Kakao Ratios and Metrics

Market cap in millions KRW. Fiscal year is January - December.

Millions KRW. Fiscal year is Jan - Dec.

Fiscal Year	Current	FY 2025	FY 2024	FY 2023	FY 2022	FY 2021
Period Ending	Apr '26 Apr 29, 2026	Dec '25 Dec 31, 2025	Dec '24 Dec 31, 2024	Dec '23 Dec 31, 2023	Dec '22 Dec 31, 2022	Dec '21 Dec 31, 2021
Market Capitalization	20,838,501	26,442,983	16,766,365	23,785,714	23,185,190	48,776,953
Market Cap Growth	13.41%	57.71%	-29.51%	2.59%	-52.47%	45.71%
Enterprise Value	18,423,639	24,470,344	17,637,322	26,373,915	24,369,253	47,567,594
Last Close Price	47300.00	60015.90	38089.03	54084.12	52888.89	111929.14
PE Ratio	41.71	53.80	303.31	-	17.07	35.16
Forward PE	32.82	37.14	37.52	57.90	40.60	44.98
PS Ratio	2.57	3.27	2.13	3.15	3.41	8.25
PB Ratio	1.37	1.74	1.20	1.72	1.71	3.59
P/TBV Ratio	3.43	4.35	3.35	5.89	5.85	13.49
P/FCF Ratio	22.51	28.57	19.25	31.05	102.84	44.74
P/OCF Ratio	14.83	18.82	13.41	17.74	34.18	37.33
PEG Ratio	0.32	1.35	1.35	-	-	0.53
EV/Sales Ratio	2.27	3.02	2.24	3.49	3.58	8.05
EV/EBITDA Ratio	10.56	15.75	13.39	21.97	21.19	49.61
EV/EBIT Ratio	20.39	34.32	36.59	59.95	42.87	81.20
EV/FCF Ratio	19.90	26.44	20.25	34.43	108.09	43.63
Debt / Equity Ratio	0.26	0.26	0.31	0.32	0.31	0.28
Debt / EBITDA Ratio	2.58	2.58	3.29	3.73	3.61	3.99
Debt / FCF Ratio	4.33	4.33	4.97	5.85	18.40	3.51
Net Debt / Equity Ratio	-0.42	-0.42	-0.33	-0.26	-0.18	-0.24
Net Debt / EBITDA Ratio	-4.11	-4.11	-3.46	-3.01	-2.11	-3.44
Net Debt / FCF Ratio	-6.89	-6.89	-5.23	-4.72	-10.75	-3.02
Asset Turnover	0.30	0.30	0.31	0.31	0.30	0.34
Inventory Turnover	6.10	6.10	4.55	3.30	3.84	4.77
Quick Ratio	1.35	1.35	1.19	1.23	1.54	1.48
Current Ratio	1.41	1.41	1.26	1.32	1.63	1.54
Return on Equity (ROE)	3.61%	3.61%	-0.80%	-13.26%	7.87%	15.63%
Return on Assets (ROA)	1.66%	1.66%	1.18%	1.14%	1.55%	2.11%
Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)	6.91%	6.62%	-10.95%	4.12%	4.47%	5.62%
Return on Capital Employed (ROCE)	3.70%	3.70%	2.80%	2.50%	3.10%	3.30%
Earnings Yield	2.36%	1.86%	0.33%	-4.26%	5.86%	2.84%
FCF Yield	4.44%	3.50%	5.19%	3.22%	0.97%	2.23%
Dividend Yield	0.16%	-	0.18%	0.11%	0.11%	0.05%
Payout Ratio	7.92%	7.92%	78.65%	-	1.69%	0.93%
Buyback Yield / Dilution	0.35%	0.35%	-1.24%	1.18%	0.09%	-2.38%
Total Shareholder Return	0.51%	0.35%	-1.06%	1.29%	0.21%	-2.33%

Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence. Standard template. Financial Sources.