Welcome to the Five Star Bancorp fourth quarter and year-end earnings webcast. Please note this is a closed conference call. You are encouraged to listen via the webcast. After today's presentation, there will be an opportunity for those provided with a dial-in number to ask questions. To ask a question, you may press star then one on your telephone keypad. To withdraw your question, please press star then two. Before we get started, let me remind you that today's meeting will include some forward-looking statements within the meaning of applicable securities laws.
These forward-looking statements relate to, among other things, current plans, expectations, events, including the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and industry trends that may affect the company's future operating results and financial position. Such statements involve risks and uncertainties. Future activities and results may differ materially from these expectations.
For a more complete discussion of the risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from the company's forward-looking statements, please see the company's annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31st, 2021, and in particular, the information set forth in Item 1A Risk Factors therein. Please refer to slide two of the presentation, which includes disclaimers regarding forward-looking statements, industry data, and non-GAAP financial information included in this presentation, as well as reconciliations to non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable GAAP figures, which is included in the appendix to the presentation. Please note this event is being recorded. I would now like to turn the presentation over to James Beckwith, Five Star Bancorp President and Chief Executive Officer. Please go ahead, sir.
Thank you for joining us to review Five Star Banc orp's financial results for the fourth quarter and the year ended December 31, 2022. Joining me today is Heather Luck, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Our comments today will refer to the financial information that was included in the earnings announcement released yesterday. To obtain a copy of the release, please visit our website at fivestarbank.com and click on the Investor Relations tab. In the Company O verview section, we have provided a brief overview of our geographic footprint and our executive management team. The fourth quarter of 2022 exhibited continued execution of our growth strategy, as evidenced by our earnings, expense management, and balance sheet trends during the quarter. Additionally, loans, deposits, and total assets have consistently grown since the prior periods.
Our pipeline continues to remain strong at the end of 2022 within verticals we have historically operated in, as presented in the loan portfolio diversification slide. Loans held for investment increased during the quarter by $208.3 million or 8.07% from the prior quarter and increased by $856.9 million or 44.29% year-over-year, primarily within the commercial real estate concentration of the loan portfolio. Loan originations during the quarter were approximately $295.3 million, and payoffs were $86.8 million. During 2022, loan originations were approximately $1.4 billion, and payoffs were $513.9 million. Asset quality continues to remain strong, with non-performing loans representing only 0.01% of the portfolio, slightly decreasing from the last several quarters.
As of December 31st, 2022, the allowance for loan losses totaled $28.4 million. We recorded a $1.3 million provision for loan losses during the 4th quarter, primarily related to loan growth for a total provision for loan losses of $6.7 million for the year. The ratio of the allowance for loan losses to total loans held for investment was 1.02% at year-end. Loans designated as substandard totaled approximately $0.4 million at the end of 2022, representing a decrease in substandard loans of approximately $26,000 from the previous quarter and a decrease of approximately $10.2 million from the previous year-end. Now that we have discussed the loan portfolio, I will hand it over to Heather to discuss deposits, capital, and the results of operations. Heather.
Thank you, James. Hello, everyone. During the fourth quarter, deposits increased by $167.7 million or 6.41% as compared to the previous quarter. During 2022, deposits increased by $496.1 million or 21.7% since the end of the prior year, of which $69.1 million of the growth related to non-interest-bearing deposits. Non-interest-bearing deposits as a % of total deposits at the end of the fourth quarter decreased to 34.9% from 39% at the end of the previous quarter and 39.5% at the end of the previous year. We've had strong deposit growth over the last several quarters, with deposit balances increasing when compared to the prior quarter and year.
Non-interest bearing deposits decreased by $49.4 million, while interest bearing deposits increased by $217.1 million quarter-over-quarter. Cost of total deposits was 95 basis points during the fourth quarter and 43 basis points during 2022 overall. We continue to be well capitalized with all capital ratios well above regulatory thresholds for the quarter and the year. As disclosed in our prior quarter call, we redeemed $28.8 million of previously existing subordinated notes on December 15, 2022, with the proceeds received from our private placement of $75 million in aggregate principal amount of fixed-to-floating rate subordinate notes due on September 1, 2032, completed on August 17, 2022. Net income for the quarter was $13.3 million. Return on average assets was 1.7% and return on average equity was 21.5%.
Net income for the year was $44.8 million. Return on average assets was 1.57% and return on average equity was 18.8%. New loan originations drove increases in the daily average balance of loans period- over- period. Average loan yield for the quarter was 5.12%, representing an increase of 37 basis points over the prior quarter. Average loan yield for 2022 was 4.75%, representing a decrease of 7 basis points over 2021. As a result of these factors, our net interest margin was 3.83% for the quarter, while net interest margin for the prior quarter was 3.86%.
Our net interest margin was 3.75% for the year, while net interest margin was for the prior year was 3.64%. The change in the yield curve as a result of interest rate hikes that occurred during the year had a negative impact on the company's accumulated other comprehensive i ncome. The negative impact on the company's accumulated other comprehensive i ncome improved slightly during the quarter ended December 31, 2022 in the amount of $3.7 million. Primarily in our mortgage backed and municipal securities portfolios, resulting in lower unrealized losses in each of these portfolios of $1.5 million and $2.1 million respectively. The negative impact from the decline in tangible book value per share, which is a non-GAAP financial measure discussed in our press release.
This decline was offset by increases to tangible book value per share due to an increase in equity as a result of net income earned in the quarter for a net increase in tangible book value per share of $0.79. Non-interest income increased to $1.6 million in the fourth quarter from $1.4 million in the previous quarter, due primarily to a $100,000 increase in gain on sale of loans related to higher volumes of loans sold and a $100,000 increase in other income related to a gain on distribution received on an investment in a venture backed fund earned during the quarter.
Non-interest income decreased to $7.2 million in 2022 from $7.3 million in 2021 due primarily to increases in loan-related fees earned of $0.9 million and other income of $0.4 million from gains recorded on investments in venture-backed funds during the year. The remaining increases related to FHLB dividends and earnings on BOLI during the year. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in gain on sale of loans of $1.1 million related to lower yields on loans sold during the year and a $0.7 million reduction in the net gain on sale of securities year-over-year due to minimal sales of securities during 2022 compared to 2021.
Non-interest expense remained relatively flat quarter-over-quarter, with decreased professional services of $0.2 million related to legal expenses incurred for corporate organizational matters completed in Q3 2022, offset by increases in other operating expenses of $0.5 million, primarily related to $300,000 of expenses recognized on unamortized subordinated debt issuance costs upon the re-redemption of the subordinated notes in December 2022. Combined with increased expenses incurred related to travel and fees paid for attendance of professional events, conferences, and other business-related events during Q4 2022. Non-interest expense increased from 2021 to 2022 relating to increased salaries and employee benefits of $3.6 million due to a 9.2% increase in headcount. Partially offset by $1 million in loan origination costs related to increased production during 2022.
Other operating expenses also increased year-over-year related to the previously discussed expenses recognized on subordinated debt redemption and other employee travel and conference related expenses. These increases were partially offset by a $1.3 million reduction in professional services due to increased audit, consulting and legal costs incurred to support corporate organizational matters leading up to our IPO in 2021, which did not occur in 2022. Now that we've discussed the overall results of operations, I will now hand it back to James to provide some closing remarks.
Thank you, Heather. I want to thank everyone for joining us as we discuss the fourth quarter results. The strength of the bank's financial results is emblematic of a reputation built on trust, speed to serve, and certainty of execution, which support our clients' success. Our financial results are also the result of a truly differentiated customer experience, which powers the demand for Five Star Bank relationship-based services. We attribute sustained success to our prudent business model and treating customers with an empathetic spirit, understanding, and care. We are very proud to have earned the trust of those we serve, including our shareholders. Looking to 2023, we will be guided by a focus on shareholder value as we monitor market conditions.
We are confident in the company's resilience in any interest rate environment and will continue to execute on our growth strategy and disciplined business practices, which we believe will benefit our customers, employees, community, and shareholders. We appreciate your time today. This concludes today's presentation. Heather and I will be happy to take any questions you might have.
Thank you. We will now begin the question -and- answer session. To ask a question, those dialed in may press star then one on your telephone keypad. If you're using a speakerphone, we ask that you please pick up your handset before pressing the keys. To withdraw your question, please press star then two. Questions will be taken in the order received. Today's first question comes from Gary Tenner with D.A. Davidson. Please go ahead.
Hi there. Good morning. This is Clark Wright on for Gary Tenner. Last quarter, you had mentioned that you think you can grow deposits 2% to 4% higher than loan growth in 2023. Do you continue to believe that that's gonna be the case?
Yes, we do. Our expectations about loan growth in 2023 will be around 10%. We expect we'll be able to grow our deposits by 12%, which is about 2% higher. We're confident that we'll be able to do that at this point, and we look forward to that opportunity.
Great. Then in terms of loan growth guide you just gave, would that be primarily from the historic areas that you've seen growth in with manufactured housing or are you seeing any shifts there in terms of where originations are coming from?
No. We don't expect any major shifts. Deal flow so far, for the first part of this first quarter has really been centered around the manufacturing housing space. We expect more of the same.
Thank you. I'll step back in the queue.
Thank you.
Our next question today comes from Andrew Terrell with Stephens. Please go ahead.
Hey, good morning, James. Morning, Heather.
Morning, Andrew.
Hey, maybe just to follow up on the last one to start on deposit growth. Wanted to get a sense for during the fourth quarter, how much of the deposit growth was driven by brokered CDs or brokered money market funding? Within the 12% deposit growth expectation for 2023, are you assuming any incremental brokered deposits or do you anticipate that 12% to be a core deposit growth number?
Yeah. The fourth quarter, I think you rightly point out that we funded a lot of our growth through what I would call wholesale opportunities. We expect as we move forward into 2023 that our growth will be funded by core deposits. We're hopeful being able to diminish our wholesale positions, if you will, on the depository side and time will tell. That's our orientation, Andrew. We think that we'll be able to achieve that.
Okay. very good. maybe just on that point, any realignment of lender incentives that have occurred recently or anything changed in terms of, how you're going about gathering deposits that would kind of... it seems like you certainly have confidence in this deposit growth guidance. Just wanted to get a sense of maybe some of the drivers there that lead you to that confidence?
Well, I'm glad you bring that up. Yes, we have had a realignment of how we're our incentive programs for our business development team. Much more deposit-oriented. The minimum standards are deposit oriented in that half their production has to be deposits. Some of our special incentives are all deposit-oriented. This is what's. We've pivoted. We started to pivot with respect to our orientation on business development in the fourth quarter, and we're really coming on strong right now with respect to our expectations and also our biz dev expectations. We've had a successful January so far in terms of new account and new relationship onboarding. Probably going to be our biggest month ever in terms of new relationship onboarding. We're excited about that. That's our orientation.
Yeah, we have changed how we pay people. It's going to be much more oriented to deposit generation.
Very good. Okay. I appreciate the color there, James. It's helpful. If I could move over to the margin just briefly. Heather, it looks like some of the FHLBs were added pretty late in the quarter. Do you have what the weighted average rate was on the FHLB borrowings? Weighted average cost.
Yes. Those were slightly under 4% for the FHLB borrowings. Our brokerage or our wholesale funding were about 3.88%. We do FHLB borrowings are very short term in nature, so we only have a week to maybe two weeks at the most outstanding during any period. Those should have a minimal impact on the margin.
Okay. Understood. Then do you have the spot deposit costs, either interest-bearing or total, at the end of the year?
End of the year, I believe we landed at.
Well, I would take December's.
Take December's, yeah.
Yeah, December.
Let me dig that up for you. One moment. Apologies.
No problem. I'll ask one more really quick for James.
Sure.
On the CET1, just a little bit less than 9% this quarter. Just wanted to get your thoughts on current capital position, comfortability around the current capital position and then outlook moving into 2023 and where capital targets might be.
Sure. you know, we're comfortable with our capital position right now. you know, we intend to grow our tangible book value per share in 2023, but we always want to prepare ourselves and be in a good position to with respect to raising any additional capital. I think that we're oriented that way. We want to be good stewards of our capital position and continue to be mindful of where we are. As we mentioned, our expected growth in 2023 is going to be a lot different from what we've experienced in the past five years. we expect we'll be able to build our capital positions in 2023 through internally generated earnings.
Okay. Very good. That's it for me and thank you guys for the time today.
Andrew, we can close that loop. Our spot cost of funds was 1.17%, and that's all in including CDs as well.
That's for the month of December?
Yes.
Okay. 1.17%, including CDs and the non-interest bearing deposits.
Yes.
Okay. Very good. Thank you.
Our next question today comes from Woody Lay at KBW. Please go ahead.
Hey, good morning, guys.
Morning, Woody.
Wanted to focus on the growth, the loan growth in the quarter. It came better than what I was expecting and maybe a little bit better than maybe your expectations heading into the quarter. Do you think the growth just represents a pull through in the year or in the year ahead? Was there just new customers that were unexpected that drove the growth? Any color you can give on the fourth quarter growth?
Sure. We didn't really get a sense that anything was being pulled from 2023 in terms of the originations, Woody. It's just that it was new business that happened within the quarter, within the verticals in which we operate in. I think it was just more of the same. As I mentioned previously, we have seen a decline in originations and loan growth in 2023. Certainly where we are with respect to our pipeline as we entered into 2023 is representative of that notion. I wouldn't say any pull through. It was just business that was there and we did it because it was good business.
Yeah, it was really strong growth. Good to see. Maybe moving over to the NIM, you know, I know it'll get a little bit of a pickup from that sub- debt redemption, but excluding the impact from there, I mean, do you think the NIM's under pressure just from the intense deposit competition or any thoughts on your margin for the expectations in 2023?
Yeah, I think that every depository institution is under some degree of pressure. We're not immune to that. What we've seen is we've had some of our liquidity positions by some of our long-term customers go out of the bank as they invested in treasury securities. At this point, we're unable to match what, you know, what they can get on those short-term treasuries. We do our best, but, you know, we're mindful of the fact that it's difficult for us to match those rates. Having said that, what we're really interested is banking their operating accounts. These are, you know, businesses that have been around for a long time.
We expect that liquidity potentially, if rates do decline, to come back on balance sheet. It's a very competitive environment right now, and it's not necessarily with other institutions. It's really with, you know, the big brokerage houses that can, you know, create positions or ladders, if you will, treasury securities ladders for our clients. We're in great standing with them and, we certainly understand what they're trying to accomplish. We think it's a near-term thing, hopefully. We definitely recognize the environment in which we're in. Having said that, we're also excited about what we're being able to do on the business development side in terms of bringing in core deposits.
Right. Okay. Then last for me, I just wanted to touch on credit. I mean, you know, all the underlying metrics look super clean. Just anecdotally, are you seeing anything in the market that gives you concern at this time, or is it really just a waiting game? Then just as a follow-up to that, I know you're adopting CECL in the first quarter. Do you expect that to have a material impact to reserve levels with implementation?
Well, let's take the first part of that question first. You know, we're very happy with where we are with respect to our portfolio and how we manage it. You know, our loan portfolio is different than others. We're in some very, well, I should say, safer asset classes than other institutions that have a commercial real estate concentration. You can see that when you add up mobile home communities and recreational vehicle parks, if you will, that represents about 40% of our CRE portfolio. We like that space. When you add in storage, which we also think is very safe, we like our position. Our office book, if you will, which I think is the most risky part of any CRE portfolio right now, I think is around 6%.
I think we're different than the, I'm gonna say, the average bank in California with respect to the composition of our CRE portfolio. We know that those asset classes perform better in downturns. Historical data would suggest that they perform a lot better than other CRE classes. Now, with respect to CECL, Heather, do you wanna give some color on that?
Sure, yeah. We have successfully completed a year of parallel runs. We're currently going through with our auditors the final review of our day one adjustment. We are anticipating a day one adjustment between the reserve and then the reserve for unfunded all-in ranging anywhere between $6 million-$7 million for an increase for our day one adjustment, which we'll have finalized and ready for Q1.
Got it. All right. Thanks for taking my questions.
You bet.
Ladies and gentlemen, as a reminder, to ask a question, please press star then one. Our next question comes from Andrew Terrell with Stephens. Please go ahead.
Hey, thanks for the follow-up. Back on the margin, just a quick one here. I wanted to get a sense for what new production, on a weighted average basis, coming on the portfolio, just as we think about. I know there's maybe some pressure on the funding cost side and competition there. Just trying to think about what the incremental margin looks like.
For, for Q4, you know, our overall weighted average rate for new loans boarded was about 6.54%. You know, definitely saw a pickup from the rising interest rate environment. For Q1, though, we're looking at an overall NIM ranging anywhere from like 3.75% to 3.85%.
You know, our standard pricing is 300 over the five-year for our typical CRE portfolio loan. As the five years jump around and whatnot, you could have as high as 7.15 to 6.5 right now, or almost 6.75. That's what we expect in terms of production, where that will land in 2023, and certainly saw that in the fourth quarter, which resulted in really moving our loan yields up quarter-over-quarter.
Yep. Yep. Okay. The last one for me, just for Heather on the expense base, just working on a 2023, can you just remind us the normal seasonality that we might or, I guess, cadence of the expense base throughout the year? Then any estimate on clean run rate starting out the year in 1Q 2023?
Sure. I really do think if... You know, I know you all stripped out of the $300,000 of subject costs that we ran through Q4, but I really do feel like Q4 is a good proxy for our expenses going forward. As we look for the year, you could estimate about 1.33% as far as non-interest expense to assets. Q4 is a pretty good proxy if you exclude those subject costs.
Okay. Very good. Thank you for taking the follow-up questions.
Ladies and gentlemen, this concludes our question -and- answer session. I'd like to turn the conference back over to management for any closing remarks.
Well, thank you. Appreciate everybody being on the call. Five Star Bank continues to execute on strategic initiatives, which include growing our verticals and geographies while attracting and retaining talent. Our people, our technology, our operating efficiencies, conservative underwriting practices, and expense management have also contributed to the success we share with our employees and shareholders. At Five Star Bancorp, we seize opportunities and embrace challenges and value the intrinsic reward of serving others. We look forward to speaking with you again in April to discuss our earnings for the first quarter of 2023. Have a great day, and thank you for listening.
The conference is now concluded. Thank you for attending today's presentation. You may now disconnect your lines and have a wonderful day.