A brief question- and- answer session will follow the formal presentation. If anyone should require operator assistance during the conference, please press star zero on your telephone keypad. As a reminder, this conference is being recorded. It is now my pleasure to introduce your host, Patrick Jobin, Investor Relations. Thank you, sir. You may begin.
Thank you, Maria. Before we begin, please note that certain remarks we will make on this conference call constitute forward-looking statements. Although we believe these statements reflect our best judgment based on factors currently known to us, actual results may differ materially and adversely. Please refer to the company's filings with the SEC for a more inclusive discussion of risks and other factors that may cause our actual results to differ from projections made in any forward-looking statements. Please also note that these statements are being made as of today, and we disclaim any obligation to update or revise them. On the call today are Mary Powell, Sunrun's CEO, Ed Fenster, Sunrun's Co-Founder and Co-Executive Chair, and Danny Abajian, Sunrun's CFO. Now let me turn it over to Mary.
Thank you, Patrick. I have really been looking forward to this call to share our strong fourth quarter and full year results with you, as well as to talk about our outlook and priorities for 2023. We ended 2022 delivering and even modestly exceeding our guidance, growing new installations by over 25% and delivering greatly increased Net Subscriber Values. We exited 2022 with nearly 800,000 customers, 5.7 GW of network solar energy capacity, and $5.6 billion in Net Earning Assets. I am confident 2023 will build on this strong momentum as the strength of our subscription model provides market share gains. The year is off to a great start. We are seeing early funnel sales growth in January of over 30% across our entire direct business and even faster growth in California.
Part of this is expected acceleration ahead of the changes in California, but it is also indicative of the broader utility rate trends which continue to rise and the growing consumer awareness of our offering. Our strong traction is also a result of our ability to attract the best sales talent in the industry that is eager to work with the nation's leading clean energy provider, especially one that is leading on storage and innovation. Sunrun is the clear leader providing energy as a subscription service with over 60% share of new subscriptions across the industry. Recent trends in financing costs for loans, the growing need for advanced systems with storage, awareness of the value of service and performance guarantees, along with the uncertain economic climate, have all contributed to the growing relative advantages of our subscription offering.
We are already seeing a shift in our sales activities towards the subscription offering and expect it will flow through in a meaningful way in our installation activities in the coming quarters. The customer value proposition is swinging even further towards the subscription model as the ITC and other potential adders are only available to homeowners in this model, making solar and storage even more accessible to more customers. Sunrun is significantly advantaged as the leader in storage deployments. We have installed more than 53,000 residential solar and storage systems across the country, more than any other company. We have developed considerable skills and capabilities communicating the value proposition of storage systems with customers, in addition to gaining experience in efficiently designing, permitting, and installing these more advanced projects.
We believe we are also leading in procuring storage hardware, given our strong relationships with multiple suppliers and our large scale. While storage supply was a constraint to growth as recently as last year, supply conditions have improved considerably for us, and we are well positioned to dramatically increase the attachment rate of storage. Storage solutions are not only a significant competitive advantage for Sunrun and differentiator in the eyes of customers and salespeople in the industry, they are meaningfully accretive to our margins. At Sunrun, we are continuing to further differentiate our offering to customers and increase our competitive advantages. Just this month, we announced a collaboration with PG&E to form a 30 MW Virtual Power Plant this summer, helping to provide critical base load in a repeatable way when it is needed most.
This builds on the 17 MW Virtual Power Plant we announced in Puerto Rico just a few months ago. With 14 advanced Virtual Power Plant opportunities now forged across the country, we are leading the industry and showing utilities and regulators the possibilities of leveraging our network of distributed home solar and storage systems while generating recurring revenue streams and driving increased customer value. In the fourth quarter, we demonstrated continued progress on making Sunrun faster, better, and stronger in all dimensions of the fundamentals. You can see the results of this through our record-setting Net Subscriber Value of over $16,000, which, as Danny will discuss, helped us offset so many of the interest rate pressures we faced last year.
We achieved this through hard work focused on the fundamentals of cost efficiency and performance improvements along with continued price optimization while ensuring a strong customer value proposition even as we invest in innovation and differentiation. Throughout the year, we worked on streamlining our operations, leading to improved customer experience throughout the process and better productivity. We grew new installations over 25% in 2022, while only growing headcount at 1/3 of that rate. This was achieved through a strong focus on streamlining operations while delivering customers a great experience and value. The average hours spent on an installation by our crews improved 23% in Q4 compared to the prior year, driven in part by a reduction of the average crew size by 12% as we found ways to be more productive and efficient while maintaining our high safety and quality standards.
We also maintained strong overhead cost discipline, with G&A expenses declining more than 12% compared to last year and reaching $1,100 per new customer by Q4, a 29% improvement year-over-year, showing the benefits of our scale and our disciplined approach to sustainable, profitable growth. I am tremendously proud of what our team is doing in the field each and every day for our customers, and I know we will continue to drive even more efficiency while delighting our customers in 2023. Shifting gears to policy updates. The biggest development since our last call is the finalization of the NEM 3.0 proceeding in California, where regulators approved an updated net billing tariff. The final language was dramatically improved from the initial draft as the regulators dropped the proposed discriminatory fixed fee on solar customers.
The new proposal will introduce variable pricing with significant reductions of the value of energy exported back to the grid during the day, dramatically increasing the value proposition of storage. As I noted earlier, Sunrun is the leader in storage solutions and is well positioned for this transition to more solar plus storage installations. In addition to our solar offering and solar with storage offerings for home backup, we will launch a new offering in California that incorporates storage to optimize the economics of energy produced by the solar system, reducing low value exports and increasing self-consumption for our customers' benefit. This system will be easier and quicker to install. We believe this new offering delivers a strong value proposition for our customers and Net Subscriber Value for Sunrun.
In the interim, prior to the new structure becoming effective in mid-April, we are already working hard to help customers sign up under the current rate structure in California to lock in even greater savings potential. We are seeing record-breaking demand in California, with early funnel sales activity in January growing more than 30% compared to last year. Lower sales activity is expected immediately following implementation of the new tariff, but we also expect that the combination of the pull forward of demand into Q1 and the anticipated strong customer response to our innovative offering will result in strong growth over the long term in this market. Combined with the strong sales-driven backlog in California and strong demand across the country, we expect to deliver smooth and sequentially growing installations throughout 2023.
On other policy matters, we are excited by the increased opportunities created by the Inflation Reduction Act. Investing to help disadvantaged low-income communities, providing economic benefits to areas with high unemployment or that have high exposure to fossil fuel-based economies, and helping encourage domestic production of advanced clean technologies are all things that Sunrun is well-positioned to do. As we have discussed before, the Inflation Reduction Act established three investment tax credit adders to accomplish these objectives. We, along with so many across the industry, were disappointed to see that so many low and moderate-income Americans and those in multifamily dwellings will now have to wait to benefit from the LMI adders. The initial Treasury guidance released last week appears in opposition to the administration's broad goal to encourage as much solar in low-income communities as fast as possible.
As many in the industry have already noted, the proposed drawn-out and long mechanism to allocate the available capacity likely delays many projects, delaying and potentially risking delivering benefits to low-income communities. These are the communities that need the benefits of solar energy the most, and Sunrun is particularly well-positioned to help these communities gain access to affordable, clean, and predictably priced energy at a critical time when utility rates are escalating so quickly and household budgets are being squeezed. We will continue to work with others in the industry and with policymakers to make sure these communities benefit in the way the IRA legislation intended. While we are waiting guidance from the Treasury on the other two ITC adders for energy communities and domestic content, we are proactively taking steps today to ensure we can act quickly once clarity is obtained.
For example, we have already entered into agreements for nearly 200 MW of module supply from a leading domestic producer, in addition to meaningful supply arrangements for storage solutions produced in the U.S., which should, in our opinion, allow a significant portion of our volume to qualify for the domestic content adder. Obviously, we will have to wait until official guidance from Treasury is obtained. In summary, Sunrun continued our focus of crushing it on the fundamentals, and we have the right strategy and high energy, focused, and experienced team in place to continue to successfully navigate these uncertain times. The value proposition for customers continues to increase as utility rates escalate rapidly and consumers demand affordable, clean, and predictably priced energy.
While 2022 brought its set of challenges, and we will certainly have our share of things to overcome in 2023, I am proud of our team's quick actions last year to adapt to the rapidly changing macro environment around us. At Sunrun, we see adversity as a way to help shape ourselves and make us a stronger company for the long run. We have more work to do, so we won't be sitting idle, and I am confident that our team is up to the challenge. Before I hit one final item, I want to express my sincere appreciation for all the Sunrun employees working so hard to create a company that is faster, better, and stronger for our customers and our communities.
Building the best company and helping turbocharge this consumer-led revolution in energy is only possible with the talented and committed team who is ready to lead the charge every single day. Last but certainly not least, I also wanna update you on a management change we announced today. After over 15 years in a full-time leadership capacity, Ed Fenster, who has been on parental leave since August, decided the timing was right to transition to a role where he can spend more time with his young family. While Ed will cease having direct reports at the company, he will remain very active in strategic matters. Ed won't be quite as visible day-to-day, but his trusted counsel will be omnipresent, and we certainly know that he won't hesitate digging deep on topics with our team as needed.
To state the obvious, Ed has played an invaluable role in making Sunrun the market leader. He will continue to play an invaluable role going forward. You'll continue to hear from him. He'll continue providing his wisdom, insight, and leadership throughout the company in so many ways. Thank you so much, Ed. With that, I turn it over to you.
Thank you, Mary. I am so thankful for and impressed by the team leading Sunrun today. It's been a great honor to have had the privilege of working day in and day out alongside the many talented people who've helped Sunrun grow and flourish from a small company run out of my attic, into the nation's leading provider of solar and storage. While being on parental leave over the last several months, I concluded that I wanna spend more time with my children during these important formative years before they're in school, and I also plan to travel with them for a few months over the summer. The company and the leadership team are both in a fantastic position. I frankly don't believe my full-time day-to-day participation is any longer key to our success, and I remain as committed as ever to that success.
I'll continue to be involved in key decisions, participate in management and strategy meetings, and meet very extensively with our capital providers. I'm not taking on other work. I just believe the time is right for me to focus my Sunrun time in the highest value areas and to recover the balance to spend with my family. Company leadership is in fantastic hands. Sunrun has deep bench strength and tremendous experience across all aspects of the business. Over the last few quarters, the company has been more operationally efficient and enjoyed significant gains in Net Promoter Score while increasing volumes and pricing. The operating results corroborated my intuition that it's an appropriate time for me to make this transition. I'm grateful for all your support, and I look forward to remaining part of this great company as we move forward.
Speaking of which, I'd like to turn the call over to Danny to share the financial update.
Thank you so much, Ed. Working with you so closely as and receiving your mentorship has been a real privilege. I appreciate that your counsel to our team is always a call away. Today, I will cover our operating and financial performance in the quarter, along with an update on our capital markets activities and outlook. Turning first to results for the quarter. In the fourth quarter, customer additions were approximately 37,400, including approximately 27,500 subscriber additions. Our subscriber additions were 72% of our total customer additions in the period, a small increase from last quarter. Our recent sales activities and the benefits from the tax credit adders in the Inflation Reduction Act, which are only available to the solar subscription model, indicate the mix of customer additions is likely to shift towards subscribers more significantly in the quarters ahead.
Solar energy capacity installed was approximately 275 MW in the fourth quarter of 2022, a greater than 25% increase from the same quarter last year. For the full year 2022, solar energy capacity installed was nearly 1 GW at 991 MW, a 25.2% increase from the prior year, modestly exceeding our guidance. Our installation teams and partners performed incredibly well in the fourth quarter, driving strong efficiency and productivity metrics while also remaining committed to safety and high-quality installations. The increased pace of installations is allowing us to gradually work down our pipeline, which is approximately one quarter at the end of Q4. We aim to manage sales and installation activities to maintain a pipeline that optimizes our resource planning and customer experience. Although we do expect our pipeline to increase in the first half of the year.
We have now installed over 53,000 solar and storage systems. We expect storage installations will grow rapidly in the quarters ahead and attachment rates will increase meaningfully. Storage solutions not only provide customers increased value from energy rate optimization and backup power capabilities, but they carry higher margins, typically by several thousand dollars per customer. As Mary highlighted, our ability to satisfy demand for storage installations with superior operational fulfillment is a clear differentiator for Sunrun in the marketplace. We ended Q4 with approximately 797,000 customers and 667,000 subscribers, representing 5.7 GW of network solar energy capacity, an increase of 21% compared to the prior year. Our subscribers generate significant recurring revenue with most under 20 or 25-year contracts for the clean energy we provide.
At the end of Q4, our Annual Recurring Revenue, or ARR, stood at over $1 billion, with an average contract life remaining of over 17 years. During 2022, we successfully demonstrated our adaptability and financial resiliency in the face of persistently high inflation, a historic speed of interest rate increases, a dynamic supply chain, and a large installation backlog. We implemented significant pricing increases throughout the year behind double-digit utility price inflation as utilities passed their own increases in labor, fuel, and capital costs through to their customers. The trajectory of utility price increases were similar to our price increases for new customers, we maintained an attractive value proposition and sustained high demand. We found and created ways to offset rising input costs with improved operational efficiency.
In Q4, Subscriber Value was approximately $46,300, and Creation Cost was approximately $29,800, delivering a Net Subscriber Value of $16,569, a healthy increase from $13,259 in the prior quarter. Total Value Generated, which is the Net Subscriber Value multiplied by the number of subscriber additions in the period, was $456 million in the fourth quarter. From Q4 2021 to Q4 2022, our Subscriber Value increased by over $9,000 or approximately 25%, while our Creation Costs remained approximately flat despite sharply higher equipment prices and general inflation. Our Net Subscriber Value more than doubled from approximately $7,000 year-over-year.
As a reminder, starting in Q3, our subscriber value reflected the benefit of a 30% tax credit as opposed to 26% provided by the passage of the Inflation Reduction Act in August. Each quarter, we provide ranges for advance rate measured as a percentage of contracted subscriber value that reflects current capital costs. We finance our systems upon installation with tax equity and project-level non-recourse debt, which monetizes a portion of our subscriber value. Our advance rate ranges allow investors to approximate proceeds from all sources, net of fees, and gains the obtainable net cash unit margins on deployments. From Q4 2021 to Q4 2022, our advance rates fell substantially from a range of 95%-100% to 75%-85%.
However, because we also increased our contracted Subscriber Value by over $8,200 over the same period, our estimated proceeds per customer increased by $700 using the midpoints of these two ranges. Given today's higher cost of capital environment, commencing with 2023 reporting, we anticipate increasing our discount rate assumption from 5%, which we used in our reporting throughout 2022, to 6%. As you can see on slide 12, adjusting the discount rate higher by 1% would lower the total Subscriber Value, and thus Net Subscriber Value by approximately $3,600 in Q4. Because proceeds per customer are already based on market rates, our advance rate in Q4 as a percentage of contracted Subscriber Value would increase to approximately 80%-90%. Turning now to Gross and Net Earning Assets and our balance sheet.
Gross Earning Assets were $12.4 billion at the end of the fourth quarter. Gross Earning Assets is the measure of cash flows we expect to receive from customers over time, net of operating and maintenance costs, distributions to tax equity partners in partnership flip structures, and distributions to project equity financing partners discounted at a 5% unlevered capital cost. Net Earning Assets were nearly $5.6 billion at the end of the fourth quarter, an increase of $487 million or 10% from the prior quarter. Net Earning Assets is Gross Earning Assets, plus cash, less all debt. We also anticipate adjusting the discount rate used to calculate Gross Earning Assets from 5%- 6% to be consistent with the changes in how Subscriber Value is calculated.
On slide 11, we provide Gross Earning Assets and Net Earning Assets pro forma using a 6% discount rate. We ended the quarter with $953 million in total cash. We continue to maintain a robust project finance runway. As of today, closed transactions and executed term sheets provide us with expected tax equity capacity to fund over 400 MW of projects for subscribers beyond what was deployed through the fourth quarter. Sunrun also had $837 million in unused commitments available in its $1.8 billion non-recourse senior revolving warehouse loan at the end of the quarter to fund over 320 MW of projects for subscribers. This strong capital runway allows us to be selective in timing our capital markets activity. Turning now to our outlook.
We expect growth in solar energy capacity installed to be between 10% and 15% for the full year 2023, which we believe will result in market share gains. We currently see more upside opportunity than downside risk in achieving growth in this range. Feel it is best to err on the cautionary side early on in the year. Even with the tremendous sales activities we are currently seeing, our conservative stance is influenced by the mid-April transition to the new net billing tariff in California, extended cycle times with higher storage mix, timing uncertainty with the implementation of ITC adders, and our ongoing pricing adjustments and go-to-market optimization efforts. We expect our storage attachment rate will increase significantly in 2023 from approximately 15% in 2022.
The strong sales growth we are seeing, coupled with the increasing mix of storage, is likely to extend cycle times and increase working capital needs. We will remain focused on prudently managing our backlog and working capital without foregoing the tremendous opportunity to extend Sunrun's lead in 2023. In Q1, we expect solar energy capacity installed to be in a range of 215 MW and 225 MW. The first quarter is typically seasonally lower than the fourth quarter, as you can see from nearly all of our historic results over the years, due to lower selling activities exiting the prior year and more weather-related installation limitations and shorter days entering the new year. We expect Net Subscriber Value to be approximately $10,000 in Q1 using a 6% discount rate, and to increase sequentially throughout 2023.
For comparability, using a 5% discount rate, Net Subscriber Value would be over $13,000 in Q1. Our focus is on delivering profitable growth, efficient operations, and strong unit margins while navigating a fluctuating interest rate environment. Our discipline has served us well for the last 15 years, and we believe will serve the company and our stakeholders well in the current economic paradigm. Turning briefly to our capital markets activities and outlook. As we've shared before, we regularly enter into interest rate swaps to hedge capital costs on our newly installed customers. We are principally exposed to interest rate fluctuations between customer origination through shortly after installation. Around the time of installation, our systems are financed with project-level non-recourse debt.
Nearly all of this financing is insulated from near-term interest rate fluctuations as our debt is either fixed coupon, long-dated securities, or floating rate debt that has been hedged with interest rate swaps. At the end of 2022, Sunrun executed an $835 million term out financing consisting of a $600 million non-recourse syndicated bank facility and a $235 million subordinated debt facility supporting a 335 MW portfolio of systems. The team executed this transaction particularly well, delivering senior loan pricing at an initial credit spread 100 basis points below recent solar loan securitization transactions observed in the sector at that time, and a cumulative advance rate exceeding the high end of our guidance range of 85%.
The advance rate on this portfolio benefited from previously placed in-the-money interest rate hedges, we expect the advance rate in our next term out transaction, which does not carry such benefit, to be slightly lower. Cost of capital has trended favorably over the last few months as credit markets have improved. We continue to observe our capital costs in the mid 6% to mid 7% area. Consistent with this cost of capital range, we expect advance rates on our newly deployed portfolios to still be between 75% and 85% of contracted subscriber value calculated using a 5% discount rate or 80% and 90% against contracted subscriber value calculated using the new 6% discount rate.
The longstanding relationships we have cultivated with many capital providers in multiple markets, our reputation as a high-quality sponsor, and the consistently strong payment performance trends of our customers through multiple economic cycles affords us ready access to capital and allows us to be selective with our transactions. Our next term out transaction will likely be in the securitization market as opposed to the bank market due to much improved conditions in that market to start the new year. Let me turn it back to Mary.
Thanks, Danny. I am so appreciative of our hardworking team, whose adaptability and commitment to our purpose helped deliver an amazing year of transformation for Sunrun in 2022. I am confident that our momentum will continue into 2023 as we focus on the fundamentals to make us faster, better, and stronger for the benefit of our beloved customers, our amazing employees, the hundreds of communities we operate in across the country, and our financial partners. With that, Operator, let's open the line for questions.
At this time, we will be conducting a question- and- answer session. If you would like to ask a question, please press star one on your telephone keypad. A confirmation tone will indicate that your line is in the question queue. You may press star two if you would like to remove your question from the queue. We ask that you limit your questions to one and a follow-up so that others may have an opportunity to ask questions. For participants using speaker equipment, it may be necessary to pick up your handset before pressing the star keys. One moment please while we poll for questions. Our first question comes from Julien Dumoulin-Smith with Bank of America. Please proceed with your question.
Hey, good afternoon. Congratulations, Ed. Thank you guys for the time. Nicely done, I would say. More specifically here, the look for 10%-15% on 2023 is impressive. You guys said in your prepared remarks that you're looking for market share gains. Can you guys elaborate a little bit on the depth of that market share gain, considering some of the commentary on the loan side? What are you seeing in terms of your ability to kinda capture some of that shift, if you will?
Yeah. Hey, great, Julien. It's nice to hear from you. This is Mary. Yeah. Really, you know, it's based on the fact that, again, you know, we're seeing really good signs at the beginning of the year in terms of, you know, consumer demand. We believe that we are really well-positioned with the subscription model for this year, which clearly has a more valuable customer proposition, you know, because of, you know, basically its ability to monetize the value of the ITC adders for customers. You know, and then again, we expect to gain market share because again, you have folks like Wood Mackenzie expecting sort of flattish to 6%, and we're looking at, you know, we're feeling like 10%-15%. As you know, we're very, very focused on sustainable, profitable growth.
Again, you know, we're looking at that 10%-15% as being, you know, reasonable and conservative. Given that and given Wood Mackenzie, we believe we'll probably pick up some market share. Also, you know, it's really what we call the year of storage. Sunrun is the leader in storage, and we feel like we are really well-positioned in California, which will be, you know, always is and will continue to be a really important market for our products because frankly, Californians need our product because the utility power is just not as reliable and is very highly priced. We feel like we're in a good position.
Right. Julien, it's Ed. The one thing I would just add as a reminder on the, you know, because we do expect a big increase in storage installations, this calendar year, you know, a storage installation can take, you know, 50% more labor hours than a solar only one and can take as many as 50 or more days to get to installation. You know, as you significantly increase the storage attachment rate, you have many more projects, you know, in the development pipeline. When we're talking about the annual growth rate, we're actually obviously talking about the projects that are entering the exiting the pipeline, not entering the pipeline. That's a factor in there as well.
Yeah, that actually preempts the follow-up here. I mean, the funnel, you guys talk about 30%+ , you're only at 10%-15%. I mean, what does that say for 2024? I know it might be a little early. Related to that, you know, $16,000+ in per customer here, it's pretty solid print. How do you see the cadence of that through the course of the year, as you say, too?
Yeah. Actually, Julien, to build on Ed's response, like, again, you know, one of the things to think about, right, when we talk about growth is, you know, how we've classically talked about it is installed capacity. Again, as we're becoming more and more of a clean energy storage company as well, you know, that really is very accretive to value. Really looking at growth in the context of, you know, the additional value we can create through storage is really important, as we look to the year.
On the Net Subscriber Value, just, allow me to do the walk. As I said in the prepared remarks, you know, we did achieve greater than $16,000 in Q4, and we guided to greater than or approximately $10,000 in Q1. In there is the switch from 5%- 6% discount rate. And if we went on a like for like basis at the 5% discount rate, the guide would have been over $13,000 per customer in Q1. And between Q4 and Q1, obviously there's a sequential decline in installation volume, due to some seasonality, you know, that's normal in the business.
As we, kind of see that volume drop over that period of time, there's reduced operating cost leverage coming through in the period. The outlook would be for to grow that number sequentially throughout the year, as we grow volumes, and shift the mix towards higher value projects.
Our next question comes from James West with Evercore ISI. Please proceed with your question.
Thanks. Good afternoon, everybody.
Hi, James.
Hey, Mary. I just want to follow up quickly on kind of where Julien was going with his questions around, you know, your expected installation growth, you know, versus the increase you're seeing early this year. I guess as you transition to more of, as you mentioned, you know, a storage company rather than just pure, your residential solar, the correlation between kind of the top line and what you guys see as installation growth, I would assume that that starts to break down somewhat and maybe revenue outgrows installations. Is that a fair comment?
Yeah. I mean, there is a, yeah, there's a greater disconnect between the top line growth and the installation volume growth, again, as we shift from, you know, more complex to install jobs that take a few more hours, and as we see the you know, the ramp up in our installation capability against that volume growth. There's just generally a lagging effect and an expectation that the size of our pipeline will resume growth after a few quarters of contracting.
Okay. Okay, makes sense. Maybe just a quick follow-up from me. I noticed, obviously you had some commentary in your prepared remarks about your DTP business, and I saw some commentary in the press release around Lunar and in moving to the Gridshare software on your current DTPs. I was wondering, you know, how that process is going. Are you finding it to be a higher quality product? Will you switch to that on a, you know, all your DTPs going forward or maybe other parts of your business?
Yeah. Thank you for noting that. We are so excited about our work in the Virtual Power Plant space. As we noted in my remarks, you know, again, the PG&E announcement following the Puerto Rico announcement, we just see this as an area that strategically is so important as we look to the future, particularly as we look to a future with so much more storage paired with solar. I think as I've often talked about when I talk about radical collaboration, that, you know, we're gonna get to the day, I think, in the not too distant future, where, you know, we literally have regulators and utilities sort of banging down the doors, wanting to have more access to our capacity. Long-winded way transition into your question on Lunar. We are really excited about their capability.
That is going incredibly well. Not only are they working, you know, on this, you know, next generation storage capability that we'll have access to in 2023, but, you know, through their work with this Gridshare program, we find it really highly sophisticated, great performance, and we're really excited to be working with them.
Our next question comes from Brian Lee with Goldman Sachs. Please proceed with your question.
Hey, everyone. Good afternoon. Thanks for taking the questions.
Hey, Brian.
Hey, how's it going? maybe going back to the market share gain that's, you know, super interesting and encouraging.
How much of that is, you know, coming from specific states that you would highlight as areas where you've, you know, doubled down efforts, you know, invested more than your peers? How much of that is just coming from this broader, you know, loan to lease makeshift that, you know, everyone's obviously acknowledging at this point? Maybe, related to that, just what are you embedding for California, non-California growth in general for your outlook here for the year? I had a follow-up.
Yeah, I would say, you know, at a high level, Brian, as we've talked about, you know, when we've met, you know, where our focus again has been faster, better, stronger. We've like one of the areas I'm so impressed with the team in 2022 and that we're gonna continue in 2023, is like always looking at data every week, every market, every geo, making decisions around, you know, our position and how to, you know, leverage the best customer value proposition in that area. We're, we're gonna continue to do that. I mean, from a broader perspective, though, we're definitely seeing in all the markets that we're in, we're seeing great interest, for what we have to offer to consumers.
You know, we also are feeling really good about our position in California because of our innovating around a product that we really feel will really help customers monetize the value of the new tariff in California. With that, I would toss it to Danny. Do you wanna give more specific growth level comments?
Yeah. I think Mary covered it well in the lead in as well, where she said that, you know, 30% early funnel sales growth nationally and higher than that in California. That's at the moment. I think the expectation, now we have to see it play out, but the expectation is, you know, post-April, you know, mid-April market transition in California, we think the value prop will still be great for customers in the market, and the growth rate there will trend more towards what we've seen ex- California.
Okay, fair enough. I appreciate that additional color. Maybe another one for you, Danny, or maybe Ed as well. Just high-level thoughts, you know, on this transition from PV5 to PV6. I think, you know, some investors were maybe expecting you to go all the way to even PV7. Just, you know, thoughts on PV6 versus PV7, and then general cost of capital trends in 2023 and what you expect in ABS financing costs and volume this year. Thank you.
Yeah. Thanks for the question. Yeah. I think we, as we've said, you know, we want to have a discount rate in the metric that we think is good for the, you know, reasonably long term and doesn't fluctuate every quarter. As you, as you saw in the remarks, as well, you know, quarter-over-quarter fluctuations also generate the need to explain lots of pro forma. It's like just for, you know, period-over-period comparability, the thought was to select something that, you know, allows us to keep it in place for a year.
We were thoughtful about that, looking at, you know, where rates have kinda moved around in the recent past, looking at long-term rate expectations, and felt PV6 was a good mark to approximate the system value. We're also continuing to give the constant guidance on where advance rates are fluctuating at any moment in time relative to market interest rates. We'll continue to give that clarity on how much of the contracted Subscriber Value we are able to monetize into cash proceeds at the point of install. That number, you know, today, looking at markets, we've mentioned the 75%-85%, which will be 80%-90% using the new discount rate, and that's for equivalent proceeds.
We still maintain that range. Excuse me. We still maintain that range going into Q1, you know, given where rates are today, probably with an expectation that we'd be around the midpoint or the top half of that range, so more between 7 and 7.5, given where we've observed markets in the last couple of weeks. From an advance rate standpoint, that would put us in the bottom half of the advance rate guidance range, just, you know, based on where things are trending at the moment.
Our next question comes from Phil Shen with Roth Capital Partners. Please proceed with your question.
Hey, guys. Thanks for taking the questions. I know a lot has been asked around the 2023 guide and the outlook. I wanted to hit it from a different angle. you know, Mary, I think you talked about the guidance being reasonable and conservative, and was wondering if another area of conservatism might be around the onboarding of new dealers. I'm imagining, you know, there's a fair amount of dealers wanting to jump on your platform at this point. To what degree could that serve as yet another lever of upside, as my sense would be that maybe that 10%-15% growth is maybe more organic with your existing base of dealers. You know, what's been the interest and activity of new inquiries as well? Thanks.
Yeah, I would say, you know, relatively more organic. You know, definitely seeing the flywheel effects, as we've, you know, put the, you know, the Sunrun and Vivint businesses together now, with a two-year operating period and track record. Definitely, being seen also as a, as an attractive place to sell directly. So I'd say it's more direct-driven than dealer-driven. To the extent it becomes dealer-driven, we would view that as relatively more upside to the model.
Yep.
Great. Can you guys comment on whether or not you are seeing a high level of flow and activity from those dealers externally?
Is the question like with us on our platform?
Yeah. Like, are you getting inbounds from dealers that you historically have not worked with, because you have your lease and subscriber offering?
If you would guess, I mean, I think the way to answer it is like, yes. Like, again, we're the nation's leader. We also like, again, back to how I described our whole go-to-market strategy and how we worked it in 2022 is, you know, we're very selective and we're very disciplined. Again, our focus is on sustainable, profitable growth. Yes, you note that there are definitely different ways we could see a path to creating more upside. Again, we're really super focused on being selective and disciplined to ensure that we get to sustainable, profitable growth.
Great. Thanks, Mary. In terms of my follow-up, it's on NEM 3.0 in California. You know, Mary talked about this new offering in California. You know, it sounds like it has a strong value proposition and contributes well to Net Subscriber Value. Most are expecting a decline in California once NEM 2.0 installations are done. But can you talk about this new offering and possibly how it could serve your customers and potentially result in a situation where could you guys actually grow your California volumes year-over-year in a time when many of your competitors are actually losing or decreasing year-over-year? Thanks.
I mean, I think the most powerful thing for Sunrun as we go into this year in California is that we have deep bench strength around storage. Again, we, you know, we're the nation's leader in providing storage in customers' homes. We have 53,000 customers that already have storage. Yes, this product, again, we've come up with something that is, you know, quicker and easier to install and, you know, really provides great savings proposition for customers. We think it'll be very powerful. Yeah, I think definitely our history and our leadership on storage is gonna be very helpful and is a part of differentiating us for sure from some of the others.
I mean, one of the reasons we really were agitating with regulators and policymakers last year for a longer ramp time was we saw that for the rest of the industry, you know, particularly the long tail that may not have the experience in storage, that it's gonna be much harder to quickly adopt to this new tariff, which really relies on capabilities around storage. We're feeling like we're in good shape as we go into the year.
To just underscore or maybe highlight something that I believe, Mary mentioned on the call, you know, we are expecting, on an installation basis, sequential growth in installations across all the quarters of this year.
Yes, 100%.
Our next question comes from Kashy Harrison with Piper Sandler. Please proceed with your question.
Good afternoon, and thanks for taking the questions. Congrats, Ed. First one from me, just one quick follow-up question on the 2023 guide. How are you thinking about your lease loan mix, in 2023?
Yeah. We said on the call, you know, 71% went to 72%. The outlook there is closer to the 80% area. If you look historically, prior to last year, we were generally in an 80%-85% range. I think we'll trend more towards the kind of the historical norm we saw in the business.
Got it. Thanks. That's helpful. For my follow-up question, you know, you, based on, your, the slide that you have with the advance rates, you indicate that you can generate roughly, I think, $3,600 per customer. How are you thinking about the changes in working capital during 2022? Looks like it's been about $400 million-$500 million these past few years. I'm just curious how you're thinking about 2023.
Yeah. The working capital is, I would say, mainly associated with the run-up in sales, right? Which results in a lot of the cost structure of our sales organization being incurred ahead of the realization of proceeds. Then as we ramp, you know, the operational capacity, you know, some fixed investment there to grow the footprint, as well as, you know, in particular this year, with a meaningful growth in the battery attach rate, and just, you know, general growth, you know, continued growth in supply chain spend and inventory balance. You'll see a pretty substantial move in the inventory balance on the balance sheet, kind of in line with that, already occurring in the period in Q4.
Sorry, just to clarify, are you saying that your changes in working capital in 2023 will be lower than 2022? Is that what you were getting at?
Yeah. I don't have the exact comparison, you know, I would say the amount of installation growth, you know, last year being 25%, this year being 10%-15%, would suggest lower. The amount of, you know, offsetting that would be the amount of equipment cost per installation with the higher attach rate would also be higher, right? The value of equipment per job is going up, but the number of installs we're ramping up into, you know, relatively year-over-year. It's a lower growth rate, obviously. They're probably offsetting factors out there.
I would say, the other thing I would add to that is just, again, in the, in the vein of faster, better, stronger, you know, our team is actually very confident that we still also have, again, more operational improvements and efficiencies to harvest that'll, you know, help us, particularly as we look at, like, moving the backlog through, that will help us, definitely sequentially. You're gonna continue to see improvements in that regard.
Our next question comes from Joseph Osha with Guggenheim Partners. Please proceed with your question.
Hi, thank you. Ed, we are gonna miss you, man.
I'm gonna be on the call. I'll be here for you, Joe.
Okay, good. Good.
You may not get to miss him.
Oh, I feel better now. In terms of this transition, in California, obviously, the deadline's, you know, April 14th or whatever it is, but, you know, I've heard you refer to installer backlog. You know, how much install backlog do you think you can get? Could we be installing NEM 2.0 systems, say, through September or so? I'm trying to get a sense of that.
I mean, we're, you know, what we're aiming towards is likely months, not quarters of backlog. Again, you know, back to what I was speaking to in the answer to the last question, you know, we still see. You know, this team is, like, very focused on faster, better, stronger, and we still see, like, you know, sequential improvements we're gonna continue to make that are gonna allow us to digest that backlog, you know, or that pipeline, let's shall we say. You know, we're building a healthy pipeline and we're trying to resist having as many customers as possible become backlogged. We're very focused on moving that through.
I would say, you know, last year is the track record for that, right? If you track through the quarters, you know, I think at the peak, we were at about two quarters of backlog, and we brought that down throughout the year. You know, through tough work on finding the efficiency gains in the business. As we transition more towards battery installations, that we're kind of bullish on our ability to find those efficiency gains there as well.
Okay. Got it. Thank you. My other question, given the talk about working capital, you know, if I look, at 2022, you guys did manage to, you know, put around $100 million or so cash on the balance sheet. Should we perhaps not expect to see that level of cash generation this year, given what I'm hearing?
I think the, you know, the unit level cash walk, which moved by about $700 per customer. Like, a lot of the margin gain, you know, was also offsetting the interest rate increases. We're, I think, starting the year a little bit better off on a cash unit margin perspective. You know, certainly, you know, we just talked about, I think, you know, the inventory, kind of the preparation for the, you know, run-up in volume will be consumptive from a working capital perspective.
As we travel through the year, and, you know, transition and realize more higher value projects, you know, we do expect the sequential growth in the unit margins. You know, we will see offsets from working capital through the year.
Okay. Thank you very much.
Our next question comes from Maheep Mandloi with Credit Suisse. Please proceed with your question.
Good evening. Thanks for taking the questions here. Just one question on the NPV per customer Net Subscriber Value. You talked about a sequential decline in Q1 versus Q4, and ramping it through the year. Could we expect it to ramp up back to that $16,000 on a like-to-like basis by Q4? Also just want to understand the variables going into it. Are you assuming the 30% ITC or any of the adders for your customers? Thanks.
Yeah. That's a good observation on the last... Good question on the last piece. The $10,000 guide with the new 6% discount rate does not assume the realization of any ITC adders in Q1. To the extent, obviously, the low income would be the most material piece to that, and we did address the kind of the timing concerns around that. That would generate upside to the number as those get realized. energy communities is another adder that is not assumed.
We're awaiting, you know, more specific guidance on what will qualify, but we have, you know, reasonable, you know, reasonably high confidence on, you know, the portion of our business we're already doing that when it installs and gets, you know, realization of those adders, that we would also see further upside to the metric from that source. Domestic content similarly not assumed. As we talked about, we have a, you know, almost a couple hundred megawatts of supply there.
You know, to the extent the guidance comes out and we install those in a way that qualify and then confirm that's further upside. The rest of the sequential growth will be related to, you know, higher pricing realization in general, but also, the shift towards higher value projects as we increase the battery mix throughout the year. All of those are contributing factors, but again, the 10,000 doesn't include the upside from the adders, and we expect the sequential growth. You know, also as we see the decline in installation volume and as we report the metric on an installation basis, largely, on the Creation Cost stack, you know, you will see some of the reduced operating leverage on operating costs in Q1.
You'll also see relatively fewer on the top line for Subscriber Value, relatively fewer subscribers getting realized into that metric. There's some operating leverage considerations in the Q4- Q1 block as well.
This is Ed. I would just add also, you know, more sales activity in Q1 than Q4. Because the metric is just looking at the number of installed customers and then all the cash costs in the period as we move from Q4- Q1, as Danny said, we have fewer installations and more sales activity, both of which create a headwind in the metric that does reverse over time.
Got it. Thanks. Then maybe just one question, and it's probably been asked different ways around cash generation. But maybe just a question on the focus from a metrics point of view. Should we expect the focus on this NPV or Net Subscriber Value per customer? Looking for any new metrics to kind of help investors, but I appreciate the story here. Thanks.
Yeah. We'll continue to focus on the primary metrics. you know, obviously one of the things, you know, if we, you know, there's creation, there's value creation from subscribers, there's also headline megawatts. you know, one of the dynamics also to keep in mind is the, you know, the value per megawatt is also appreciating considerably, again, because of higher value installations throughout the year. you know, ultimately, you know, the GAAP financials are also a place where, you know, there's probably opportunity to simplify, although that's something we continue to evaluate on an ongoing basis.
Ultimately, you know, the objective is to grow unit margins and continue that march forward, as we did, throughout last year. As we get into a stable interest rate environment and we continue to grow our unit margins, like cash flow generation ultimately is the priority. We're also kind of being cautious, on, you know, given the amount of growth, you know, we've been seeing, it is also, you know, consumptive from a working capital standpoint as we, you know, previously discussed.
Our next question comes from Biju Perincheril with Susquehanna. Please proceed with your question.
Hi, thanks for taking my question. Going back to 2023 guidance, can you sort of bridge the installation growth in the first quarter being sort of in 3% or so to the 10%-15% growth for the year? Is that all sort of market share gains and from the shift towards more TPO systems, or is there some other factors there as well?
The Q1, we typically see a decline in Q1 from Q4 if you look across years. The percentage decline, you know, can fluctuate a bit. Again, if you look at past periods, you know, the year-over-year comparisons can look a little bit irregular. You know, quarter-over-quarter, you know, year-over-year comparisons can become a little bit irregular. Definitely, again, expecting the sequential growth, and that to get realized at a 10%-15% annualized rate, where we kinda think there's more upside opportunity than downside risk to that range.
The opportunity, again, comes from, you know, the extra volume we're seeing, but, you know, more specifically, the ability to fulfill all that extra volume we're seeing, in the period as we grow our build capacity.
Okay. Were there any sort of abnormal impacts in that first quarter number from weather or anything else?
Not, not unusual. You know, a little bit of, you know, weather, a little bit of, you know, obviously, like, delivering the, you know, the strong, you know, against the, the strong growth against our guidance. You know, we did accelerate a lot of our pipeline, but nothing unusual.
Yeah, no, there's a lot of seasonality that just shows up.
Our next question comes from Steve Fleishman with Wolfe Research. Please proceed with your question.
Yeah, thank you. Good afternoon. Questions on the IRA adders. The, I guess first thing is if you find later on that you would qualify for a low-income adder, or energy community for someone that you added in Q1 or Q2, can you go back and capture the adder later on?
As currently set on the low income piece, as currently set forth, the answer, unfortunately, is no. That does read a little inconsistent with the legislation, which we thought was January first. As soon as that kicks in, again, it will be upside we have not planned for here. On the energy communities, I think the read is stronger that that would be January 1st, the particulars of the exact geographic, you know, qualifications and, how big is the map, which four corners are picked up. You know, those sorts of things, you know, are more, you know, nuanced and require the guidance.
Same thing with the domestic adder.
Yeah.
Yeah.
From a funding perspective, certainly our investors would be happy. The tax equity investors would be happy to, you know, realize that tax credit value provided they have the appetite and pay for it in the advance.
Yeah.
Right. I think just to clarify your question right there, the constraints, is it available by law? If it's available by law, can we monetize it?
Right.
What we're working on is it available by law? We're pretty confident that we can monetize it if it's available by law as a checkbox.
My other question is just, as you think about the adder's availability, you know, later in the year or next year, how much of that do you think you can retain, i.e., how much is it the risk of kind of being competed away to get customers? Is it likely that you can retain a good amount of these?
It's likely we can retain a good amount of it. Yeah. I mean, we're feeling like the size of the, you know, the size of the opportunity we're feeling is, you know, one that we will absolutely be able to take advantage of. You know, on the low and moderate income adder, it's more an issue of like when it's gonna kick in. The other two are more in the like, final definition of the energy communities and, you know, what exactly we're, you know, like, applies to the domestic content adder. As I said in my remarks, like, we feel like we're really well-positioned against what we think is a likely outcome on the domestic content adders. We already are doing business in what we think are likely areas of energy communities.
Again, the low and moderate income adders, you know, will kick in, we know for sure by the end of 2023 going into 2024. You know, and who knows, could end up being sooner, given, you know, the different dialogues going on about those adders and the timing.
Our next question comes from Christine Cho with Barclays. Please proceed with your question.
Thank you for taking my question. I just wanted to start off, when we think about the cadence of the installations that will take place throughout the year in California, you mentioned that, you know, you expect that it'll take a couple of months. I would assume if someone wants to be grandfathered under NEM 2.0, they aren't really looking for a battery. Should we think that, you know, those 2.0 applications will be prioritized over solar plus storage installations, especially if it takes 50% longer to do those? By that logic, should we think that the solar plus storage installations will be more back-end loaded this year?
I mean, definitely to your point, you know, we're seeing a lot. Yeah, we're seeing a pull forward of demand. You know, yes, to your point, I think it's absolutely logical to believe that there will be a higher attach rate once we get past April 15th, for sure. You know, in terms of how we manage our pipeline, though, and how we set customer expectations, you know, we're being really you know, clear with customers now that are trying to get in before the cutover that, you know, of, like, the time required to get them to installation as that pipeline builds. We're, you know, we're of course very focused on making sure it's an amazing customer experience for those customers in the pipeline, and that we're meeting all the requirements so that they technically can count for having made that cutoff date.
That's also a really important part of it. In terms of prioritizing it, you know, we very much will be moving customers along in the order in which they came into our pipeline.
Okay. Then, like, I don't know how easy it is to answer this question, but is there anything you can provide around the difference in Subscriber Value for a solar customer versus solar plus storage customer in California? Just as we kind of think about, you know, customer installations might be down, but there is an offset because the Subscriber Value for a solar plus storage customer is higher.
Yeah, 100%.
Yeah. With backup, it's in the low single digits, out like $thousands per customer, would be the incremental margin for a customer getting the battery in a backup product. Of course, that will vary depending on the size of the home, the number of batteries they have, the number of loads they want to back up. That's more of an average number, but probably with a big range.
Our next question comes from Corinne Blanchard with Deutsche Bank. Please proceed with your question.
Hey, good afternoon. Thank you for taking my question. Just one follow-up also on pricing. Do you still have any room for pricing power? I mean, in, like, increasing pricing over the next couple of months?
Yeah, we continuously monitor the macro environment with respect to interest rates on the one hand and utility rates on the other hand. So, you know, that's something we've continuously done. As we talked about last year, you know, pricing was more of a, you know, more of an event that we had to talk about, you know, last year as we were exiting a declining rate environment and transition. I think the whole industry transitioning into a rising rate environment, and how dynamic it gets as to pricing. Today it is fully dynamic. We're constantly looking at those two factors, as well as our own volume, and optimizing on profit.
I would say there is, you know, opportunity, but we're kind of looking at all of those factors and being deliberate and more specific from a geographic perspective, as opposed to thinking about it, you know, kind of as a national thing.
Okay. Makes sense. Then the next question I had, maybe I missed it earlier on the call, can you just provide more color, if you expect further increase in expense? I know some of your peers have commented, heavily investing to support California growth. Is that as well what you intend to do over the next few weeks or few months?
I think the cost increases that you'll see, will be related to, again, higher cost equipment, or, you know, higher ticket price equipment going into jobs.
Yep.
which is the battery.
Yep.
You'll see a general Creation Cost increase against that. If you look at last year, we're just kind of in a more stable period on the attachment rate. You saw costs generally remain flat, but over that period of time, you also saw equipment prices going up. You know, equipment prices going up, but offsetting that from efficiency gains on the installation side. We expect to continue to grind for that dynamic throughout this year, and see the Net Subscriber Value, the bottom line, continue to increase.
Our next question comes from Abhi Sinha with Northland Financial. Please proceed with your question.
Hi. Thanks for taking my question. I just wanted to, if you could share something on Puerto Rico, your progress in Puerto Rico. I mean, whether it's in market share, what it is now, what do you expect in next three to five years, your impact of agreement with SPAN, anything on those lines. Also like when comparing a VPP, what you have in Puerto Rico versus what's the PG&E customers. I mean, I think Puerto Rico, you said about $2,000 per Subscriber's Value in NPV. Is that something like that what you get in PG? I'm just trying to understand the compare and contrast the two VPP plans, Puerto Rico versus PG&E in here.
Yeah. Thank you so much. I actually just spent some time in Puerto Rico with our partners down there, and with, you know, all the folks that are so important from a Virtual Power Plant perspective. I mean, Puerto Rico, to your point, is an incredibly important market for us. You know, it's one as I like to say a lot to folks I speak to, it's like Puerto Rico is one of our postcards from the future in the context of, you know, how, you know, they have a really incredible high storage attach rate.
You know, We've also been deploying the SPAN Panel in Puerto Rico, so we've really been utilizing Puerto Rico's, you know, forward-leaning need and desire for clean energy technology transformation, you know, to really leverage the strength of Sunrun in the context of the innovation that we've been doing and bringing there. We are very, very, bullish on the opportunity in Puerto Rico. We're very glad that we work with so many incredible channel partners in Puerto Rico, and that we're able to leverage what we bring from a perspective of, you know, storage capacity, SPAN Panel capacity. To your point, you know, really helping to leverage all of that from a grid perspective.
One of the meetings I was so excited to have when I was there, you know, was with the governor and his team about how do we expand. How do we take the work we've already done and really transform, you know, the system so that we can be leveraging more and more solar plus storage systems going online to help, you know, really rethink, you know, how the grid is managed in Puerto Rico. Yes, very important market for us.
Any comment that you put on terms of market share you have now versus what you might expect in three, five years?
I mean, we expect it to continue to go up, you know.
Our next question comes from Colin Rusch with Oppenheimer. Please proceed with your question.
Thanks so much. You know, Ed, and Danny, this one's for you. Just around this last financing, can you talk a little bit about where you were able to push, you know, the cost of capital a little bit lower and how durable those advantages are? Is it around things like construction, underwriting assumptions, you know, performance of the systems on the field? Just trying to get a better understanding of what's happening with the portfolio that's helping enable that cost of capital advantage.
Yeah. I think the last one was execution strategy. We had been signaling for a while that, you know, when markets move, especially in a rising credit spread environment, as markets move, the debt capital markets can be faster to move than the commercial bank markets, and that kind of goes in both directions. The fact that we have very deep multi-year relationships that we've built and sustained for almost a decade. You know, it's really valuable to us in those periods of time, and we obviously appreciate that relationship capital as well. I would say that was kind of the key driver.
e today, you know, spreads have quickly in the ABS market moved to where, you know, and to a similar spot to where we executed that bank transaction, just underscoring that, you know, markets can fluctuate more on the ABS side and on the bank side, you know, where we have access to both at our scale allows us to be nimble and, you know, shift back and forth as we balance our multiple deals throughout the period of a calendar year
As Danny pointed out, understanding what's happening in all the markets and setting a strategy accordance with that. Having strong relationships, you know, when the market is tightening, you know, being a respected leader with a long-term relationship, you know, pays probably more dividends, frankly, than in a fantastic market. I think we've benefited a little bit from that as well.
Okay. That's super helpful. On the VPP technology side, you know, obviously there's, you know, multiple layers of control and software that you guys are working with, but I'm curious about any real meaningful innovation or, you know, hardware specifically that you guys are seeing as emerging as really meaningfully contributing to the functionality and granular, you know, control that you need to really manage those assets, or if it's still really at the system level for you guys to really capture the value out of that system.
Yeah, I mean, the, you know, VPP software that, you know, Lunar has as I hit, like it's, you know, we find it very strong. I mean, you know, make no mistake, Sunrun's been doing, you know, Virtual Power Plant work for years. When I was the executive of a utility, we launched a Virtual Power Plant like seven years ago. Like, the technology's existed for a long time. It's more the culture of the utilities that's been the bigger challenge, to be quite honest with you. You know, yes, the technology is improving and advancing, and I'm really bullish on what Lunar, you know, can do in this, in this space and in this context.
You know, we're really excited about it because again, you know, I see no direction but, you know, increased demand for these kinds of distributed assets to be used to help the grid of the future.
We have reached the end of our question- and- answer session. This concludes today's conference. Thank you for your participation. You may disconnect your lines at this time.
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