And welcome to the Union Pacific First Quarter 2017 Conference Call. At this time, all participants are in a listen only mode. A brief question and answer session will follow the formal presentation. As a reminder, this conference is being recorded and the slides for today's presentation are available on Union Pacific's website. It is now my pleasure to introduce your host, Mr.
Lance Fritz, Chairman, President and CEO for Union Pacific. Mr. Fritz, you may begin.
Good morning, everybody, and welcome to Union Pacific's Q1 earnings conference call. With me here today in Omaha are Beth Whited, our Chief Marketing Officer Cameron Scott, Chief Operating Officer and Rob Knight, our Chief Financial Officer. This morning, Union Pacific is reporting net income of nearly $1,100,000,000 for Q1 of 2017. This equates to a Q1 record $1.32 per share, which is up 14% over last year. Total volume increased 2% in the quarter compared to 2016.
Carload volume increased in 3 of our 6 commodity groups led by a 16% increase in coal. The quarterly operating ratio came in at 65.1%, which is flat with the Q1 of 2016. This is a very solid start to the year, especially given the weather challenges we encountered on the western part of our network earlier in the quarter. In keeping with our strategic value tracks, our engaged employees worked safely and productively under very difficult circumstances during the quarter. As a result, operations were restored quickly as we continue to focus on providing an excellent customer experience.
Our team will give you more of the details on the quarter, starting with Beth.
Thank you, Lance, and good morning. In the Q1, our volume was up 2%, driven primarily by coal, agricultural products and industrial products offset by declines in automotive and chemicals. We generated positive net core pricing of 1% in the quarter with continued energy related and intermodal pricing pressure. The increase in volume and a 4% improvement in average revenue per car drove a 6% increase in freight revenue. Let's take a closer look at the performance of each of our 6 business groups.
Ag Products revenue increased 7% on 6% volume growth and a 1% improvement in average revenue per car. Grain carloads increased 19% year over year driven by ample U. S. Grain supply and global market competitiveness increasing demand for grain exports, primarily wheat and corn. Grain product carloads were flat with strength from DDG exports to Mexico and soybean meal shipments in the U.
S. Offset by a drop in canola meal and oils volume. Food and refrigerated carloads were down 3%, driven by declines in canned goods. Refrigerated markets were also down due to Western region weather challenges and ample truck availability. Looking at the remainder of the year, the strong South American crop and continued abundance of grain stocks will create uncertainty in the grain markets.
Weather and crop health will also continue to be factors. We expect food and refrigerated shipments will see strength as the year progresses. Automotive revenue was down 1% in the quarter on a 2% decrease in volume and a 1% increase in average revenue per car. Finished vehicle shipments decreased 8% as a result of previously referenced contract changes, which we have now largely lapped and lower production levels. These changes were partially offset by increased West Coast imports and new production in Mexico.
The seasonally adjusted average rate of sales was 17,200,000 vehicles in the 1st quarter, down 1% from Q1 2016. On the parts side, over the road conversions and growth in light truck demand drove a 5% increase in volume. The U. S. Light vehicle forecast for full year 2017 is 17,400,000 units, down 1% from the 2016 record rate of 17,600,000, we remain cautious with respect to auto sales due to high inventory, dealer incentives and rising interest rates.
On the parts side, however, over the road conversions will continue to present opportunities for growth. Chemicals revenue was up 1% for the quarter on a 4% decrease in volume and 5% increase in average revenue per car. Petroleum and LPG shipments declined 23% as we continue to see headwinds on crude oil shipments, which were down 87% to about 2,000 carloads in the quarter due to the lower crude oil prices and available pipeline capacity. Chemicals volume, excluding crude oil, was up 1% in the quarter. Partially offsetting the declines in crude oil was strength in plastics, which was up 3% in the quarter due to increased polypropylene shipments.
For the rest of 2017, our chemicals franchise is expected to remain stable. Strength is anticipated in plastics with new facilities and expansions beginning to come online as well as in industrial chemicals driven by improvement in industrial production. Both of these will continue to help offset the expected continued decline in crude oil shipments. Coal revenue increased 25% for the quarter on a 16% increase in volume and 8% improvement in average revenue per car. On a tonnage basis, Powder River Basin and other regions were up 21% and 5% respectively from higher natural gas prices and stronger West Coast exports, which benefited from favorable global economics for Western U.
S. Coal. Overall, coal stockpiles were down in the quarter and they are nearing the 5 year average. Looking forward, we expect coal volumes will continue to benefit from favorable 2016 comps in the second quarter. For the second half of the year, we expect sustained volume assuming natural gas prices remain in the $3 range.
As always, weather conditions will be a key factor of demand. Industrial products revenue was up 9% on a 1% increase in volume and a 7% increase in average revenue per car during the quarter. Minerals volume increased 32% in the quarter driven by a 59% increase in frac sand shipments through increased shale related drilling activity and profit intensity per drilling well. Construction products volume was down 9% due to projects completed in 2016 that did not continue into 2017, largely in South Texas. This market was also impacted by Western region weather challenges.
Specialized markets were impacted by reduced project based waste shipments, partially offset by strength in our wind and government markets. For the remainder of the year, we anticipate continued strength in frac sand shipments as rig counts in our served territory continue to increase. The strength of the U. S. Dollar negatively impacts a number of industrial products markets, especially metals and creates some uncertainty in our outlook.
Intermodal revenue was up 3% with flat volume and a 3% increase in average revenue per car. Domestic volume declined 1% in the quarter driven by a challenging competitive environment and abundant truck capacity. International volume was up 1% in the quarter from stronger westbound shipments, inventory restocking and volume pushes prior to the Ocean Carrier alliance changes effective April 1. Looking forward, we expect international intermodal volumes will continue to by ongoing ocean carrier financial stress, industry consolidation and potential trade policy changes, While trucking capacity is abundant currently making modal conversions challenging, we expect a tightening of capacity late in the year with the implementation of electronic logbooks providing an opportunity to drive higher levels of over the road conversions. To wrap up, this slide recaps our outlook for the remainder of 2017 mentioned in the previous slides.
Favorable coal comps will continue into the 2nd quarter. We also anticipate strength in other key markets, including continued growth in frac sand. Our diverse franchise remains well positioned for growth this year as the U. S. Economy continues to build momentum in the face of a number of uncertainties in the worldwide economy.
Our team remains fully committed to developing new business opportunities and strengthening our overall customer value proposition. With that, I'll it over to Cameron for an update on our operating performance.
Thanks, Beth, and good morning. Starting with safety performance, our reportable personnel injury rate increased to 0.89 versus the Q1 record of 0.75 achieved in 20 16. While disappointed with the results, the team remains fully committed to successfully addressing risk in the workplace. And I am confident in our efforts as we push towards our goal of 0 incidents. With respect to rail equipment incidents or derailments, a reportable rate of 3.18 increased 11% versus the Q1 of last year.
To make improvement going forward, we'll continue to focus on enhanced T and Y training to eliminate human factor incidents and making investments at hardener infrastructure to reduce incidents. In addition, we are collecting millions of data points on the health of our track condition and are actively developing advanced analytical models to better identify and mitigate this risk. In public safety, our Gray Crossing incident rate improved 7% versus 2016 to 2.21. As I mentioned on the Q4 call, our Crossing Assessment Process or CAP couples our comprehensive safety culture with data analysis to help focus increased attention on the crossings where we can most substantially impact public safety. Moving on to network performance.
Severe weather throughout much of our western region caused multiple track outages and service interruptions during the Q1. As a result, velocity declined 6% while terminal dwell increased 7% when compared to 2016. Despite the weather challenges, we were still able to generate efficiency gains within our terminals as cards switched per employee day increased 4% during the Q1. I would like to take a moment to thank the team for their hard work and dedication as they did an excellent job of restoring the network quickly and safely in an effort to minimize delays so we could continue delivering an excellent customer experience. Moving on to resources.
Throughout the quarter, as part of our ongoing business planning process, we fine tuned our resource levels to account for volume weather disruptions and productivity gains. As a result, our total TE and Y workforce was down 1% in the Q1 when compared to the same period in 2016. And our engineering and mechanical workforce was down a combined 1100 employees or 5%. At the end of the quarter, we had approximately 16.50 TE and Y furloughs. We do expect those numbers to decline throughout the year as we look to the furlough pool first to backfill attrition.
The active locomotive fleet was up 3% for the Q1 of 2016, primarily to help minimize the impact of weather related challenges. And we had approximately 1400 locomotives in storage at the end of the Q1. As always, we will continue to adjust our workforce levels and equipment fleet as volume and network performance dictate. In addition to efficiently rightsizing our resource base, we continued realizing gains on other key productivity initiatives such as train size. Our persistent focus on productivity once again resulted in train size performance improvement as we achieved best ever quarterly results in our automotive and manifest networks and 1st quarter records
in our intermodal and grain networks.
To wrap up, despite some Q1 challenges, we expect to build positive momentum as we focus on critical initiatives that will drive improvement. 1st and foremost is safety, where we expect our safety strategy will yield record results on a way to an incident free environment. And our balanced resource base puts us in tremendous position to leverage volume growth to the bottom line as we maintain our intense focus on productivity and efficiency across the network. With that, I'll turn it over to Rob. Good morning.
Let's start with a recap of our Q1 results. Operating revenue was $5,100,000,000 in
the quarter, up 6% versus last year. Higher volumes, an increase in fuel surcharges and positive core price all contributed to the increase in revenue for the quarter. Operating expenses totaled $3,300,000,000 up 6% from 2016. The increase in fuel cost represented a majority of the increased operating expense in the quarter. Operating income totaled almost $1,800,000,000 a 6% increase from last year.
Below the line, other income totaled $67,000,000 up from $46,000,000 in 2016. This increase was primarily driven by a real estate pre tax gain totaling $26,000,000 or approximately $0.02 per share. Interest expense of $172,000,000 was up 3% compared to the previous year. The increase was driven by additional debt issuance over the last 12 months, partially offset by a lower effective interest rate. Income tax expense increased about 5% to $616,000,000 driven primarily by higher pre tax earnings.
Net income totaled nearly $1,100,000,000 up 9% versus last year, while the outstanding share balance declined 4% as a result of our continued share repurchase activities. These results combined to produce a record first quarter earnings per share of $1.32 per share. And as we discussed back in March, we encountered severe weather on the western part of our network, which negatively impacted earnings per share by about $0.03 in the quarter. A good portion of this was lost revenue. The operating ratio was flat with the Q1 last year even with the fuel headwind we faced during the quarter.
Higher fuel prices negatively impacted the operating ratio by about 1.3 points. Now turning to the top line. Freight revenue of $4,800,000,000 was up over 6% versus last year, driven by a 2% increase in volume along with positive core pricing. Fuel surcharge revenue totaled $212,000,000 up $99,000,000 when compared to 2016 and up about $25,000,000 from the Q4 of last year. All in, we estimate the net impact of higher fuel prices was a $0.02 headwind to earnings in the Q1 versus last year.
The business mix impact on freight revenue in the Q1 was a positive 1%. The primary drivers of this positive mix were year over year growth in frac sand shipments and grain car loadings along with a reduction in shorter haul rock volumes. Core price was about 1%. Pricing in our energy and intermodal business continues to be under pressure given the competitiveness in those respective markets. We expect these challenges to continue throughout the 1st part of 2017 before beginning to strengthen later in the year assuming market conditions improve.
Excluding coal and intermodal, pricing in our other business lines was in the 2% to 3% range for the quarter. And for the full year, we are on track with our pricing initiatives to generate a revenue benefit that exceeds our inflation costs. Our strategy of pricing our service product based on the value proposition it represents in the competitive marketplace at levels that generate a reinvestable return remains intact. Turning now to the operating expense. Slide 20 provides a summary of our operating expenses for the quarter.
Compensation and benefits expense increased 4% versus 20 16. The increase was primarily driven by a combination of higher wage and benefit inflation, higher volume and weather related costs. Labor inflation was about 5% in the quarter. Partially offsetting higher volumes were solid productivity gains and a smaller capital workforce, resulting in total workforce levels declining 4% in the quarter versus last year or about 1600 employees less. For the remainder of 2017, we do expect force levels to adjust with volume, but will also reflect ongoing productivity initiatives.
Fuel expense totaled $460,000,000 up 44% when compared to last year. Higher diesel fuel prices and a 7% increase in gross ton miles drove the increase in fuel expense for the quarter. Compared to the Q1 of last year, our fuel consumption rate improved 4%, while our average fuel price increased 40% to $1.75 per gallon. Purchased services and materials expense decreased 1% to $566,000,000 The reduction was primarily driven by lower joint facility expenses and locomotive material costs. Turning to Slide 21.
Depreciation expense was $520,000,000 up 4% compared to 2016, primarily driven by a higher depreciable base. For the full year 2017, we estimate that depreciation expense will increase around 4% to 5%. Equipment and other rents expense totaled $276,000,000 which is down 4% when compared to 2016. Lower locomotive lease expense and a mix of traffic were the primary drivers for the reduction. Other expenses came in at $260,000,000 up 4% versus last year.
For 2017, we would expect other expense to increase slightly excluding any unusual items. Looking at our cash flow. Cash from operations for the Q1 totaled about $1,900,000,000 down $290,000,000 when compared to last year. The decrease in cash was primarily related to a lower bonus depreciation benefit. Taking a look at adjusted debt levels, the all in adjusted debt balance totaled $17,800,000,000 at quarter end.
And this does not include the $1,000,000,000 of new debt, which closed just after the quarter end. We finished the Q1 with an adjusted debt to EBITDA ratio of around 1.9 times and this keeps us close to our target ratio of just under 2 Dividend payments for the quarter totaled nearly $500,000,000 compared to $465,000,000 last year. This includes a 10% dividend increase per share, which occurred in the Q4 of 2016. In addition to dividends, we also bought back over 7,500,000 shares totaling $800,000,000 an increase of around 12% over last year. And since initiating share repurchases in 2007, we have repurchased nearly 30% of our outstanding shares.
In between our dividend payments and our share repurchases, we returned about $1,300,000,000 to our shareholders in the 1st quarter, which represented just over 120 percent of 1st quarter net income. On the productivity side, our G55 and 0 initiatives yielded around $90,000,000 of productivity in the quarter. A couple of examples of our productivity include effectively leveraging the volume growth that we achieved in the quarter, reducing locomotive servicing and repair costs, turning back leased equipment no longer required and furthering our efforts to be more efficient on our support functions. With these results, we continue to progress as expected and we are on track to meet our $350,000,000 to $400,000,000 productivity goal for the full year. Looking forward, we still expect full year volume growth to be up in the low single digit range.
2nd quarter volumes could be a little stronger, driven primarily by the benefit of an easier comparison year over year. With positive volume, positive core price and significant productivity benefits, we are still on track to have an improved full year operating ratio. Longer term, we are still focused on achieving our targeted 60% operating ratio plus or minus on a full year basis by 2019 and we remain committed to reaching our goal of a 55% operating ratio beyond 2019 as we continue the momentum of our volume, pricing and productivity initiatives. With that, I'll turn it back over to Lance.
Thank you, Rob. With a solid Q1 performance behind us, we'll continue to press ahead with our volume, pricing and productivity initiatives through the remainder of the year. As Beth mentioned, we're seeing particular strength in a few markets such as frac sand. Coal seems to have stabilized and we're seeing some signs of gradual improvement in other areas of the economy. Our 6 track value strategy will keep us intensely focused on effectively leveraging volume growth while providing our customers an excellent experience and our shareholders a solid return on their investment.
With that, let's open up the line for your questions.
Thank you. We'll now be conducting a question and answer session. Our first question today comes from the line of Ravi Shankar with Morgan Stanley. Please proceed with your question.
Hi, this is Diane Huang on for Ravi. Thank you for taking So a question here is, the average number of employees was down about 4% year over year despite volumes growing 2%. So with your full year volume outlook of up low single digits for the year, do you expect to hold the Q1 headcount level flat sequentially for the rest of the year? And then a second part to that question is, in the past, you guys talked about 50% incremental margins. So with your G55 initiative and also positive volume growth, we can see higher levels of incremental margins for the rest of the year?
Thank you.
Thank you, Diane. We'll let Rob answer those questions.
Yes. On the headcount question, yes, I mean, you're exactly right in what you pointed out in terms of the great productivity that we saw in the Q1 in the face of some of the challenges that we talked about. Full year, I mean, I'll just call you back to our guidance we've given and that is headcount will move with volume, but we obviously will achieve productivity along the way. So, it won't be one for 1. So, we don't we stay away from giving a precise number, but rest assured to achieve our objectives, we're going to continue to drive productivity and it will be reflected in those numbers.
In terms of the incremental margin, as we look out to achieve both our 60 OR guidance by 2019 and then beyond that our 55, it's going to require incremental margins in the 50% to 60% range and that's kind of how we think about and that's what we're focused on.
Great. That's really helpful. And then a quick one here, can you quantify how much of the 0.03 dollars to 0.04 dollars EPS headwind from weather was related to revenues versus expense?
We didn't break that out, but I would just say a large portion of the $0.03 was showed up on the revenue line.
Okay, great. Thank you.
The next question is from the line of Brandon Oglenski with Barclays. Please proceed with your question.
Hey, good morning. This is Eric Morgan on for Brandon. Thanks for taking my question. I wanted to ask about the pricing pressure you mentioned and the competitive environment in intermodal. Just wondering if you could elaborate on that a bit and talk about how the current level of competition compares to what you've seen historically and maybe how that's progressed throughout the quarter and into April and your expectations on that front?
We are seeing ample truck capacity in the market as well as pretty significant pricing pressure in the intermodal space. It has not abated as we've gone into April. As we think about the rest of the year, we certainly are expecting to see capacity tighten as electronic log books come into play. And so our expectation would be that you would start to see some rationalization of capacity and opportunity for better pricing.
All right. Appreciate that. And then maybe just on frac sand, can you just talk a little bit more about the fundamentals there? It looks like you're seeing some acceleration in 2Q. I guess, where are you relative to the prior peak in that business?
And has there been any significant change in the mix of business? And I guess if you're able to quantify the positive mix impact that you mentioned earlier?
Okay. So we are seeing substantial increases in demand in Texas, specifically in the Permian Basin. We've mentioned that we were up 59 percent in the quarter. We were up almost 100% in the Permian Basin and we're up around 40% in Eagle Ford. We're seeing some spiking demand as well in the Niobrara, but not as substantial.
I would say that that is sustaining and maybe even growing a little bit as we enter into the Q2. And I don't see anything right now that changes that. So that's been a bright spot for us. You asked a question about mix. We are starting to see some local brown sand come into play, especially in the Permian.
So we're looking at something like 85% white sand, 15% brown sand. We expect the pie to continue to grow and it's possible over time brown sand will take up a larger piece of the pie, but still opportunity for us and we're participating in that market as much as we can.
Hey, Eric, just stepping back a couple of kind of high level things that are going on in that shale energy market. One is many of these shale energy exploration plays $50 oil and that so it looks like it's potentially a sustained marketplace. And the second thing is the sand intensity per well has been increasing and that also looks like it's a favorable trend.
Thanks for the time.
Our next question is from the line of Tom Wadewitz with UBS. Please proceed with your question.
Yes. Good morning. So I wanted to I guess first I'll just ask about coal. I think Lance you mentioned stabilization in coal. I know there are a lot of factors that affect the business and probably natural gas price is one of the most important.
But how do you see the lay of the land maybe over the next year in terms of impact from facility closures, impact potentially from renewables capacity coming on. Do you think that from that in in new capacity or shutdowns that we should consider over the next year?
We do view that as being pretty stable over the next year. You called out exactly the right factors that will impact it. Weather clearly will remain a factor and natural gas prices are really very key to keeping coal generated electricity on the dispatch curve. So with those couple of things in mind, we view it as being pretty stable over the horizon here.
Okay, great. And 1 on the operating side, how would you characterize, I mean, it seems like your growth is coming in aside from the coal growth, you're getting a lot of growth in what might be in the manifest network, not so much in intermodal. So I think you get good operating leverage and it seems like you're doing a good job of expanding train length. How much capacity do you have to run longer trains in the manifest network? I know it's train by train, segment by segment, but overall, have you got another 10% you could add to train length and manifest or what's the right ballpark for that?
Tom, I won't give
you an exact figure, but there is plenty of headroom inside our network almost across the board between our three regions for more train size opportunities and we will on a case by case, lane by lane basis take advantage of that.
Okay. So that leverage should continue in the near term?
Yes, sir. It should.
Okay, great. Thank you.
Thank you, Tom.
Our next question is from the line of Amit Mehrotra with Deutsche Bank. Please proceed with your question.
Hey, thanks everybody. Congrats on a good quarter. Just following up on the incremental question, the first question, I wanted to just ask the underlying trying to understand what the underlying incrementals were in the quarter after adjusting for the weather impact. I don't have perfect information from the data you provided, but it looks like it was in the mid-fifty percent level. And then if you can just confirm that or correct me if I'm wrong.
And then if you look at the OR targets over the long term, obviously this is an enormously capital intensive business. So what I'm just trying to understand is you look at bridging where you are today to where you want to be, how much of that trajectory is, I guess, fully kind of in your control via net cost savings and how much is of it is volume growth that's kind of out of your control? I would imagine the vast majority of it volume growth, but please correct me if I'm wrong. Thanks.
Rob, you want to handle it?
Yes. In the Q1, our incremental margins, as reported, were about 35% and if you adjust for the fuel, they were closer to like 65%. I didn't break out the impact of weather, but obviously that had a slight impact on that calculus, but those are the numbers as reported. And as I said earlier, to drive to our stated goals, we need to be in the 50% to 60% range on an annualized basis to get from here to there and that's how we're focused. In terms of what will drive the incremental margins, what will drive the leverage, I would just say you said volumes out of our control somewhat, that's probably true because we have to play the hand the economy deals us, but we also, as part of our G55 and 0 initiatives, are focused on developing business development opportunities where we can have some control over volume and, obviously, providing quality safe service to our customers is one of the key drivers to in fact encouraging volume growth on our railroad.
So, we kind of view a lot of that is in our control and we're focused on driving quality volume, continuing to focus on providing quality service so we can price it right above inflation and continue our focus on productivity initiatives which we have been successfully delivering. You add all that up, that's what's going to get us from where we are today to the 60 and then ultimately to the 55. And Amit, I thought you asked
a question on CapEx And as we look forward on CapEx, that's driven you mentioned growth. That's driven part by about a $2,000,000,000 spend to maintain a robust network and then the rest is about finding investments that have a reasonable and attractive return. Positive train control, of course, is in its last couple of years of significant investment. So that will start trailing off and we'll see what the future brings.
Okay. That's helpful. Thanks. And if I could just follow-up one question on pricing. Rob, you've kind of talked over the last couple of quarters ad nauseam about core pricing dynamics and how you guys calculate it.
Just if you can just update us, some of the energy volumes are coming back online now. And just if you could provide some color if the pricing pressure or the decelerating pricing environment has abated at all as some of those volumes have come back online? And also the spread between or the positive spread between price increases and cost inflation that you've talked about, has that spread changed at all since the start of the year in a more positive direction as some of the export volumes in coal and the energy volumes are a little bit better than expected?
As you all have heard me say for many years that we are very conservative in terms of how we accurately capture what we report on price. But nothing has changed from the guidance we gave and that is that we are focused on driving dollars that we yield from our pricing initiatives higher than for the full year, higher than the dollars we expend on inflation. And coming into this year, we called out that, that gap this year was clearly going to be tighter than last year, largely driven by some of the pressures that you're asking about in our energy and intermodal businesses on the one hand and on the other hand, a higher inflation rate, which for the full year, we still see overall inflation in that 3% range, which obviously is higher than what we ended up with last year. So nothing has changed, but I would just point out that as Beth commented in her remarks, we are continuing to face competitive pressures in the Energy and Intermodal businesses. So that has not abated.
That continues.
Okay, got it. That's very clear. All right. Thanks for taking my questions. Appreciate it.
Our next question is coming from the line of Scott Group with Wolfe Research. Please proceed with your question.
Hey, thanks. Good morning, guys. So I just wanted to follow-up there. So if I look at the segments, coal had the best yield growth of any of the segments. And I'm wondering is that a mix benefit or change or maybe to some of the contracts have something tied to higher natural gas prices?
And if not, just does the rising natural gas environment, we understand how it helps volumes, but how do you think that impacts coal pricing?
Rob, let's start with you and then we can have Beth.
Yes, Beth can talk about the pricing, but I would just say from a yield and depending on how you're calculating the yield, Scott, I would just say that a large part of what we saw in terms of the overall yields and we don't break it out by commodity group as you may like us to as finitely, but I would just say that the mix impact of the significant volume growth year over year in coal really did impact the reported mix numbers on the yield that you're I think referring to. In terms of the pricing dynamics, Beth?
Yes, the pricing dynamics remain pretty as Rob just said, it's really quite competitive, but the length of haul helped us both coming out of the PRB and going into Texas, as well as the export volumes, which did grow a bit for us in the Q1.
Okay. And then just maybe a bigger picture question, Lance. So relative to a quarter ago, the big change in the industry is that you've got Hunter now at CSX and given what he does and the way he talks, I'm wondering, does that in any way change the way that you guys think about the longer term margin opportunity? Does it have any impact on the way you think about the business or manage the business or the pace in which you want to improve margins? Any kind of change in your thinking relative a quarter ago?
So Scott, let's start by saying we have great respect for CSX, the management team there, their business. They run a good business. They've got a great business model. And I'm sure Hunter is bringing significant change to that business model and he's got a great track record in our industry. Setting that aside, we run our business with an eye towards being as efficient as we possibly can be and driving our 6 value tracks.
Now we keep our eyes open and we learn from anybody we can outside of our business. And we've done that historically and we'll continue to do that. A great case in point is the 600 some odd low horsepower locomotives we've taken out of our network over the past couple of years. That was a lesson we've learned from a couple of other entities and we figured out how to apply it to ourselves and we've done that effectively. So our focus is get to that 60 plusminus by 2019 and then get to 55 and we'll get there as quickly as we can, Keeping in mind, we've got a number of levers that we're moving in terms of growth on the top line, productivity and trying to drive core price.
And again, if somebody has got a great idea that looks like it can apply to our business model, we're going to use it, but it's not going to fundamentally change how we run our business or approach our strategy. Okay.
Thank you for the thoughts, guys.
Our next question comes from the line of Ariel Rosa with Bank of America. Please proceed with your question.
Hey, good morning, guys. So just wanted to start on the balance sheet. Obviously, you're getting closer to your level that you said in terms of the target rate of 2 times debt to EBITDA. But it seems like you're still able to access some very low cost debt. Has there been any internal discussion in terms of raising that cap and maybe increasing returns to shareholders?
Rob, you want to take a step down?
Well, we're comfortable with the guidance we've given of that 2 times, but rest assured, we are very focused on driving cash flow and that with higher cash flow, we will support higher levels of debt and that then supports higher levels of continued share repurchases. That's our focus.
So, it sounds like no, that 2 times cap is a pretty hard cap at the moment?
We feel good with that as we look forward.
Okay, great. And then just turning quickly to crude by rail, the volumes were obviously down pretty dramatically this quarter. Is that an area that's just not a viable area going forward for Union Pacific? I mean, you go back a couple of years ago and everybody thought this was going to be a growth area for the rails. It seems like pipeline has pretty much displaced that.
Is there an opportunity that that growth could ever return? Just love to hear your thoughts on that.
Yes. So Union Pacific really doesn't have a crude oil franchise, like some of the other railroads. So we will continue, I think, to be spot players as opportunities open up for arbitrage. So you might see a little move to California out of Canada, you might see a little bit move to the Gulf. But in terms of our core franchise lanes, I don't think that it's a big market for Union
Our next question is from the line of Jeff Kauffman with Aegis Capital. Please proceed with your question.
Thank you very much. A lot of focus on revenues and end markets. I wanted to come back to capital investment and just get an idea on an updated basis where the CapEx guidance is, I'm assuming unchanged. And talk a little bit about what opportunities there may be going forward to take some of that capital investment down where need be?
Yes. So I'll take a stab at that and then we'll let either Rob or Cam add some technicolor. So our $3,100,000,000 for the year remains $3,100,000,000 Of course, there are moving parts in there, but that's what we're expecting for our full year. As we look forward, the moving parts again are about $2,000,000,000 of replacement capital annually. We don't see much that changes that dramatically over time in order to maintain a really robust network.
Positive Train Control is coming towards the end of its significant capital spend as we finally implement in its entirety that project by 2018 and then work through 2020 to get the bugs kicked out and get it operating properly. After that, it's all about growth and safety and productivity targeted investments. Rob has also talked about kind of a ballpark of 15% of revenue, and I don't think there's much that we see that takes us off those numbers.
Yes. I would just reiterate that, Jeff, that, that 15% is probably the best again, that's not how we build our capital plan. That's the best way to kind of think about how we're thinking about it. But I would also just add to Lance's comments that we are pleased with the disciplined approach we brought to the capital planning process. And in fact, our $3,100,000,000 is down about 1 point $2,000,000,000 on an annualized basis from the last couple of years.
Looking at the 1400 Park locomotives or locomotives and storage, I guess, I should think about, they're not all brand new locomotives. Some of them are older locomotives. How much can you grow volume without having to make any kind of incremental investment in locomotive fleet?
So I'll let Cam add some, but bottom line is when you think about those 1400 parked locomotives, those are all the tail end of the fleet from the standpoint of we want to operate the most efficient, most reliable units. So those are generally going to be our newer units. With that in mind, they're all serviceable and we did bring a fair number of them back, call it, 400 at some point during the first quarter to overcome the impacts of those weather issues that we had on the West Coast. So we've got plenty of headroom for growth prior to really needing to acquire new locomotives. Cameron?
And Lance, we've had a
lot of practice over the past several years in bringing that locomotive fleet back to life. It's reliable, doesn't require a lot of further investment and we've got a lot of headroom to bring on additional business without even thinking about new purchases.
I'll remind you, we do have an obligation that's part of a long term contract that includes purchases this year. And but absent the fact that we had a long term contract, we would not be in the market.
And if I can, Lance, just to remind everybody what those numbers are that we've said, there's approximately 60 new ones this year and then 40 in 2018 and that completes that long term commitment.
All right. Well, congratulations on a song quarter and thanks guys.
Thanks, Jeff.
Our next question is from the line of Chris Wetherbee with Citigroup. Please go ahead with your questions.
Great, thanks. Good morning guys. Wanted to touch on mix
a little bit. And Rob, I
think I asked this question a lot and I'm not sure if you're ever able to answer it. But wanted to get a sense when you think about sort of the mix of the business that in the outlook that looks solid things like frac sand, I think coal has got a decent outlook for the rest of the year. When we think about that, just sort of directionally speaking, we should be expecting some of the speaking, we should be expecting some of the positive mix tailwinds that you've had over the last couple of quarters to persist. Is that a fair way to look at it or is it a little bit too difficult to kind of get into the weeds there? Yes.
Chris, you could probably write down my answer. The
Yes, Chris, you could probably write down my answer. That well could play out that way. I mean, you're right, we had a positive mix this quarter of 1%, as you're pointing out, largely driven by growth in coal and sand. But we stay away from giving guidance on the mix because there's a lot of moving parts and because we have such a diverse book of business, there's mix within mix in our varied business. But you're not thinking about it wrong.
I mean, if those are the commodities that continue to strengthen relative to the rest of the base throughout the year, then that's not crazy thinking.
Okay. That's helpful. I appreciate that. And then just wanted to come back to sort of the competitive dynamic in the Western U. S.
Between rail carriers. We've heard some anecdotal stuff about your competitor in terms of service degradation, mostly on the intermodal side, but just a little bit around the margin there. I know you guys compete sort of very aggressively every day against VN, but just want to get a sense of maybe sort of how that dynamic has changed at all as we go forward here?
I don't feel like anything about the competitive dynamic has significantly altered. We're competing every day with our direct competitor as well as all the other modes of transportation in the first quarter perhaps than what we had seen, but it's an ongoing competitive situation that we are engaged in
playing.
Our next question is from the line of Bascome Majors with Susquehanna. Please proceed with your question.
You just talked a little bit more about the competitive intermodal environment with respect to pricing on the international side. I'm curious, are you looking for up pricing on the domestic side with your partners there this year? And how does that compare to the 2% to 3% range ex coal, ex international that you threw out earlier?
Like we said before, if other things are up 2% to 3%, then you're obviously having some pressure in other places to get to the 1% overall. So, we are very focused on what's going to happen with capacity as you move towards the end of the year and the electronic log books come into place, because we do think you'll see some rationalization at that time, providing an opportunity for pricing to improve in that truckload space. But that's not the only thing that we're focused on. We want to make sure that we have a great product that's very competitive, so that as more freight wants to move away from the highway and on to rail, we are standing there ready to deliver it to our customers in the manner that they expect.
And to follow-up on that latter comment, specifically with your domestic partners, how do you balance your desire to improve your pricing and returns while still leaving them enough margin to continue to invest in growing in their business and grow their volumes on your lines?
I would say, certainly there's no percentage in it for us if we don't all win together. So our goal is certainly to have a viable competitive product that enables all the people who are part of that supply chain to participate in a manner that makes sense to them from a business perspective.
All right. Thank you for the time.
Next question is from the line of Jason Seidl of Cowen and Company. Please proceed with your question.
Thank you, operator, and good morning all. I wanted to stick on the intermodal pricing a bit. How should we expect it to start improving if in fact ELDs do like most of us think tighten up truck capacity? Is that pricing going to be a little bit of a lag? So should we expect like a 2018 improvement and not an improvement in 2017 in price?
The ELDs come into play in late 2017. The requirement gets hardened. I think you just have see depending on bid cycles and other things where you start to see the impact of that. Hard to predict.
Okay. And I wanted to jump back to something on the cost side. Rob, you mentioned labor inflation, I think, was about 5% in the quarter. Is that something that we should think about going forward about that number 5% for labor inflation?
Yes, I think that's a reasonable number to assume, Jason, both the 5% on labor and overall enterprise were right around 3% for
the full year. Right.
And so headcount obviously will depend upon what's happening with the volume side?
That's right. That's right.
Okay, fantastic. I appreciate the time as always guys.
Our next question is from the line of David Vernon with Sanford Bernstein. Please proceed with your
question. Hey, good morning guys. Thanks for taking the question. Lance, I wanted to ask you a question about some of the incentives that you guys maybe have put in place or talking about putting in place with the Board around the drive towards the 55 OR. One of the pushbacks we get in sort of recommending your stock is that there's a perception out there that maybe management is a little bit taking their time on the margin side and there isn't as much of a sense of urgency.
I'm just wondering if you guys have had any discussions about trying to address that through some specific initiatives tied towards margin goals or margin achievement?
Sure. I assure you management is not taking its time on trying to improve our margins. If you look at our long term incentive plan, our proxy lines out the fact that it's built around an improved ROIC or encouraging us to improve our return on invested capital. And in that, there's a kicker that's designed around improving our operating margin. But all of our incentives essentially line us up, whether it's our long term incentive plan or the fact that we're all significant shareholders or our short term incentive plan, they're essentially all lined up for us to improve our operating margin and our return on invested capital as quickly as we can.
The payouts get better and grow, the faster and better we make those improvements.
And David, I have to just jump in here. This is Rob. We're actually while we have every incentive, as Lance just commented on and proud of the fact that everybody in our organization has 55 sort of on their mind, we're driving towards that. We are also proud as the largest U. S.
Railroad to have the lowest operating ratio in the U. S. Of the U. S. Rails.
That is something that we've worked hard at and are very proud of and we're going to continue that line of thinking to drive us to the 55.
Yes. And I just want to be clear, this is just a perception that I think some investors have in terms of maybe the radical changes happening in the East and some of the targets that have been put out there even for like the for Norfolk management around margin attainment. I was just wondering if you guys were going to be thinking about making that more front and center as far as kind of trying to give the market a little bit of confidence that you guys are really pushing this target towards 55 and it's not just a target that's out there that you're going to kind of drift
towards, which is a difficult David, just
a couple of other reminders, right? We generated over $400,000,000 in productivity last year. We talked about generating over $350,000,000 in productivity this year. We are not just wandering around in the woods.
I appreciate that and thanks for the color.
The next question is from the line of Allison Landry with Credit Suisse. Please proceed with your questions.
Good morning. Thanks for fitting me in here. Could you remind us what percentage of your book of business is under multi year contract? And with pricing flat versus Q4, first, do you think we're at a bottom here? And then second, could full year core price be up versus 2016 on the increase in these inflation escalators alone?
Beth, can you handle those questions on multi year and what you expect out of pricing?
Yes. So, we have about 40% of the business that's in longer term deals with escalators of one sort or another on them. We also do expect to see based on market conditions that we've been talking about this morning, some improvement as we get towards the end of the year. Obviously, volume helps us, improvements in Okay. And just a quick one on frac.
Okay. And just a quick one on frac sand. We've obviously seen some announcements from some of your customers for new facilities or expansions. So the significant increase that you've seen in the Q1 and sort of thinking over the next few quarters, do you think that at some point during 2017 from a volume standpoint that you could get back to sort of a peak run rate that you saw back in 2014?
I don't see us coming back to that sort of a peak in 2017. No, we do see good investments happening and we feel positive about what's happening in those markets, but I don't think we'll get back to peak levels soon.
Okay. Thank you.
Thank you. Our next question is from the line of Brian Ossenbeck with JPMorgan. Please proceed with your question.
Hi, guys. It's James Allen on for Brian. Our question our first question was on protectionism. We noticed the softwood lumber penalties that the U. S.
Is imposing on Canada and the Canadians have responded proposing a ban on U. S. Thermal coal going into Canada. So I guess we wondered if you had first off any direct exposure to the thermal coal? And then just what your view was on protectionism more broadly if you thought there were any major risks or opportunities for your book of business as freight flows might change?
I'll take the freight the trade question and it's broader and you can talk about call back. So in terms of trade overall, our perspective is the following that the U. S. Economy is tightly connected to our trading partners. We understand that global trade, open global trade and more markets available to U.
S. Manufacturers and producers is critical both for jobs in the United States as well as for the economic vibrancy of the United States. We believe that that's well understood also in our current administration and we believe that while there are opportunities to both enforce existing trade agreements, enhance them and negotiate new ones, that the long term answer is more markets available to U. S. Manufacturers and producers is better than fewer markets available.
That's essentially the pathway towards economic prosperity and job creation. So with that, I'll let Beth answer the thermal coal question.
So we do not access the export facility in Vancouver. That's being referenced in the most recent discussions about access. The coal that we export off the West Coast is hitting locations in California.
Great. And then a quick follow-up question would be on the STB, the slightly changing competition with a new chairperson and new board seats. So just wondering in your interactions with the SCV, has there been any sort of new flavor to your discussions or any changes that you'd expect as they progress with existing regulatory initiatives?
Thanks. Following the reauthorization and I think it was late 2015, the STB got very active at clearing a docket of a number of different items that were in front of them. We've seen that activity slow down a touch, which makes sense given that the current administration has the opportunity to appoint Board members of that organization. What we're encouraging the STB as they're thinking about their docket of work is to not simply just look at each individual item as a standalone item, but also bear in mind that they all work together as a quilt of overriding regulation on the industry. And to think about the kind of interactivity of all the regulation they are contemplating.
We look at the STB historically and think the balance they've struck has been good for the industry and mostly important is good for the customers, letting the market work where the market will work and in those unique circumstances that require it, imposing regulation. So, we keep encouraging them to be a deft hand when they're looking at their docket.
Thank you. Our next question is from the line of Walter Spracklin with RBC. Please proceed with your questions.
Hi, good morning. This is Sunil Manas on for Walter Spracklin. Just wanted to come back to the competitiveness in the market. Your growth in grain volumes has remained strong. Is this a factor of the bumper grain crop moving and the export grain you mentioned?
Or are there other share factors that help might be helping to maintain that growth rate?
Yes, I wouldn't call that a share play. We are definitely we saw a really strong demand for wheat stronger than we've seen in a while for export largely to Mexico as well as good corn movements in the world market. So not a share issue, I wouldn't say.
Okay. That's very helpful. And just switching to your OR here, how should we be thinking about the cadence towards an OR improvement over the year? Are there going to be more impactful initiatives that could land in 1 quarter? Or do you expect it to be a more even pace over the year?
Thank you.
Yes, I mean, this is Rob. We don't give guidance by quarter on operating ratio, but as a reminder, we are giving guidance that we expect to improve our operating ratio for the full year, but it never is a straight line. I mean volumes will dictate largely exactly what that cadence ends up being, but we're very focused on continuing to drive productivity. We've talked about the pricing component of this being challenged in the 1st part of the year and hopefully improving later in the year. So, I wouldn't give you any indication that it would be a straight line.
It could be lumpy, but the focus is the full year number.
Yes. This quarter is a great example, Rob, where what we have 1.3 percentage points impact by fuel lag.
Yes, good point. Fuel can always be a factor in that.
Perfect. Thanks so much.
Our next question comes from the line of Justin Long with Stephens. Please proceed with your questions.
Thanks and good morning. So just to follow-up on intermodal, I don't want to beat a dead horse here, but from a directional standpoint, do you think domestic intermodal pricing will still be up this year? And you mentioned competitive pricing pressure in intermodal and really what I just want to get a sense for here is, I want to understand how much of that is related to domestic intermodal versus international intermodal?
The domestic and international intermodal are both under pricing pressure. I would say we saw perhaps an acceleration of the pricing pressure in the domestic intermodal space in the Q1. Again, depending on what happens in those markets and what happens as we see the tightening capacity that we expect with electronic logbooks will really be the things that will determine what ends up happening overall with your pricing for the year.
Okay, that's helpful. But do you still think there's a possibility for your domestic intermodal pricing to be up in 2017?
Justin, we don't guide on price specific to commodities.
Okay. Fair enough. And then secondly, I was wondering if you could give some additional color on the assumption you're making for coal volumes within the full year guidance. What are you assuming for growth in coal volumes in the second quarter? And just to clarify some of the earlier commentary, were you suggesting that coal volumes in the back half of the year are likely to be relatively flat on a year over year basis?
Justin, this is Rob. Let me take a stab at that. And as you know, we don't give specific precise guidance on by commodity for the year. But I would just as it relates to coal, I would just remind you of some of the comments that Beth made earlier and that is it feels stable to us. The things to watch in coal as always will largely be what's happening with gas prices and what's happening with weather.
That will dictate from quarter to quarter what's actually happening with volume. The other thing we did point out is that we do have an easier comp as we head into the Q2 as it relates to our overall volumes, including coal. And if you look at our last year numbers, that kind of flips later in the year. Q3 gets a little more challenging. So, I think I would expect all things being constant that you'll see some changes from quarter to quarter as it relates to year over year volume growth in the coal line.
Again, comps are easier in the 2nd quarter and get challenged in the 3rd quarter and it feels like a stable environment for us.
Okay, great. I'll leave it at that. I appreciate the time.
Thank you, Justin.
Our next question is from the line of Ben Hartford with Robert W. Baird. Please proceed with your questions.
Hi. This is actually Zach Rosenberg on for Ben. Thanks for taking the question. So late here. Just wanted to a couple for me.
Just wanted to follow-up first on the trade questions from before and see if you have any specific thoughts on the proposed lumber tariff from earlier this week and how that potentially impacts your guys' business specifically? And then secondly, flipping back over to intermodal, there was a comment earlier about a volume push ahead some of the ocean freight, the carrier alliance changes. I'm just wondering the expected impact of those alliance shifts and maybe possible diversion of ships to Canadian ports or what your thoughts are generally there? Thank you.
Okay. On the softwood lumber, we really feel like those tariffs were priced in. We saw a very significant run up in the lumber prices in the first quarter. So that doesn't feel like that's going to be impactful in terms of volume to us. And then on the intermodal side, in terms of the alliances, there that is still shaking itself out in terms of port usage and who's calling where and what size of ships and those sorts of things.
Right now, it seems to be going pretty well. We're not seeing any significant disruptions. It feels like the process is playing out well. As you know, there is more capacity coming online in Canada later in the year. I would expect that a large amount of that could be utilized for Canadian shipping needs.
So we're not really expecting to see significant shifts at this point, but we'll have to see how it plays out and it'll be wedded with the alliances.
Hey, Zach, going back to your softwood lumber question, what's really critical to us is getting housing starts and construction up. We have a wonderful franchise that kind of regardless of where the wood is coming from, we just need it to be consumed.
Great. Thanks for the color.
The next question is from the line of Brian Konigsberg with Vertical Research. Please proceed with your questions.
Hi, good morning. Thanks for taking my question.
A lot of ground has
been covered already. Just curious on the performance on RTMs versus carloads, obviously, very good performance in RTMs and also the relative difference in carloads presumably like the haul. Just curious, should we expect that there's going to be that type of divergence for the remainder of the year? Or might those kind of come together as we progress through the year?
Yes, Brian, this is Rob. That measure and I kind of made this reference earlier in the Q and A, that RGM impact that you're referring to was largely driven in the Q1 by the upswing in the coal volumes. And we're not going to give guidance in terms of how that's going to play out for the full year because what will drive that is what's the mix of the volume that we in fact see come across the book.
Right,
okay. And actually more of a this is more of a kind of theoretical type question. I am not sure how much how many specifics you can provide, but just given the discussion around tax and proposals on rates and previously there was discussion on the treatment of deduction on debt interest in the P and L. So I don't know if you kind of ran these scenarios through and have thoughts around if they do not allow or they disallow interest tax deductions, might that change the capital allocation policies that you currently have in place?
Rob, you want to take that? Yes. There's a lot of devil in details on the tax proposals. We, like everyone, are staying in tune and watching what happens on that. But so, yes, there could be some impact.
I wouldn't envision that depending on how the interest plays out. I wouldn't envision that would change our capital spending or our debt guidance that we've given. I wouldn't envision that that will be the result of any changes as it relates to the interest.
Got it. All right. Thank you.
Thank you. There are no further questions at this time. I would like to turn the floor back over to Mr. Lance Fritz for closing comments.
Okay. Thank you, Rob, and thank you for your questions and interest in Union Pacific. We look forward to talking with all of you again in July.