily associated with higher yields on our $2 billion investment portfolio. Provision expense was $404 million, including current period net charge-offs of $348 million and a $56 million increase to our allowance.
About half of the allowance build was from growth in receivables, with the remainder reflecting a modest increase in our reserve ratio to 11.6% as we remain cautious about the macroeconomic environment. Policyholder benefits and claims expense for the quarter was $34 million, down from $50 million in the fourth quarter of 2021. The reduction was driven by adjustments to our claims reserves due to lower loss experience. We anticipate claims expense to return to more normal levels over the coming quarters. Originations were $3.5 billion in the fourth quarter, down from $3.8 billion in the fourth quarter of 2021, primarily a result of our tighter underwriting posture. Managed receivables grew $300 million sequentially on the strength of solid consumer demand, a positive competitive environment, and continued growth from credit cards and new distribution channel partnerships.
Please note managed receivables of $20.8 billion includes $766 million of receivables sold through our forward flow arrangements and $107 million of credit card balances. As Doug mentioned, we continue to see positive results from our credit card rollout, we expect card receivables to be between $400 million-$500 million by the end of 2023. While this rollout will create a small drag on capital generation this year, we anticipate capital generation will turn positive late this year or in early 2024. As you know, CECL requires maintenance of lifetime loss reserves, you should expect to see us building reserves as we scale the business. Let's turn to our credit trends highlighted on slide nine.
30-89 delinquency was 3.07% in the fourth quarter, up from 2.81% in the third quarter. Since we first reported an elevated level of 30-89 delinquency in the second quarter of 2022, performance has generally followed expected seasonal patterns. From second to fourth quarter, 30-89 delinquency increased 34 basis points this year as compared to approximately 30 basis points in 2018 and 2019. If seasonal patterns continue, we should see improved performance in the first quarter as payments typically increase during the tax refund season. Our January 30-89 results were in line with these seasonal patterns, declining a few basis points from December levels. Loan net charge-offs were $344 million or 6.9% for the quarter.
Full-year net charge-offs came in at the low end of our guidance at 6.1%. Net charge-offs continue to be supported by strong recoveries, which were 1.2% of average receivables in the quarter. Recoveries remain above pre-pandemic levels of approximately 0.9%, driven by a strategic investment to bring this activity in-house combined with opportunistic sales. I wanted to draw your attention to slide 11 of our deck. As you know, we've been gradually tightening our credit box since late 2021. However, the most significant adjustment we've made over the last year was in early August 2022. On the left side of the page, we show an estimate of how we expect receivables concentration to change over the coming quarters between loans originated pre-tightening and those originated post-tightening.
On the right side of the page, we show the performance of those post-tightening vintages for which we have at least three months of data. As you can see, the vintages are performing in line with pre-pandemic levels, and these vintages are expected to have more influence in our portfolio results as we get into the back half of this year. We anticipate that by year-end 2023, approximately 70% of our book will be from loans originated since that major August tightening. Turning to slide 12, fourth quarter operating expenses were $367 million, up 5% year-over-year. Full-year operating expense was $1.4 billion, and operating leverage for the year was 7.1%, down from 7.3% in 2021 and down from 7.5% in 2019.
Slide 13 looks at our expense trends over the last few years and our expectation for the year ahead. You will see on this slide that we've maintained core expense within a very tight range over the past four years, with 2022 expense coming in below 2019 levels. That is despite mid-teens growth in average receivables over the same period. In 2023, we expect core expenses to grow very modestly in the 2%-3% range. We also plan to invest an additional $50 million for growth, mainly in cards and distribution channels as we continue to scale those businesses. With that said, we expect an operating expense ratio that is very much in line with what you've come to expect from us, about 7.1% in 2023. That's flat to 2022 and down from historic levels.
Let's now turn to slide 14 for an update on our balance sheet and funding. Funding markets remained quite challenged in the fourth quarter. It is during these times that a strong balance sheet and a mature, sophisticated funding program like ours is a significant advantage. In December, we completed an $800 million ABS issuance with an average coupon of 6%. We once again saw strong support from returning investors while also attracting some new investors to our program. Despite the market challenges, 2022 was overall a very productive year for OneMain. We raised $3 billion of market funding with an average coupon of about 5%, including issuing a first-of-its-kind social ABS in April. We also completed a $350 million three year private funding deal with one of our long-standing bank partners.
We continued to enhance our already strong liquidity profile, adding $400 million to our committed bank capacity, which totaled $7.4 billion at year-end. We renewed seven secured lines during the year. We added three banks to our unsecured corporate revolver, which now totals $1.25 billion. I'm also pleased to say that in December, we renewed our inaugural loan sale partnership through the end of 2023. We did so at the same level of purchases, $75 million per quarter. At similar economics to our original agreement, this agreement demonstrates the confidence our partners have in OneMain. Rounding out the balance sheet, our net leverage remained within range at 5.5x , down from 5.6x in 3Q. On slide 16, we've provided some expectations for 2023.
Please note these estimates assume a relatively stable macroeconomic environment. Should the environment change, we will update our expectations accordingly. We expect managed receivables to grow in the low to mid-single digits. This assumes we maintain our current credit box for all products and see continued growth in our distribution channel partnerships and our credit card. Loan net charge-offs for the year are expected to be 7%- 7.5%. We expect to see normal seasonal patterns resume. We anticipate first half charge-offs to be above the full year range, with second half expected to be below. First half losses are typically seasonally higher and will reflect the elevated delinquency we saw in the second half of 2022.
We expect charge-offs to improve in the second half, in line with normal seasonal trends and as our current underwriting becomes a bigger part of our receivables. As I discussed earlier, we expect operating leverage to be roughly flat to 2022 at approximately 7.1%. With that, I'd like to turn the call back to Doug.
Thanks, Micah. The 2022 accomplishments that I highlighted at the beginning of this call demonstrates our ability to thrive in any market environment. As we look ahead, we feel really good about how our business is positioned. We're actively managing our underwriting and have seen credit performance stabilize over the last two quarters. The business we are booking today is performing in line with expectations. Our balance sheet, which we positioned with a long liquidity runway just for difficult markets like today, allows us to book all of the good business that we see. The foundation we are laying with our strategic initiatives, including credit card and new distribution channels, will drive capital generation growth whenever we emerge out of this uncertain environment.
We will remain alert and agile as the economic picture evolves and are prepared to adjust our credit box to drive the best possible results for our shareholders. Finally, I just want to take a moment to thank all of our OneMain team members who come to work every day to make a difference for our customers, our communities, and our shareholders. With that, let me turn the call over to the operator, and we're happy to take your questions.
The floor is now open for questions. At this time, if you have a question or comment, please press star one on your touch tone phone. If at any point your question is answered, you may remove yourself from the queue by pressing star two. Again, we do ask that while you pose your question, that you pick up your handset to provide optimal sound quality. Thank you. Our first question is coming from Moshe Orenbuch from Credit Suisse.
Thanks, Doug and Mike. Doug, appreciate that comment at the end about being prepared to adjust the credit box. Maybe could you just talk a little bit about, you know, obviously, your guidance, you'd like it to be, you know, to some degree on the conservative side. You know, when you think about the environment, you know, and what you talked about in terms of your advantages in funding and some of the tightening that you're seeing kind of above you, what are the sorts of things that, you know, might happen to, you know, to make that your growth better or in fact, you know, kind of less good than would be, you know, in that guide range?
No, thanks, Moshe. We still have quite an uncertain economic picture, I think which everybody knows. It's a tricky environment to operate in. You know, unemployment has been a real bright spot, but inflation is still impacting our customers. As you mentioned, Moshe, we're seeing in our recent vintages since we tightened our credit box, you know, they're performing very good. You know, our basic operating principle is we want to be careful stewards of our shareholders' capital. Right now we may have a tighter box than needed, but given the uncertainty in the environment, we're being quite careful.
you know, if we have room in our current box, we've talked about it before, for unemployment to tick up, meaning we've already incorporated in the business we're underwriting, to both the stress we saw in our book in 2022 plus deterioration in the macro environment. Said another way, the business we're booking today are going to meet our return hurdles even if we see some stress. If we see continued stabilization. If we see, you know, a few more months of the new vintages we're booking, performing as expected if we see some of the clouds lift from the economic environment and it feels a little less uncertain, we could open up our box and we could have growth, you know, above where we said.
If there's a, you know, sudden quick move in unemployment and things go south in the economy, we could tighten up our box. You know, it's a very difficult year to give guidance, because of the uncertainty. What we're doing is being very careful with our balance sheet, being very careful with our underwriting and making sure we are investing for the future growth of the company whenever things become less uncertain.
Great, thanks for that, and certainly appreciate, all of those difficulties. Given what you had mentioned about, you know, about the levels of unemployment, but the bigger factor on your customers being the increase in inflation. Are there any signs of, you know, kind of that, the inflation in goods, you know, kind of decelerating relative to the inflation in, you know, in wages, you know, in your, in your specific customer base? If so, you know, how do you think that will impact you over the course of 2023?
You know, very hard to pinpoint like the exact movements in inflation and goods versus services. You know, obviously, deceleration of inflation in goods means people have more disposable income 'cause things cost less. Deceleration in services can also mean less income. You know, it's very hard to pinpoint in the short term exactly in our customer base. What I will tell you is, you know, you can see from our delinquency trends, things have stabilized. You know, we saw a spike in delinquency in the second quarter of 2022. The last couple of quarters we've seen good stabilization and our new originations, albeit with a tighter credit box, are performing, you know, spot on where we thought they would.
You know, if inflation keeps stabilizing and going down and unemployment stays low, I think we'll be in very good shape. We got to just keep an eye on it, and it'll play itself out.
Got it. Thanks very much.
Our next question comes from Vincent Caintic from Stephens.
Good morning. Thanks for taking my questions. First question, Doug and Mike, maybe taking a step back and just kind of looking at the path to, you know, normalization here. You know, if we look at what's already happened, you know, we've had kind of two tightenings with underwriting and then the customer maybe we haven't officially gone through a recession yet, but we've already felt the impact of inflation. Maybe, you know, taking time out of the equation since we're still in an uncertain environment, but could you maybe describe and play out how OneMain kind of go through normalization and what you're looking for before you feel comfortable? Thank you.
Yeah. Hey, Vincent. Micah, I'll take that one. I think Doug touched on this a little bit just in terms of, you know, watching the macroeconomic environment, really paying attention to, you know, what's going on in unemployment and inflation prints. Certainly, that influences our views, you know, and we also look at it on a state basis. We're looking at the macroeconomic environment in Texas versus Florida, et cetera. All of that influences our, you know, credit appetite. I think ultimately what we're looking for is to continue to see a little bit more of these vintages. You know, we showed you a little bit on that page how recent vintages are performing. We're very, very pleased with that.
You know, we're also engaging in a little bit of testing in loans that don't necessarily meet our underwriting criteria, but we want to keep our finger on the pulse of, you know, what's going on with some risk grades that we may not be underwriting in volume today, but we still want to sort of look at leaning into those. You know, I think for us, we've got some different options nowadays than we had a few years ago. We've got the small dollar loan that gives us a lever to kind of move back in with a smaller loan value going out than our typical $70,0 00 loan. We've also got the credit card. I think a lot of different options there. As Doug mentioned, still kind of maintaining that pretty conservative posture.
We'll see how the year plays out and we'll adjust accordingly.
Okay. Thank you for that. Follow-up on specifically on cards. Nice to see that business starting to ramp up. The, you know, as kind of putting that alongside with your discussion about maybe still being conservative with the overall business, can you talk about how you feel comfortable growing with card in 2023? Do the metrics, when we think about card versus the rest of your business, are those metrics much different when we think about, say, the reserve ratio or yields? Thank you.
Yeah. No, thanks, Vincent. Look, a couple years ago when we told you we're going to roll out cards, we said we were going to be very deliberate and methodical. Over a year ago, so in, you know, late 2021, we put over 60,000 cards out, which we called test cells. We had two different types of cards that had different economics, so could take different amount of risk. We had different risk profiles. You know, we had some higher credit and lower credit in there, and we pushed the edges because this was going to get us data about the cards and how the cards performed. We went through a, you know, a number of different channels. Branch channel, direct mail, affiliates. There's usually how you acquire customer differ.
We then let those 60,000+ cards season. Last summer we picked the most profitable sales that were performing the best to start to build our book. Just a reminder, you know, the non-prime credit card market is a $400 billion market. We've got $100 million of cards that we think will get up to $400 million or $500 million. There's a lot of room for us to book very profitable business. Just like with our loans, we've taken the actual performance of cards, and that performance was during a period of high inflation. We put a stress factor on top of that.
We've assumed in addition to what we saw with performance, we assumed losses as if there were a recession, and we're only booking customers now that would still be profitable and meet our hurdles with the performance we saw plus with extra loss. Said another way, the business we're growing right now is very conservative, and we have a high degree of confidence that these will be profitable customers. We also every month risk score every card customer, and so we have the ability to manage credit lines and, you know, obviously, we have the ability to either book more cards or less cards as we continue to monitor performance.
You know, your second part of your question, once we get to scale, we're going through the scale period right now where we're having to build up servicing infrastructure, and we have cost of acquisition of those customers. It takes a little while for balances to build, and so, there's less capital generation at the beginning, you know, right when you book a card than there is right when you book a loan customer. We're in the proverbial J curve, but we gave you a sense of how we would move through that J curve. Once we get through that J curve, we expect the cards, the profitability to be very similar to our loans, and so it's a great complementary business for OneMain.
Great. Very helpful. Thanks very much.
Our next question comes from Kevin Barker from Piper Sandler.
Good morning. Thanks for taking my questions. You previously guided to, you know, a capital generation or return on receivables. I understand you're not doing that now, but maybe you can help us understand some of the components that would, you know, help get an idea of where capital generation could come in for 2023. Just given, you know, some of the headwinds from the card side as you grow that portfolio combined with, you know, asset yields coming down a bit just because of, you know, I mean, higher interest rates and tightening of underwriting standards. Thank you.
Yeah. Kevin Barker, this is Micah . I'll take that one. I mean, as Doug Shulman mentioned, there's it's pretty tricky in this environment, you know, to give full year forecasts. We've kind of given you the receivables growth. As we mentioned, we feel that's pretty resilient, unless we see a major significant or rapid change in the environment. Obviously, the losses, we got it to the 7%- 7.5%. You know, again, I think this is a matter of having a relatively stable outlook. You know, our losses, the range that we've given you gives some room for unemployment to tick up a bit.
And as you know, we have a 180-day charge-off period, so in order for that really to impact losses, it would have to happen pretty quickly, generally in the first half of the year to really move the needle on that. In terms of, you know, yield a little bit, my prepared remarks yield also impacted by the macro environment and, you know, the level of 90+ receivables. Certainly giving you a little bit of sense for that without calling out a specific full year number. We do expect loan yield to be right around fourth quarter levels in the first quarter.
Sort of as we get through the balance of the year, we expect some of the 90+ levels to just subside because of normal seasonal patterns, but also as our front book or these post-August originations start to take a little bit bigger hold in the receivables book. That should give us a little bit of runway and upside on yield. I think, you know, on interest expense, again, just mentioning generally in the prepared remarks, the way we've staggered our maturities, it just takes a lot to move interest expense quite a bit in one year. You know, interest expense in 2021 was around 5.1%. You know, in 2022, 4.6%. Pretty likely we'll be somewhere in the middle of that in 2023.
I think that should give you some sense for how to build, you know, the interest expense piece of that. You know, we've given you also the expenses at about 7.1% OPEX ratio. That's for the most part the, you know, the lion's share of our capital generation. I think we've seen some year-end improvements in our policyholder benefits and claims line, some reserve adjustments. We expect those to normalize back to levels around $45-$50 a quarter. You know, I think when you add all that up, we would expect to see capital generation lower than what we experienced in 2022.
You know, with kind of some runway at the end of the year, we think that can pretty much Snap back in 2024 back to those levels. That's kind of where we are.
Okay. Yeah, you touched on, you know, some macro factors there where the net charge-off would be closer to the high end with a little bit higher unemployment. Could you help us understand, you know, what macro factors you apply within your guidance assumptions for 7%-7.5% net charge-offs? What are you seeing within your customer base?
You know, you touched on some stress within, you know, the non-prime consumer just given the inflationary outlook. Maybe just a little more color on your macro assumptions to get to the net charge-off guide.
Yeah. Let me, let me touch the customer first. You know, as we talked about on, in, you know, I think numerous forums, we obviously saw a pretty rapid increase in 30- 89 delinquency in the second quarter when it increased about 50 basis points from the first. Since then, we've seen relative stability. You know, and what I mean by that is we've seen seasonal patterns kind of emerge, where we went from second quarter, fourth quarter up about 30 basis points or so this year, in 30- 89, and it was pretty similar to 2018 and 2019. We've seen some nice stability there. Certainly inflation is still impacting our consumers, but, we feel pretty good about where things stand.
I mentioned also in January we saw a little bit of a seasonal downtick, in January 30-89. You know, tax season is coming, so we hope that's going to be really accretive and helpful for our consumer. That's influencing some of what we're thinking about in our loss guide. You know, bottom end 7%, top end 7.5%. I would say on the top end, is, you know, an environment that's pretty consistent with what we're and what we're assuming in our reserve numbers, which is an unemployment rate somewhere in the 4.5%-5% range. Obviously unemployment in the low 3s now and, you know, pretty supportive, for the time being. Those are kind of the guardrails.
Keep in mind also with our charge-off policy, again, without any really impacts to the back end and what's happening in those 90, 120 and 150+ receivables. You know, in order to have a really dramatic move, I think in the back half of the year on losses, you'd have to see something in the early stage delinquency happening pretty quickly. I, you know, that's hard to foresee right now given the employment prints and the, and the claims numbers that we're seeing.
Okay. Thank you, Micah.
You're welcome.
Our next question comes from Michael Kaye from Wells Fargo.
Hi. My first question is on the credit card. I wanted to get some thoughts on that impact of that CFPB proposal on late fees. How does that impact the pace of the loan balance launch over the next few years? I also wonder if you perhaps emphasize BrightWay+ over the BrightWay, considering that overhang. Then that aside, how do you balance this growth opportunity with rolling out a non-prime credit card ahead of an expected recession? I know it's mostly a test portfolio at this point, but I couldn't help noticing that the delinquencies for credit cards are already 13.5% as of Q3. Just want to hear some thoughts. Thanks.
Yeah. Hey, Michael. Thank you. Let me take those in order. The CFPB credit card fee proposal, we've got the advantage that we're just rolling out a new product. We're not wed to, you know, any of the economic levers. You know, we have a lot of levers in the credit card, you know, including pricing. We're going to monitor it and see how it rolls, you know, see what happens with that fee proposal. Obviously, we'll abide by whatever, you know, wherever it lands. We don't feel at this point that it really affects, you know, our outlook or, you know, doesn't affect us being excited about the product.
You know, our real focus is we have this unique value proposition in the market of reciprocity, where as a customer pays on time, we will share in economics and either increase the line or decrease the APR. Our real focus is access to credit for the non-prime customer and have a great product in the market that works for them and obviously economically works for us. We'll watch the proposal. you know, we feel like we've got plenty of room to make sure the economics work as well as the value proposition works.
You know, I tried in, you know, the previous question to emphasize that while we are now rolling out in some specific segments, we are rolling out in segments that the credit card will meet our return hurdles even if we move into a mild recession. Said another way, you know, we're assuming from the test cells, a certain credit performance, and we put stress on top of that for our decision criteria for credit cards. Right now, we're not seeing that stress occur, so our credit cards are exceeding our return hurdles.
You know, if unemployment ticks up, we go into a recession, the business we're booking today and the business that we, you know, predicted we would book today, or the growth that we told you we thought we'd have this year, is gonna be profitable growth even if we see some deterioration in the macro economy.
Okay.
Yeah, let me just add to that on the delinquency, Michael.
Yeah.
You know, you quoted the 13% or so. Keep in mind as we mentioned, that's got a lot of these credit cards in it that we would not book. I think it's more than half of the portfolio at year-end. That's got delinquency levels that are call it twice what we're thinking about originating going forward. We do expect that to roll down. It's just a function of really that test environment.
Okay. That's great. Second, a follow-up question is on funding. Can you maybe talk about some of your plans to raise debt in 2023? I know it's, you know, partially opportunistic, but, you know, what would you consider a base case scenario for secured and unsecured funding this year? Would you be okay raising unsecured debt in the 8%+ range?
Yeah. It's a good question. I think, you know, as everything with us, you should expect us to be opportunistic. You know, we're gonna go in the markets that we think are most accretive for us. We did a good amount of ABS issuance in 2022. As you know, we were leaning heavily into the unsecured markets in the prior two years. You know, I think we're comfortable if all we need to do is issue ABS in 2023. Obviously the unsecured markets have rallied a lot over the last several weeks and, you know, they're starting to look a little bit more interesting to us. I think the balance of our complex is in the 7s, so you know, 8's a little bit above that.
We'd like to you know, see that stick around for a little bit. I think it's, you know, it's starting to become interesting to us. We tend, you know, even with all the ABS issuance we've done, we're still at 51% secured mix on the debt side at the end of fourth quarter. We've got a lot of flexibility. We also have the unique advantage of having $7.4 billion of committed bank lines. You know, it gives us a lot of flexibility, and I think we'll just be opportunistic this year and see where we go.
Okay. Thank you.
Our next question comes from Rick Shane from JPMorgan.
Thanks, guys, for taking my question. Most of them have been asked. Wanted to talk a little bit, a question that comes up for us in the current environment with cost funds ticking up a little bit given rates. How much pricing power do you have? Specifically what I'm interested in is that as you high-grade your portfolio in terms of credit quality, are you able to do that in this environment and not compromise pricing? Is there a distortion that we're seeing in terms of yields?
Rick, this is Micah. You know, I think a couple embedded questions there. You know, we do have some pricing leverage within certain segments of our current business, particularly, within the higher credit quality and the secured segments. You know, when we sort of restrict the credit box or tighten a bit, what we end up doing is remixing towards a higher credit quality customer and, you know, therefore that tends to have some pressure on the APR because those customers are definitely where there's more offers there. We're giving a little bit of a risk-based pricing, that does impact APR.
Over the course of the last year, we just because of the competitive environment, we have been able to make some positive influence on price in certain spots and most of that is in that higher credit quality segment. I would go the opposite of the question which is we've actually increased price in some of those better credit quality segments, and we're still getting a lot more volume in that area. I think it's because competition has tightened pricing dramatically, not because you know, more, I guess, more because of the underpricing potentially in 2021 period. We've always had price discipline. We're always testing in those markets. We feel good about the business. We're getting there, and we've been able to increase price a little bit accordingly.
Got it. No, that actually I clearly misstated the question because that was exactly what I was trying to understand. When you think about it now and that pricing power that you have in that segment and the remixing of the portfolio, do you think on a net basis you get to the same risk-adjusted margin, or do you get to a slightly lower risk-adjusted margin, but with lower volatility and, you know, definitionally less risk?
I mean, we certainly haven't changed any of the expectations on our sort of at the margin, minimum risk, minimum return hurdles. I would say generally speaking, we're gonna get to a very similar outcome on ROR, return on receivables. We just have potentially less price for less, you know, for lower losses, and we end up kind of in the same place at the bottom line.
Okay. Great. Thanks for taking my questions this morning, guys.
Thanks, Rick.
Our next question comes from John Hecht from Jefferies.
Morning, guys. Thanks for taking my questions and most of them have been asked.
Yeah.
I'm wondering-
How are you guys? The receivables growth, first of all, Micah, just remind me, is that when you're saying, you know, mid-single-digit receivables growth, is that comparing average receivables in 2023 versus 2022? Given that it appears that the card component will be, you know, a reasonable, component of overall growth, is there anything from a seasonal perspective that will change, given the ramp of cards relative to the normal installment book?
Yeah, that's a good question. I think the straight answer on receivables is that is the end-of-period managed receivables that we publish. It will include credit card. It also includes those loans that we are selling through our loan flow agreements. It is not an average calculation. In terms of the growth, you know, if you say low to mid-single digits, if I sort of benchmark that at half a billion dollars to $1 billion, you know, we've called out we expect credit card to be $400 million-$500 million at year-end, coming off of a $100 million base. We'll call that $300 million-$400 million of that growth with the other $200 million-$600 million coming from the loan book.
You know, that'll be a combination of our core loans, which, you know, as we've talked about, have had, a, you know, the current credit box is pretty conservative, where we tightened dramatically in August of last year. You know, our receivables reflect having that current credit, box for the full year of 2023. It also includes some continued growth in our distribution channels. I would think in terms of, you know, normal seasonal patterns, the credit card probably skewed a little bit more towards the second half as we continue to be very conservative there, get comfortable with performance. We will expect to see more growth in the second half than in the first on the card.
I think in the core loan book, we expect normal seasonal patterns to kind of emerge, where typically we have trouble in terms of growing in the first quarter because of tax season. It's also very accretive to payments and delinquency. We do tend to not grow in the first quarter, and then we reemerge into that growth pattern from second, third, and fourth. That's how we see it playing out. Obviously, still a lot to be determined, but that's kind of my views for now.
Great. Thanks very much, guys.
Sure.
Our next question comes from David Scharf from JMP Securities.
Hey, good morning. Thanks for, thanks for squeezing me in here. Hey, I, just one question. I wanted to follow up on some comments you made on the prior quarter's call, and this kind of relates to some of Rick's questions. You know, you had noted, I think, last quarter that, you know, you had noticed quite a bit of competition pulling back. You know, it manifested in their marketing spend, and it could have either been kind of credit-driven or lack of ability to access liquidity on their part. But can you provide a little more of an update on competitively what you're seeing, if any of those dynamics have reversed course?
If you're still seeing, as you define, you know, your primary near-prime competitors, whether it's still an attractive, customer acquisition landscape notwithstanding your conservatism on loan growth?
Yeah. I mean, I think the answer is yes. We think it's, you know, it's a good competitive environment for us. You know, we've been through cycles like this as a company and, you know, specifically we built this balance sheet where in good times, you know, we're not doing just-in-time funding, and so we're spending more money than competitors, you know, for insurance to have our long liquidity runway diversified funding program. It's in times like this that it pays off because we're building our business for the long run. So, you know, the capital markets remain, you know. It's a difficult capital markets environment, probably a little better now than it was in the fall.
Some of the competition that couldn't get any access to funding, you know, in the summer when delinquencies ticked up across the whole non-prime landscape probably can get access to funding. I think that's stabilizing some. I think some competitors we've seen come back into the market with access to capital. With that said, it's still very tight. It's very expensive. It's more expensive for a lot of our competitors, you know, getting funding than for us. We've got advantages around pricing. We've got advantages. We can book every loan that we see as attractive and meets our hurdles. Net-net, you know, even with our more conservative credit box, we're still seeing very healthy demand coming into our products. I think, you know, some of it is the capital markets.
Some of it is, you know, competitors have had to pull back more, either because of lack of equity funding or debt funding. We think a lot of it is the investments we've been making the last several years in our digital, in our product innovation, in our customer experience. The brand we've built over time, people trust, and they come to us, and they want to do business with us. We like our competitive positioning. We don't take it for granted. You know, we need to earn our customers' business and their trust every day. We're going to stay focused on that within our risk appetite.
Got it. No, very helpful. Then just one quick follow-up, clarification, I guess for Micah. Did I hear you suggest, you know, in terms of degree of conservatism that existing reserve levels are, you know, effectively, if not contemplating set at, you know, what is the higher end of your loss guidance this year? That if we come in, you know, at kind of the lower end of that 7%, 7.5% , we'd likely see the ALL come down as well.
Yeah. Yeah, that's exactly right. I think, you know, I've with respect to the first point, David, I think we've assumed 4.5%- 5% unemployment rate in the reserves. You know, that kind of puts them at an 11.6 reserve ratio versus pre-COVID when we first struck CECL in January of 2020 at 10.7. Almost a full point above that. You know, I think the reduction in the reserve ratio will really be a function of what the future looks like as we're always kind of pushing forward every quarter. We could come in at the lower end of the charge-off range, and if the world doesn't look great going forward, we could still have those reserves in place.
That's really something to watch out for as you think through, you know, where the, where the year transpires.
Hey, everybody. Thanks for joining the call today. If you have follow-up, obviously reach out to our team. I hope everyone has a good day. We'll look forward to continuing to talk about the business with all of you know, over the next several weeks, months, and next quarter. Thanks for joining.
Thank you. This does conclude today's OneMain Financial fourth quarter and full year 2022 earnings conference call. Please disconnect your line at this time and have a wonderful day.