Good morning, and welcome to Scotiabank's 2022 fourth quarter results presentation. My name is John McCartney. I'm Head of Investor Relations here at the bank. Presenting to you this morning are Brian Porter, Scotiabank's President and Chief Executive Officer, Raj Viswanathan, our Chief Financial Officer, and Phil Thomas, our Chief Risk Officer. Following our comments, we'll be glad to take your questions. Also present to take questions are the following Scotiabank executives: Dan Rees from Canadian Banking, Glen Gowen from Global Wealth Management, Nacho Deschamps from International Banking, and Jake Lawrence from Global Banking and Markets. Before we start, on behalf of those speaking today, I'll refer you to slide two of our presentation, which contains Scotiabank's caution regarding forward-looking statements. With that, I will now turn the call over to Brian.
Thank you, John. Good morning, everyone. I will begin with a review of the bank's performance and progress over the course of fiscal 2022, after which Raj will review the financial year in more detail. Phil Thomas, our Chief Risk Officer, will review risk performance. We will be pleased to take your questions. Given that this will be my last quarterly call as CEO, I will close off with a few final remarks. The 2022 fiscal year was indeed a year in which the diversification of our businesses by both product and geography allowed us to continue to deliver strong all bank results. Despite heightened market volatility and rapid monetary response to deal with elevated inflation across our operating geographies, each of our businesses performed well.
The bank delivered adjusted earnings of CAD 10.8 billion in fiscal 2022 or CAD 8.50 per share, a healthy 8% increase over 2021, and a strong 15.6% all bank return on equity, both exceeding our medium-term financial targets. Our Common Equity Tier 1 capital position at 11.5% has us well positioned to continue to support organic growth initiatives while continuing to return capital to our shareholders. Loan growth was robust, up 15%, with deposit growth up a commensurate 15%, which is a result of concentrated efforts and strategies to strengthen our core deposit franchise. As Phil will detail, we continue to observe very strong credit metrics across our portfolios despite the inflationary pressures that have been a reality for businesses and households alike over the course of the past year.
Our full year PCL ratio was well within our guidance of 25 basis points provided at this time last year. Strong underlying fundamentals and our higher quality secured exposures have us confident that we will deliver against our previously provided expectations in the coming year. Specific to Q4 results, adjusted earnings of CAD 2.6 billion or CAD 2.06 per share represented a solid finish to the year. Canadian banking delivered earnings of CAD 4.8 billion, a very strong 15% increase over the prior year, and more notable progress against strategic initiatives in support of future growth. Our business bank, which includes our commercial, small business, and Roynat franchises, delivered another strong year in 2022.
This business has been a key driver of Canadian bank performance, and we are particularly pleased with the important role that our team has played in helping commercial clients expand their businesses post the pandemic and the strong funding profile that this business provides the bank. This year's launch of Scene+ is another example of our ongoing efforts to further deliver value to our retail customers. The addition of Empire Company to the partnership and the inclusion of its brands, including Sobeys and IGA to the program, have added flexibility to earn and redeem points on everyday grocery in addition to banking, entertainment, dining, and travel. The Scene+ relaunch has resulted in more than 1.2 million new members joining the program, which now totals over 11.2 million Canadians. We continue to see strong performance at Tangerine, Canada's leading digital bank.
Tangerine grew deposits by over CAD 4 billion this year and continues to grow assets through a focused strategy to become an everyday bank of choice for value-oriented Canadian consumers. Our global wealth business showed strong resilience in fiscal 2022, generating earnings of CAD 1.6 billion despite the revenue impact of softer financial markets on fees in the asset management business. Expenses continued to be well managed. Market share gains and strong investment results at Dynamic Funds provided some offset to the AUM impact of lower fixed income in equity markets during the course of the year. On the advisory side of our business, double-digit growth led to record results in each of our private banking, ScotiaMcLeod, and Private Investment Counsel channels.
We continued this year to build and introduce new digital tools and platforms to enhance the customer investment experience, including Scotia Smart Investor and Scotia Smart Money by Advice+, as well as a new generation of our Scotia iTRADE mobile app. Our global banking and markets business had a solid finish to the year in Q4, resulting in earnings of CAD 1.9 billion for the fiscal year, down a respectable 8% year-over-year in a very challenging period of market conditions. Our GBM business in Latin America, reported in the international banking segment, continued to show strong momentum, delivering record Q4 and annual earnings contribution of CAD 232 million and CAD 809 million respectively. Rounding out our GBM strategy, our business in the United States has also grown significantly, with earnings up 11% in the fiscal year.
Our international business delivered significantly improved fiscal 2022 earnings of CAD 2.4 billion, up 37% from the prior year, a result of stronger loan volumes, expanding margins, and impressive expense management, while also benefiting from a lower tax rate. Our IB retail businesses performed well and continued to benefit from the efficiencies that resulted from our continued efforts to further digitize our platform. Our Caribbean businesses performed well, delivering earnings in the quarter of CAD 110 million, up 42% year-over-year, and as then the Caribbean unit is back to a more normalized level of contribution. Our results this year clearly reflect solid contributions across our businesses and the ability to absorb periods of volatility, as evidenced by the challenging conditions faced by our market-sensitive businesses in recent quarters.
Turning to our outlook, global growth prospects have clearly been impacted by the central bank's war on inflation and affected our various operating geographies in different ways and at a different pace. Central banks in Canada and the United States appear to be nearing the end of their tightening cycles as inflation finally appears to be slowing. In Canada, the economic growth is moderating, but economic levels of activity remain robust. The strength of our labor market and strong balance sheets, along with robust commodity prices, are providing a counterbalance to the impact of a less buoyant European and Asian economic environment. In the Pacific Alliance, countries growth is moderating from its recent pace that's seen over the past year. Central banks in our key Latin American economies have responded early and aggressively to inflation with orthodox monetary policy.
Despite this, we have not seen any meaningful reduction in capital flows in the region. We are confident that this decisive action will allow most central banks to hit terminal rates soon and allow others to ease during fiscal 2023. The bank continues to be recognized for industry excellence throughout our footprint. We were again recognized as Bank of the Year in Canada for the third year in a row, and Investment Bank of the Year for the Americas by The Banker, and Best Bank in Canada by Euromoney. Fiscal 2022 was also a year of great progress on our commitments to the environment and the communities in which we live and work.
We have now mobilized a total of $96 billion of client-related financing, up from $58 billion last year, putting us well on track to achieve targets communicated in our inaugural Net-Zero Pathways report published earlier this year. Since launching Scotia Rise, our $500 million 10-year community investment commitment, we have partnered with more than 200 non-profit organizations and made more than $60 million in community investments globally, creating opportunity for hundreds of thousands of people in communities where we live and work. Our Scotiabank Women's Initiative continues to grow. Our capital deployed to women-owned and women-led businesses grew to $5.6 billion against our target to reach $10 billion by 2025.
Finally, one of my proudest moments as CEO, just last month, we were recognized as one of the top 25 World Best Workplaces by Great Place to Work Institute, the only Canadian headquartered company and the only bank to be recognized in the field. Overall, we are very pleased with our financial results and progress on many strategic growth initiatives over the course of the past year. With that, I'll turn this all over to Raj.
Thank you, Brian, and good morning, everyone. This quarter's net income was impacted by certain adjusting items of CAD 504 million after tax, or CAD 0.43 of EPS, and about 2 basis points on our Common Equity Tier 1 ratio that was recorded in the other segment. This consisted of a CAD 66 million restructuring charge relating to the realignment of certain GBM businesses in Asia and ongoing technology modernization, CAD 98 million of support costs relating to the expansion of our Scene+ loyalty program, and a CAD 340 million currency-related loss resulting from the sale of investments in associates in Venezuela and Thailand, as well as the wind down of operations in India and Malaysia. All my comments on the bank and the other segment that will follow will be after adjusting for these items. Starting on slide five, on fiscal 2022 performance.
The bank ended the year with adjusted diluted earnings per share of CAD $8.50, and a return on equity of 15.6%, both exceeding our medium-term objectives. Revenue was up 2% and expenses increased 3%, resulting in negative operating leverage for the year. Our business lines, particularly our P&C businesses, had strong performance. Canadian banking earnings increased 15%, while international banking earnings increased 37% on a constant currency basis. Global wealth management earnings of CAD $1.6 billion were down a modest 1% year-over-year, as higher net interest income and brokerage revenues were offset by lower mutual fund fees, driven primarily by market conditions and higher volume-related expenses. Global banking and markets reported earnings of CAD $1.9 billion, down 8% compared to fiscal 2021.
Solid business banking performance, including strong loan growth momentum, was offset by weaker capital markets performance, in which the industry faced challenging market conditions. The bank's earnings in 2023 are expected to benefit from higher interest income and non-interest revenue, but be impacted by higher funding costs, higher expenses, normalizing provision for credit losses relating to the end of performing allowance releases, and a higher tax rate in both Canada and certain international countries. Once rates stabilize, the bank is expected to benefit from asset repricing, resulting in net interest margin expansion. The bank's capital and liquidity position is expected to remain strong in 2023. I'll now review the performance for the quarter on slide 6. The bank reported solid quarterly adjusted earnings of CAD 2.6 billion and diluted earnings per share of CAD 2.06, and the return on equity was 15%.
All bank pre-tax, pre-provision profit increased 2% year-over-year, impacted by the other segment as the pre-tax, pre-provision profit of the four business lines in aggregate increased 7%, as detailed on slide 25. Revenues were up 4% year-over-year as an increase in net interest income of 10% more than offset a decline in non-interest revenue of 3%, mainly driven by lower wealth management revenues, lower unrealized gains on non-trading derivatives, and lower income from associated corporations. The net interest margin declined 4 basis points quarter-over-quarter, mainly driven by the increase in funding costs due to the velocity of administered rate increases. The impact of the Canadian banking net interest margin of 3 basis points was partially offset by the 13 basis points expansion in international banking, which benefited from asset repricing.
The PCL ratio was 28 basis points for the quarter, up 6 basis points from last quarter. Year-over-year adjusted expenses increased by 6%, driven by higher personal costs and performance-based compensation, and spend to support business growth. The productivity ratio was 53.7% this quarter, while the full-year operating leverage was negative 1.1%. Slide seven provides an evolution of the Common Equity Tier 1 ratio with the quarter, as well as the quarter's changes in risk-weighted assets. The bank reported a Common Equity Tier 1 ratio of 11.5%, up 10 basis points from last quarter, primarily from strong earnings net of dividends that accreted 21 basis points. Risk-weighted assets grew CAD 9.6 billion in the quarter, mostly related to foreign exchange. Excluding the impact of FX, loan growth was CAD 6.1 billion.
Combined with positive migration, the CET1 ratio benefited 2 basis points. The impact of higher rates on the bond portfolio held for liquidity purposes and fair valued through OCI, had a 14 basis points impact on the CET1 ratio this quarter. Our priority remains to deploy capital to support organic growth initiatives in each business line while prudently managing capital in the face of a less certain economic outcome. Turning now to the business line results beginning on slide eight. Canadian Banking reported earnings of CAD 1.2 billion, a decrease of 5% year-over-year, while pre-tax, pre-provision profit grew 10% year-over-year, driven by revenue growth of 11%.
Net interest income increased 13% as loan and deposit growth continued, while the net interest margin declined 3 basis points since Q3 as lower spreads, in particular, the Prime-CDOR compression, the lag on fixed rate asset repricing and lower mortgage prepayments were partially offset by higher deposit spreads. As expected, quarter-over-quarter mortgages grew a modest 1% but increased 11% compared to the prior year. Business loans grew a strong 25% compared to last year. Deposit growth during the quarter was strong at 7% year-over-year, driven by an 8% increase in personal deposits and a 6% increase in non-personal deposits. Non-interest income increased by 3% due primarily to higher banking revenue and foreign exchange fees, partially offset by lower mutual fund distribution. Expenses increased 12% year-over-year, driven by higher technology and personal costs to support business growth.
The segment generated positive operating leverage for the year of 1.5%. The PCL ratio was 15 basis points, an increase of 6 basis points compared to the prior quarter, or 25 basis points compared to the prior year. The Indian banking revenue growth is expected to be driven by deposit and loan growth with stable margins, while mortgage growth is expected to decelerate. The segment will maintain strong expense discipline to generate positive operating leverage. 2023 earnings are expected to be impacted by normalization in provision for credit losses and a higher tax rate. Turning now to global wealth management on slide nine. Earnings of CAD 368 million declined 6% year-over-year.
Revenue declined 4% due primarily to lower fee income, driven by lower assets under management and high trade volumes, partially offset by higher interest income, driven by strong loan growth and improved margins. Expenses declined 3% driven by lower volume related expenses, while the productivity ratio this quarter was 61.2%. The wealth business line has generated positive operating leverage in 10 of the last 12 quarters and adjusting for performance fees generated operating leverage of positive 0.8% for the full fiscal year. Assets under management decreased 10% to CAD 311 billion, while assets under administration decreased 3% to CAD 580 billion, primarily due to market depreciation. Despite a challenging market environment, we continue to be ranked number 2 by assets in the Canadian retail mutual fund industry.
Investment returns have been strong across Scotia Global Asset Management, with 72% of assets in the top two quartiles over a five-year period as of October. Dynamic Funds is ranked number three among independent asset managers with 87% of assets in the top two quartiles over a five-year period. We also saw strong growth in our key international markets with double-digit earnings growth across the Pacific Alliance wealth management businesses. Global Wealth Management expects modest revenue growth and will continue to invest in the business while remaining focused on managing expense growth in line with revenue growth. Earnings are expected to remain stable in 2023, reflecting the slowing economic backdrop and a higher statutory tax rate.
Turning to slide 10, Global Banking and Markets generated earnings of CAD 484 million, down 4% compared to the prior year, but up 28% compared to the prior quarter. Results were driven by strong loan and deposit growth as loans grew 31% year-over-year, while deposits grew 12%. Revenue increased 15% as net interest income grew 35%, driven by strong volume growth and expanding margins. Non-interest income grew 6% as higher banking revenues was partially offset by weaker primary and secondary markets. Capital markets revenue was down 9% from last year. However, it rebounded 19% from the prior quarter. Expenses were up 18% year-over-year, due mainly to personal costs and technology costs to support business development and the negative impact of foreign currency translation.
GBM Latin America, which is reported as part of international banking, reported record earnings of CAD 232 million, up 29% year-over-year, with particularly strong results from Chile and Brazil. Global Banking and Markets expects to deliver earnings growth in 2023. Through the Americas Strategy, the segment continues to deepen client relationships while also adding new clients. Capital markets results are expected to improve, driven by more favorable market conditions and increased levels of client activity. The segment plans to deliver on disciplined expense management that is expected to result in positive operating leverage to more than offset any increase in provision for credit losses. Slide 11 highlights this quarter's strong international banking results. My comments that follow are on an adjusted and constant dollar basis.
The segment reported a net income of CAD 650 million, up 25% year-over-year. Pre-tax, pre-provision profit grew 9% year-over-year, with the Pacific Alliance growing 6% and Caribbean and Central America up 18%. Year-over-year loans grew 12%, with commercial loans also up 12% and mortgages up 16%, while personal loans and credit cards grew 9%. Revenue was up 8% year-over-year, driven by higher net interest margin, strong capital markets and banking fees, and partially offset by lower gains in investment securities. Quarter-over-quarter, the net interest margin improved a strong 13 basis points. Assets repriced faster to offset the increase in funding costs and impacts from changes in deposit mix. Provision for credit losses ratio decreased year-over-year by 2 basis points to 89 basis points.
Non-interest expenses increased 7% year-over-year, driven by business growth and inflationary impacts partially offset by the benefit from efficiency initiatives executed last year. The tax rate of 13.6% for the quarter and 18.9% for the year benefited primarily from higher inflation benefits in Mexico and Chile. With lower inflation expectations in 2023, the tax rate is expected to return to more normal levels starting in Q1 2023. The segment generated positive operating leverage of 1.8% for the whole year. Revenues in the international bank are expected to benefit from loan growth and modest net interest margin expansion as a result of the expected stabilization of interest rates and potential rate reductions in the second half of 2023.
Expenses are expected to grow in line with revenue supported by strong digital progress to deliver positive operating leverage. Earnings are expected to be impacted by normalizing provision for credit losses and a higher tax rate. Turning to the other segment. We reported an adjusted net loss of CAD 100 million compared to a loss of CAD 35 million in the prior year. Year-over-year, the change was a result of higher funding costs resulting from higher interest rates and asset liability management activities. With that, I'll turn the call to Phil to discuss risks.
Thank you, Raj. Good morning, everyone. For fiscal 2022, the bank reported an all bank PCL of 19 basis points, well within our guidance of 25 basis points. We look to 2023, we remain confident that our PCL ratio will be in the mid-thirties basis point range. This is driven by three key factors: a higher quality customer mix, a more stable and predictable portfolio driven by a higher level of secured lending, and our strong credit and underwriting fundamentals, which position us well for macroeconomic uncertainty. I will now highlight some of the trends we are seeing for the quarter across our portfolios. Despite higher interest rates and inflation, our customers' financial health remains resilient. Canadian retail deposits, on average, are 13% higher than they were in February 2020.
Delinquency of 90+ days for Canadian retail has been stable at 15 basis points for the last three quarters and roughly half of the pre-pandemic ratio. We remain confident in our Canadian mortgage portfolio. After six rate hikes by the Bank of Canada this year, our Canadian variable rate mortgage customers continue to maintain high liquidity with approximately 36% higher balances in their deposit accounts compared to fixed rate customers. Our uninsured mortgage portfolio has an average LTV of 49% and average FICO scores of 799. In international banking, our retail portfolio remains 72% secured versus 65% pre-pandemic. High quality rated customers also remain at 96% of originations. Portfolio delinquency of 90-plus days increased marginally this quarter by 8 basis points in line with slowing economic growth but remain well below pre-pandemic levels.
Finally, in business banking, we have observed upgrades across the portfolio due to customer performance. Credit quality and liquidity levels remain strong. While business banking gross impaired loans are up slightly quarter-over-quarter, they are primarily driven by foreign exchange fluctuations and one account in international banking. Now turning to PCLs on slide 15. PCLs this quarter were CAD 529 million. This increase in our PCL ratio this quarter to 28 basis points reflects normalizing trends and forward-looking indicators. The increase from last quarter was mainly driven by stage 3 PCLs of CAD 105 million, as delinquency levels rose modestly, primarily in international retail and GBM, though remaining well within our expectations and well below pre-pandemic levels. Year-over-year, performing PCLs were up, driven by a less favorable macroeconomic forecast and strong portfolio growth.
We continue to be focused on high-quality credit originations and diversification across markets as we look to fiscal year 2023. Our current allowances for credit losses this quarter were CAD 5.5 billion, up CAD 204 million quarter-over-quarter, for an ACL ratio of 71 basis points. Non-performing ACL increased slightly this quarter as we saw small increases in GIL formations and net write-offs, primarily driven by international retail and commercial. Total ACL coverage represents about 12 quarters of net write-offs, almost double our pre-pandemic levels. While the current macroeconomic environment continues to be uncertain, we remain prudent in building allowances in response to these changing conditions. Our coverage reflects the quality of our portfolio, strong credit practices, and changes to business mix. Looking ahead to fiscal 2023, we expect strong credit performance to continue.
While pressure from inflation and interest rates will continue to be a factor, we believe our efforts to de-risk our portfolios have positioned us well to manage economic uncertainties. For these reasons, our earlier outlook of PCL ratios in the mid-thirties basis point range remains unchanged.
Finally, I would like to congratulate Brian and thank Brian on behalf of all Scotiabankers globally for his 41 years of service and leadership. Thank you, Brian.
Thank you.
I will now turn the call over to John for Q&A.
Thanks, Phil. We'll now be pleased to take your questions. Please limit your question to one and then rejoin the queue to allow everyone the opportunity to participate in the call. Operator, can we have the first question on the phone, please?
Thank you. Please press star one at this time if you have a question. There will be a brief pause while participants register for questions. We thank you for your patience. Our first question is from Ebrahim Poonawala from Bank of America. Please go ahead.
Hey, good morning. I guess, maybe, Raj, for you on the net interest margin, if we can just break down in terms of the outlook for the margin consolidated versus the Canadian and the international banking NIM. You gave some color earlier. What happened to the three net interest margins in a world where Bank of Canada, the central banks are hiking rates, and do we actually need rate cuts in Canada for the Canadian bank NIM to stop going lower?
Yeah. Thanks, Ebrahim. Good morning. I'm not going to forecast margin, you know, quarter by quarter. I'll ask, you know, Dan or Nacho to comment on their specific business line margins. I would call out four important factors when you think about net interest margin evolution over the next two years, you know, 2023, 2024, lots of changes that are happening. Trajectory of central bank industry changes definitely is going to be a factor of how our margin reacts to it at the all bank level. The schedule of assets repricing, that's actually quite well underway, both in IB as well as it's starting to do in the Canadian Banking business segment. This we expect it to accelerate. Changes in business mix as the bank expects to generate less low margin mortgages.
You know, the business has slowed down, as I said in my prepared remarks in the Canadian bank, and of course, deposit margin behaviors. These factors have always been a fact, you know, key for the net interest margin evolution for this bank, and I think it'll be key to how it's going to evolve in 2023 and into 2024 as well. Dan, do you want to say something about the Canadian banking margin or Nacho? Go for it.
Yeah, Ebrahim, it's Dan here. I would just say that, you know, we expect margin in the Canadian Bank to build off the Q4 levels as I look at the full year of next year. Certainly, the change in business mix has an impact. Of course, the speed of loan repricing, you know, is underway through the course of this quarter, and we expect that to expand into next year. The composition of deposits is important to bear in mind here. Obviously, as we grow our business banking book, there's a fair portion of non-maturity deposits in there for which the deposit NIM has been a tailwind this quarter, and we expect that to continue for the next couple of quarters.
I think our emphasis on deposits may well have been overshadowed in the front half of the year where we saw strong mortgage growth. In the last 2 quarters, you've seen deposit growth rates in Canadian Banking equal or beat loan growth rates. In Q4, in balances, deposits grew faster than loans. That emphasis on a balanced balance sheet will continue in 2023, and that should help NIM.
Ebrahim, good morning. In terms of international banking, NIM was off 13 bps in the quarter, this was driven by the Caribbean and Central America, while in the Pacific Alliance countries where central banks moderated the pace of interest rate increases, NIM stabilized compared to last quarter. In the Caribbean, where 50% of our balances are U.S. dollars, NIM increased 38 bps in the quarter, driven by the benefit of higher Fed rates. In the Pacific Alliance countries, NIM increased 3 bps in the quarter, with assets repricing faster than liabilities. I would say central banks in the Pacific Alliance countries took proactive measures in advance of the Fed to increase interest rate.
The tightening cycle is ending, and it is likely they will be some of the first countries to start a reduction trend in 2023, starting with Chile.
Well, just one follow-up on that, Dan. Why is the Canadian NIM not going higher given just the CAD 112 billion of variable rate mortgages? Is the spread compression offsetting the increase in benchmark rates, or am I missing something?
No, look, there's just a lot of moving parts, Ebrahim. Certainly, we did see in Q4 the movement to fixed in mortgages occur as we had been indicating for some time. That would have been a component. The movement out of, you know, low pay deposits into term as consumers were anxious about equity markets, that would have been a component. There's a lot of moving parts in margin. Where we ended in Q4 is about where we expected. We gave back some of the expansion you saw in Q2 and Q3, we expect to be growing through the course of next year in the aggregate.
Got it. Brian, congratulations on your retirement, and good luck.
Thank you, Ebrahim.
Thank you. Our following question is from Paul Holden from CIBC. Please go ahead.
Thank you. Good morning. There's a lot of questions popping up around variable rate mortgages, and obviously Scotia is, you know, one of two banks that offer variable payment, variable rate mortgages. You know, you addressed it a bit in your prepared remarks, but wondering if you can dive down a little bit deeper just in terms of how those higher interest payments are impacting consumer behavior, if at all, sort of give us a flavor maybe for what proportion have converted to fixed payments or again, any kind of pressure or payment behavior you're seeing?
Sure, Paul. If Dan here, I'll start, and maybe Phil could add if he would like. We really appreciate the question. We believe strongly that a variable rate mortgage should have a payment that varies. We are not seeing credit pressure in that category during Q4, full stop. We are certainly preparing for and are having lots of conversations about cash flow management at the customer level. Big picture, the creditworthiness of the variable customer is higher than fixed. As Phil would have mentioned in his remarks, deposit balances are substantially higher. As we look at the liquidity position of checking and savings accounts combined and the variable customer balances that are with us, we see well over a year worth of excess liquidity to absorb payment increases of CAD 200, CAD 300, CAD 400 per month.
We're not concerned about the credit side of the mortgage position. On the other end, we're not seeing tremendous pressure on payment levels. In other words, credit card balances expanded this quarter, as you will have seen, and our personal deposits are holding in on the non-maturity side. From a consumer behavior standpoint, the variable customer is in good shape. I think our proportion of mix there is not showing up in the credit line, and we're confident with the transparent structure and the conversations that we're having with customers to date. The final thing I would say is, on a big picture basis, strategically, we've been focused in the mortgage business at cross-selling into the deposits. We've been doing that year-over-year now for the last three years.
50% of our mortgage holders have a deposit account with us, and within the first 6 months of opening, variable rate mortgage customers now have three or more products. Our visibility into their health and strength is good, and we're comfortable with our position, as we said last quarter.
Just to add to that, and add a lot of comments that would be consistent with mine as it relates to the credit performance. You know, just to speaking in generally, we're not seeing any signs of stress across our portfolios, whether in retail or in our business banking segments right now. We continue to monitor. As Dan mentioned, we've made significant investments in our ability to look in and see how our consumers are behaving and the type of performance they have, both in retail and in business banking. You know, we're not seeing any signs of, you know, liquidity pressures in our business banking book. Certainly we're seeing the health of the Canadian consumer considerably stronger than they were pre-pandemic and holding.
From a credit perspective, we're quite comfortable with how these folks are performing right now. Maybe just to add to that, I think it's also important as we look forward, you know, employment or rather unemployment continues to be, you know, strong in Canada. This is always a predeterminate of as we hit sort of bumpier times, but we're not seeing any changes to that. Certainly we're also seeing wage increases consistently across our customer base as well, particularly for those customers that do participate in the variable rate mortgage program.
That's helpful. Thank you. Thank you for your response.
Thank you. Our following question is from Doug Young from Desjardins Capital Markets. Please go ahead.
Good morning. I just wanted to go back to the Canadian Banking NIM discussion. I'm not sure if this is for Dan or for Raj, but I think there's an interplay between, you know, Corporate and Treasury and Canadian Banking. Maybe I can just ask it this way, you know, if the other or the Treasury costs in Corporate were actually allocated out to the divisions or allocated back to Canadian Banking, would that NIM decline this quarter have been worse, no different or better? Can you talk a bit about that?
Yeah, sure. I'll start, Doug, see if I can help you with that. Transfer pricing is a factor. What I want you to know is that doesn't apply only to the Canadian bank. Whatever is in the other segment. Transfer pricing, generally from an asset repricing perspective, will track to that. Deposit transfer pricing happens quicker because very simply put, the deposit rate tracks what would be the wholesale funding rate from a transfer pricing perspective, while the asset transfer pricing will happen as assets reprice in the business line. That's to ensure that the business line NIM is consistent. This is not inconsistent with what other banks do. I wouldn't attribute it only to the Canadian bank. It's just a nuance when you have significant rate changes up or down, how it manifests itself in our bank and the other segment.
That's the comment I'd make. I would suggest if you take it up to the higher level, just look at it as from an all bank perspective, net interest margin. If you understand the reasons why it moved up or down in any particular quarter, I think generally you'll be in the right place.
Okay. The squeeze between deposit costs going up faster than the asset repricing is actually being captured within the other segments. I think we've talked about this before, and I guess the way they really kind of just high level, just think about it is to track the all bank, that's what you're suggesting.
Yeah, that's what I'm saying, Doug. I think it's easier. At the all bank NIM compression, the simple way to think about it is our funding costs have grown quicker. When asset repricing catches up, you shouldn't see that problem.
Let me follow up.
What happened in IB this quarter?
Yeah. Yeah. Okay. No, that, I may follow up. I'll leave it at that. Thank you very much.
Thanks, Doug.
Thank you. Our following question is from Gabriel Dechaine from National Bank Financial. Please go ahead.
Hey, good morning. Brian, best of luck in retirement. Not that you need it, but it's a pleasure engaging with you in the past nine years plus. My question is on Canadian Banking margins, surprise. you know, when we talk about asset yields or spreads that are tightening, I suspect that's mortgages. Can you talk about the spread dynamic in that business, plus the impact of prepayment income probably decline? Just a left field question. Maybe it could be a quick yes or no answer. Is there any thought to or current progress towards converting the RWAs in the International Segment to the AIRB model? Thanks.
I'll take the second one first. I'll start on the Canadian banking NIM. I'm sure Dan will have more to say. We're not looking to move any of those portfolios to AIRB anytime soon, Gabe. I think that's the short answer. On the Canadian banking NIM, there's a couple of nuances in this quarter. We've called it out in the disclosure. On the moment one is the timing of Prime-CDOR, that's always going to be a factor, not necessarily for Scotiabank, but for other banks, because, you know, we price off prime and then the CDOR moves in advance, particularly in a rising rate environment. That should normalize next quarter once prime catches up, which happened in the last week of October. Mortgage prepayment, yes.
When rates go up, you expect to see less prepayment happening. That's what we're seeing in the Canadian bank's net interest margin. Like Dan Rees talked a little bit earlier, that margin will continue to modestly expand in line with how the assets start to reprice and the pace at which, you know, various business mix changes will happen in the Canadian bank as the mortgage volume growth will slow down in 23 compared to what we saw in 22.
Right. No quantification on prepayment income?
We haven't quantified it before. I don't think it's substantial, but if you back end through the NIM disclosure, you'll probably be within the ballpark.
All right. Thanks.
Thanks, Gabe.
Thank you. Following question is from Mario Mendonca from TD Securities. Please go ahead.
Good morning, everyone. Brian, all the best to you in retirement.
Thank you, Mario.
Sure. Raj, let's get started first with going back to Ebrahim's opening question. He asked for whether the all bank margin could only improve once rates decline. The reason I want to go back to this is your disclosure indicates that the bank is positioned for falling rates. Higher rates lead to lower NII, lower rates lead to higher NII. Can we interpret from your disclosure that the all bank margin can only improve once rates start to fall, or is that too simple an interpretation?
I look at it two ways. Directionally, you're right, Mario. Yes, we will benefit from falling rates. The balance sheet is positioned that way. One of the key factors which applies now is the pace of asset repricing. Depending on how fast that reprices, the benefit will be higher than what we show in that disclosure. Directionally, you're right based on the disclosure.
Okay. Different type of question then. This is probably the most frequently asked question through this last quarter. It relates to debt service costs. We can all appreciate that unemployment is an important aspect of the stage one, stage two performing loan provisions. Debt service costs and debt service ratios clearly are going materially higher. Could you talk about how that factors into your performing loan provisions and whether it's really just a matter of time before all the banks have to start building performing loan reserves for their mortgage book?
Yeah, I'll start. Happy to take that. I'm still here. Thanks for the question. you know, I go back to some of the comments I made in my prepared remarks and my comments from a few minutes ago. you know, while TDSRs have been increasing, just because of the cost of the mortgage, we're not seeing any sort of reciprocal stress. as I said, most of our customers still are maintaining high levels of liquidity in their portfolio, in their deposit accounts. for example, our average customer is up 13% versus pre-pandemic in terms of the level of liquidity.
FICO scores continue to improve, you know, up to 799 basis points, 800+, 840 with customers with HELOCs. What we've seen actually is positive credit migration over the last quarter or so. As we're looking at performing loans, and we look at, you know, our forward-looking indicators, you know, there's some built-in pessimistic scenarios for macroeconomics. What we're seeing more importantly is the credit change in quality is actually a tailwind for us from a performing loan perspective. I think that's important to note, as you're looking forward.
I would be less focused on TDSRs, and I'd be more focused on health of the consumer, quality of the portfolio, sort of the shift in the dynamic within the, within the macroeconomic that we're seeing today, which is positive.
Okay. Final question. Could the bank talk about how you managed to get securities gains in the quarter in a rising rate environment? I was a little surprised because over the last few quarters we haven't seen any, this quarter a nice median number. Could you help me think through that?
Sure, Mario. As you know, investment gains will be lumpy, right, in any quarter and in any year. The first three quarters of this year, we've I think we had CAD 1 million, if I remember my numbers right. We didn't have any opportunities. We continue to roll those because these are high-quality liquid assets. We hold it for liquidity purposes. Depending on when we invest and when we think it has reached its economic value to the maximum, and we don't think that, you know, it's going to raise in value, so to speak, because of interest rate changes, we monetize it. We just had the opportunity to do it when some of the securities, debt securities this quarter, and that's what you're seeing. Like I said, it'll be lumpy.
It all depends on the, you know, the time at which we put on these securities and how much value it has gained based on rising rates, falling rates, all these are factors. It's a large portfolio.
Thank you.
Thanks, Mario.
Thank you. Our following question is from Scott Chan from Canaccord Genuity. Please go ahead.
Good morning. I'll kind of switch to capital for global banking, more specifically on the business banking side. Revenue's been up a lot year-over-year, driven by corporate loans, both on a quarter-over-quarter and year-over-year basis. My question is like, what's driving that robust growth in this segment, if you could walk through it? Perhaps a little bit of an outlook, and if that did contribute to the higher personnel costs in the quarter.
Great. Thanks for the question, Scott. There's a few things in that question. First thing I'd say is, we're very focused on our existing clients and adding in new clients, and that's been core to that loan growth that you're seeing in the business. A big part of that loan growth is happening in the U.S., where we're focused on the America strategy. I think that's important to note because we've talked about that several times. Q3 was a very quiet DCM quarter. Not a lot of activity happening. We saw a lot of clients come into banks first facilities. We're gonna see that monetize as we move into 2023. Excuse me, I've got a bit of a hoarse throat. We're quite confident we're being there for our clients.
We're putting out balance sheet. We're doing it on both sides. The deposit line continues to grow. We have an LDR in the business below one, which is positive, I'd say. In terms of performance costs in the quarter, Q3 was an air pocket for the capital markets industry. What we saw happen was a step back in the performance cost for the year. That stepped up ahead when we delivered what we felt was a pretty solid Q4. Does that help you answer your question, Scott?
Yeah. That's very helpful. Thank you very much.
Thank you.
Thank you. Our following question is from Darko Mihelic from RBC Capital Markets. Please go ahead.
Hi. Thank you. Good morning. Brian, also, best of luck in retirement. I just wanted to dig, Dan, a little bit deeper into the mortgage question. You mentioned in your remarks that, or in response to one question that there was, you know, a shift from variable to fixed. When I look at slide, what slide is it? 35, I don't see a change quarter-over-quarter. There wasn't a lot of rate increases that just recently happened. My question on the portfolio of mortgages is really to dig into a couple of different areas.
First and foremost, if there is a shift happening from the existing variable rate mortgage portfolio to fixed, could it be that originations are heavily variable rate mortgage related and therefore you don't see an overall shift in the portfolio? Are you in fact suggesting to customers to continue to go down the variable rate mortgage as a preferred vehicle, especially since you think rates are going down? Lastly, with respect to the average loan to value, for the whole portfolio, I see it rising a little bit. You have a very heavy concentration in Ontario, where house prices are falling. Maybe you can speak to what you're seeing there on loan to values of the portfolio and where you think that's headed over the next couple of quarters, please. Thank you.
Sure, Darko. There's a lot there, I am sensitive. I think RBC's call is at nine. I'll make this brief, and we can do a follow-up in detail if you like. My comments around shift to fixed was new business flows during the fourth quarter as opposed to, I think the slide you're referencing is a photograph of the stock of the portfolio. We are not on the front foot with regards to advising customers strongly into or out of variable or fixed. We work with the customer based on their unique situation. Often you're seeing renewals come forward. Therefore, you know, I think our view is balanced there, whether it's by channel or by term. The movement out of variable into fixed did begin to happen in Q3. That continued in Q4 as expected.
In terms of outlook on LTVs, I wouldn't say we're over-indexed in Ontario necessarily. I would say we're slightly under-indexed in Quebec versus the rest of the marketplace. Clearly, as house prices have deflated over the last number of months, you know, the emphasis on loan-to-value at origination will be maintained at, call it Phil Thomas' credit risk standard. As the book comes in for renewal, where we are concerned about any consumer situation, we will reappraise the value of the home and decide whether we want to renew on that basis. We are not leaning into high LTV
High TDSR, low, you know, long amortization, credit situations in the mortgage book. We believe very strongly that immigration, employment, wages, shortage of housing will be constructive for the housing market once we get through this price adjustment period and as margins return as the Prime-CDOR compression dissipates.
Thank you.
You're welcome.
Thank you. Our following question is from Sohrab Movahedi from BMO Capital Markets. Please go ahead.
Thank you. Brian, congratulations on a very illustrious career. Phil, I have just maybe a quick clarifying question. I think you've talked about normalization, I'll call it, on the PCL into the mid-30s. Can you just talk a little bit more detail on that? What sort of an unemployment rate does that assume? Where is that, you know, performing versus non-performing? How does it Which line items or business segments or geographies would you say you're kind of out, I guess, overearning in right now on that line? You know, would this be adding to performings and mortgages in Canada, or is it non-performers and business lending in LatAm?
you know, just if you could give me a little bit more color as to how we get to that mid-30s and what sort of assumptions are we on?
Sure. That's, that's not a quick question, but I'm happy to maybe answer it, and you and I can maybe spend a little bit of time together, offline. I'd go back to, you know, we-- If you look at where we were a year plus ago, this bank has done a tremendous amount of work to de-risk our portfolios. As we head into 2023, a new normalized run rate is sort of in that mid-30 basis point range, and I would say the mid-90 basis point range for International Banking. You know, we continue to grow our mortgage book in international, continue to put on more secured lending. Our focus has primarily been on affluence or the higher end segments.
As I mentioned in my remarks, about 96% of our originations in IB are sort of that higher credit quality segment now. We're really, you know, as we, as we normalize, it's, it's sort of a new normal in the sense of, you know, the portfolios have really shifted. Again, higher big focus on high investment grade corporate and commercial lending. You know, as I look out into next year, I'm confident in the, in the guidance. You know, we'll continue to work, you know, very, very closely with Dan and Nacho and Jake and James Neate and others to make sure that we have that focus on higher quality credit moving into the year. I would also say that this bank has made a significant amount of investment in the collections.
We have, you know, we've built collections hubs, we've invested in technology, we've invested in analytics, and so we're doing a lot of preemptive phone calls to customers who we may see have a bit of stress. Both from a quality of the portfolio, the processes that we have in place to help our customers, and from a collections perspective, we're feeling pretty good as we go into next year.
What's the unemployment rate in Canada behind the 30 basis points?
It would be, you know. Obviously, we stress test our portfolios on a regular basis every day. You know, we have a number of stress scenarios for unemployment that we put in into the stress scenarios. You know, I'm happy to maybe spend a little bit of time with you offline. We can go into those.
Okay, but the mid-30 basis point, you don't. Is it not based on an unemployment rate?
It would be based on a whole bunch of different factors, including, you know, unemployment, our outlook, how we're thinking about our portfolios, you know, what is performing, what are we looking at for non-performing, where are we, you know, where are we focused on in terms of growth of assets.
Okay. Thank you.
Thank you. That's all the time we have for questions. I would now like to turn the meeting back over to Mr. Phil .
Thank you very much. I wanted to extend my sincere thanks to the analyst community for your ongoing coverage of the bank and to our investors for your continued support of the bank. I'm extremely proud of our team of over 90,000 Scotiabankers for their tireless efforts to put our customers first. I have every confidence that Scott Thomson and the entire leadership team will continue to build on the strong foundation we have established and the many successes we have achieved over the past decade. Together, we have built an enduring, resilient institution that continues to champion Canadian values around the world. It has been the privilege of my lifetime to serve as CEO of this storied institution, and I have every confidence that the bank's best days are yet to come.
I wanted to wish you and yours all the very best for the upcoming holiday season and beyond. Thank you very much.
Thank you. The conference has now ended. Please disconnect your lines at this time, and we thank you for your participation.