Hello, everyone, and welcome to the ICE second quarter 2022 earnings conference call. My name is Victoria, and I will be coordinating the call today. If you'd like to ask a question during the presentation, please press star zero on your telephone keypad. When preparing to ask your question, please ensure that your line is unmuted locally. I'll now proceed to Mary Caroline O'Neal, Head of Investor Relations, to begin. Please go ahead.
Good morning. ICE's second quarter 2022 earnings release and presentation can be found in the investors section of theice.com. These items will be archived and our call will be available for replay. Today's call may contain forward-looking statements. These statements, which we undertake no obligation to update, represent our current judgment and are subject to risks, assumptions, and uncertainties. For a description of the risks that could cause our results to differ materially from those described in forward-looking statements, please refer to our 2021 Form 10-K, second quarter Form 10-Q, and other filings with the SEC. In addition, as we announced in May, ICE has agreed to acquire Black Knight. The transaction is pending customary regulatory approval, and we expect to close in the first half of 2023.
Please note this call does not constitute an offer to sell or buy or the solicitation of any offer to buy or sell any securities, nor shall there be any sale of securities in any jurisdiction in which such offer, solicitation, or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities law of any such jurisdiction. No offerings of securities shall be made except by means of prospectus, meeting the requirements of Section 10 of the Securities Act of 1933. In connection with the proposed transaction, ICE has filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-4 to register the shares of ICE common stock to be issued in connection with the transaction. The registration statement includes a proxy statement of Black Knight that also constitutes a prospectus of ICE.
When finalized, the definitive proxy statement prospectus will be sent to the stockholders of Black Knight, seeking their approval of the transaction and other related matters. Before making any voting or investment decisions, investors and security holders of ICE and Black Knight are urged to carefully read the entire registration statement and proxy statement prospectus, as well as any amendments or supplements to these documents because they contain important information about the proposed transaction. In our earnings supplement, we refer to certain non-GAAP measures.
We believe our non-GAAP measures are more reflective of our cash operations and core business performance. You'll find a reconciliation to the equivalent GAAP term in the earnings materials. When used on this call, net revenue refers to revenue net of transaction-based expenses, and adjusted earnings refers to adjusted diluted earnings per share. Throughout this presentation, unless otherwise indicated, references to revenue growth are on a constant currency basis. Please see the explanatory notes on the second page of the earnings supplement for additional details regarding the definition of certain items. With us on the call today are Jeff Sprecher, Chair and CEO, Warren Gardiner, Chief Financial Officer, Ben Jackson, President, and Lynn Martin, President of the NYSE. I'll now turn the call over to Warren.
Thanks, MC. Good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining us today. I'll begin on slide four with some of the key highlights from our second quarter results. Second quarter adjusted earnings per share totaled $1.32, a 14% increase year-over-year, marking the best second quarter in our company's history, and is on top of 12% growth in the second quarter of 2021. Net revenues totaled $1.8 billion, an increase of 8% versus last year, driven by a balanced contribution from both our diversified transaction revenues and our recurring revenues, which account for over half of our business and increased by 8% versus last year. Second quarter adjusted operating expenses totaled $740 million and were at the low end of our guidance range.
Versus the midpoint of our guide, second quarter expenses benefited from favorable FX, various expense efficiencies, and lower variable costs, particularly customer acquisition costs in our listings business. Moving to the full year, we're lowering our expense guidance to a range of $2.97 billion-$2.99 billion. Midpoint to midpoint, this represents a reduction of $35 million versus our prior guidance and, similar to our second quarter results, is driven by expense efficiencies, lower variable costs, and favorable FX. Second quarter adjusted operating income increased by 14% to $1.1 billion. The adjusted operating margin expanding to 59%. Moving to the balance sheet. Shortly after we reported our first quarter results in May, we took the opportunity to raise $8 billion in new senior notes.
We used $3 billion of these proceeds to refinance our 2022 and 2023 maturities and, along with the proceeds from our sale of Euroclear, reduced our commercial paper balances to zero. With no maturities until the middle of 2025, we enter the second half with a balance sheet that is well-positioned amidst an exceptionally volatile interest rate environment. The remaining $5 billion of proceeds raised in May is earmarked to fund a portion of our announced acquisition of Black Knight. Based on the favorable rates that we've secured on these long-term notes and the current forward rate expectations for both our commercial paper and term loan, we anticipate we will be well within our targeted 4%-4.5% cost of debt financing for the transaction.
It is also worth noting that alongside the financing in May, we maintained our A- and A3 pre-acquisition ratings from both S&P and Moody's. Now let's move to slide five, where I'll provide an overview of the performance of our exchange segment. Second quarter exchange net revenues totaled $1 billion, an increase of 13% year-over-year. This strong performance was driven by an 80% increase in our interest rate futures and a 36% increase in our equity derivatives revenues. Importantly, total open interest, which we believe to be the best indicator of long-term growth, ended July up 11% versus the end of last year, including 6% growth in energy and 21% growth across our financial futures and options complex. Second quarter cash equities and equity options revenue increased by 17% year-over-year.
In July, we successfully migrated the NYSE Arca options platform to our new Pillar technology while continuing to seamlessly process record message volume, a testament to our team's hard work and our broader technology expertise. Exchange recurring revenues increased by 7% year-over-year. This growth was driven by strong demand in our energy exchange data, continued benefit from our record 2021 listings performance, and a one-time accrual in our listings business that we do not expect will reoccur in the second half. Turning now to slide six. In our fixed income and data services segment, second quarter revenue totaled a record $512 million. That's 13% increase versus a year ago. Transaction revenues increased by 78%, including 85% growth in ICE Bonds and 76% growth in our CDS clearing business.
This strong growth was driven in part by customers reengaging and allocating more capital to CDS trading, as well as our continued efforts to build institutional connectivity to our bond platforms, where we are seeing market share gains in our municipal bond business. Recurring revenue growth, which accounted for over 80% of segment revenues, grew 5% in the quarter and was once again driven by strength in our Consolidated Feeds business as well as continued growth in the ICE Global Network. Looking to the second half, we expect year-over-year growth in our recurring revenues to continue, supported by an ASV that enters the third quarter up over 5% year-over-year.
That second half as-reported recurring revenues will be flat to slightly up versus our first half results, driven by Euronext data center migration, which was included in our original guidance, and $10 million of additional FX headwinds. Shifting to mortgage technology on slide seven. Second quarter revenues totaled $297 million. Recurring revenues, which accounted for over half of segment revenues and totaled $160 million in the quarter, increased 18% year-over-year. These strong recurring revenues continued to drive outperformance versus an industry that experienced a 40% decline in origination volumes. While the current macroeconomic backdrop is challenging for a number of our customers, it's also presented an opportunity to have more constructive conversations around efficiency and automation across the mortgage origination workflow.
It's worth noting that second quarter unit origination volumes were similar to those in the second quarter of 2019. However, second quarter 2022 revenues in our mortgage technology business were over $100 million greater or up almost 60% when compared to pro forma revenues in 2Q 2019. This is a clear testament to the continued automation and growth in customer adoption of our solutions across the origination workflow. I'll conclude on slide eight. Through the first half of the year, we've grown total ICE revenue by 7%, adjusted operating income by 11%, including 200 basis points of margin expansion, and adjusted earnings per share by 12%, representing the best first half in our history.
In addition, we've positioned our balance sheet for the acquisition of Black Knight while also growing our dividend and continuing to invest in future growth. As we look to the balance of the year, we're excited about the many growth opportunities in front of us, and we remain focused on creating value for our stockholders. With that, I'll hand it over to Ben.
Thank you, Warren, and thank you all for joining us this morning. Please turn to slide nine. Rising inflation has created an interest rate environment many of our customers have not navigated in over a decade. Meanwhile, the continued war in Ukraine has triggered a reshaping of the global energy supply chain, creating new risks and uncertainties for market participants. Importantly, we remain focused on connecting customers to our leading technology, mission-critical data, and transparent and accessible markets to navigate these uncertain conditions. In our interest rate markets, we've seen record year-to-date volumes in our Euribor contract as customers increasingly seek to manage risks associated with rising rates and central bank activity across Europe and the U.K. This heightened risk has also contributed to strength in our equity derivatives complex, driving an 18% increase in volumes year-to-date.
Across our global energy markets, customers are navigating supply uncertainty alongside longer-term clean energy transition priorities. This will continue to introduce additional complexity and volatility to energy markets, which should drive greater demand for risk management. It is our diverse global energy markets that provide the critical price transparency and risk management tools customers need to navigate both the near-term and long-term complexities. Globalization of gas and the clean energy transition are trends that have contributed to the 43% average annual volume growth in our TTF gas business over the past five years, driving TTF to emerge as a global gas benchmark. Through the first half of this year, as a result of the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Global gas markets have tightened significantly, increasing the demand for global liquefied natural gas in an uncertain geopolitical environment.
This volatility and uncertainty has driven our global gas volumes to increase 31% year-to-date, including 49% growth in our North American gas business in the second quarter. Commercial customers continue to rely on our markets to manage their risk, as evidenced by the record share in open interest we've achieved in our Henry Hub contract, surpassing 50% for the first time ever. Because we operate a global gas market with benchmarks across North America, Europe, and Asia, we are well-positioned to benefit from both the near-term volatility and the long-term secular growth trends occurring across these markets. Despite these global energy concerns, governments, corporates, and market participants remain committed to environmental policy to reduce carbon emissions. As such, valuing externalities such as placing a price on pollution, carbon-free electricity, and carbon sequestration and storage will continue to increase in importance.
ICE has one of the largest networks of environmental products to value such externalities across the carbon cycle, including renewable fuel contracts, carbon allowances, nature-based solutions, and renewable energy certificates. The breadth of our complex, coupled with the growing importance of carbon price transparency, has contributed to the 19% average annual volume growth in our environmental complex over the past five years. As the clean energy transition continues to introduce new complexities, uncertainties, and volatility to energy markets, our global environmentals, alongside our gas and oil complexes, will provide the price transparency across the energy spectrum needed to manage these evolving risks. Turning now to our mortgage business. I first want to touch on our pending acquisition of Black Knight as announced on May 4th of this year.
As we said when we made our announcement back then, we continue to believe the transaction will close during the first half of 2023. Since the announcement, and in accordance with our initial expected timeline, we have submitted the necessary regulatory filings. We are working with the FTC as they perform their thoughtful and comprehensive reviews of the proposed transaction. Out of respect for the FTC's important work on this matter as we work with them toward regulatory approval, we do not intend to comment further on the transaction.
Importantly, we remain very excited about the efficiencies the combined entities will bring to the end consumer and other stakeholders across the mortgage ecosystem. As interest rates rise and mortgage origination volumes soften from recent record levels, our customers continue to turn to our mission-critical technology to operate more efficiently.
In the second quarter, we once again grew recurring revenues and outperformed the broader industry. Our focus during these evolving market conditions is first and foremost our customer. Customer conversations have increasingly centered on efficiencies and automation, and we continue to work with our customers to find the most efficient ways they can benefit from the breadth of offerings across our network.
For example, we recently made the decision to offer interested customers our base eClose solution included in an Encompass subscription, making it easier and cheaper for customers to adopt and benefit from the efficiencies of an electronic closing. The focus on efficiencies has also led to increased interest in our data and analytics products. Leveraging machine learning technology, our analytics platform automates the steps in the loan manufacturing process and can save lenders thousands of dollars per loan by reducing manufacturing time and complexity.
Year-to-date, our data and analytics business, which is made up largely of recurring revenues, has grown 21% year-over-year. We continue to see increased adoption of our analytics and new customers coming onto the platform with a host of new clients added this year alone, representing the likes of Chase, a number of leading independent mortgage bankers, and a top three home builder. We are pleased that the value of our offerings continues to resonate with lenders, and we remain optimistic about the long-term opportunity to accelerate the analog-to-digital conversion happening across the mortgage industry. I'll now turn the call over to Jeff.
Thank you, Ben. Good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining us. Please turn to slide 10. The first half of the year has been marked by rising inflation, rising interest rates, and continued geopolitical and macroeconomic uncertainty. Our customers are navigating evolving risks and continue to rely on our data, technology, and liquid markets to manage these risks. In the second quarter, we once again grew revenues, grew adjusted operating income, and grew adjusted earnings per share.
These record-setting second quarter results reflect the strength of our network and the all-weather nature of our business model. Our strategy has always been to find unique and novel ways to apply data and technology to bring efficiencies and transparency to markets, whether it was moving energy trading to the screen, clearing OTC swaps, modernizing the technology, powering the U.S. equity markets, or building data sets for the opaque fixed income markets.
As we've grown and diversified, we've broadened our opportunity set, and our expertise has grown, providing new markets to grow into, and importantly, new ways to provide innovative solutions to customers. We've leveraged our leading pricing and reference data to build new tools for the front office. We've married our fixed income data to newly expanded climate capabilities. More recently, we've combined our expertise in futures contract construction with our index capabilities and with our unique mortgage data to launch both the ICE mortgage rate lock index and its associated futures contract.
These are just a few examples of the innovation that we can deliver with our expanded technology, data sets, and expertise. Our evolution has been intentional, diversifying across asset classes and geographies and increasing our mix of recurring revenues, with the goal of building a business that today generates compounding earnings growth.
It's how we've grown our adjusted earnings per share for the past 15 years in every year that we've been a public company. The net result of our compounding earnings growth is the compounding growth in our dividend, which we've grown double digits each year on average since we initiated it in 2013, and which we also grew 15% in this quarter. Looking now to the second half of the year and beyond, we're excited about the many growth opportunities that are in front of us, and we remain focused on delivering innovative solutions for our customers while driving compounding growth for our stockholders.
I'd like to thank our customers for their continued business and their trust, and I'd like to thank my colleagues at ICE for their contribution to our record second quarter, following on the heels of our best first quarter, making this an unsurpassed first-half result for our company. With that, I'll now turn the call back to our moderator, Victoria, and we'll conduct a question-and-answer session until 9:30 A.M. Eastern Time.
Thank you. We will now start our Q&A session. If you'd like to ask a question, please press star one on your telephone keypad. When preparing to ask your question, please ensure that your line is unmuted locally. We ask all participants to limit themselves to one question per turn with the possibility to register a follow-up question. Our first question comes from Rich Repetto at Piper Sandler. Please go ahead. Your line is open.
Good morning, Jeff and Ben and Warren. It's unfortunate we can't get any comments on the Black Knight acquisition because that's certainly on everybody's mind. Anyway, I'll ask about fixed income. Ben, you saw probably a nice uptick in fixed income execution. I think it's up 85%, up $10 million just quarter-over-quarter. I would suspect that's just the retail, your retail complex activities picking up. Then one other question related to the fixed income. The recurring revenues went down quarter-over-quarter just by $1 million. I suspect that's currency, but just wanted to get some clarification there as well.
Hi, Rich. I'm gonna hand it over to Lynn to go through this.
Hi, Rich. Thanks for the question. You're right that we saw strong growth in our fixed income trading business this quarter. As mentioned in our prepared remarks, that was driven off of strength in our muni trading business. While volatility and the return of retail has certainly been a contributor, we're seeing our institutional efforts pay off. As you are aware, over the last two years, we really focused on leveraging our market-leading assets in the muni ecosystem, including our data assets and our index business, which now serves as the benchmark for more than 60% of the AUM in this area to build out the infrastructure to connect the institutional market to our muni execution platforms.
In this quarter alone, we're seeing the benefits of that work manifest itself, and that institutional share within our muni execution platforms has doubled since 2020, enabling us to take share in the broader muni market. Finally, it's worth noting that our institutional business in munis has grown 250% year-over-year, a further sign that we're gaining share in this asset class.
Rich, it's Warren. On your question on the recurring revenues, you're right. That's FX, largely FX. There's also a little bit of AUM-related revenue in our ETF business. As we saw during the quarter, people shifting into treasuries and out of equities, and some of the credit-focused ETFs, there's lower economics on those treasury ETFs that track our benchmarks. That was a little bit of a mix shift impact for us as well within the AUM portion of the index business. The rest of the index business did really well during the quarter, up double digits again, some of the subscription revenue, pure subscription revenue, if you will, in there. Really just kind of the macro dynamics taking hold there. It's why you saw that slight sequential decline.
Get it. Thanks for the update.
Thank you for your question. Our next question comes from Alex Kramm at UBS. Please go ahead.
Yes. Hey, good morning. Lots of info you gave already on the mortgage side, but would like to dig a little bit deeper, in particular on the recurring side. A few questions here. One, I don't know if you gave an update to the recurring revenue guide for that segment. Would be interested if that's still unchanged. More importantly, you know, I think you mentioned it even like some of the challenges in the end markets. We've seen some bankruptcies, et cetera.
Maybe you could give us an update what you're seeing in terms of customer losses, and maybe remind us how the revenue model is, if they have any receipts, et cetera. Sorry, lastly, maybe give us a little bit of the algorithm of growth that you've seen so far under the recurring revenues year to date, between, you know, customer losses, but then also some of the upsells that you guys were talking about earlier. This continued shift to moving the contract terms to more recurring. I know that's a mouthful, but hopefully I got all of it.
Yeah, that's a lot, Alex. This is Ben. I'll start, and Warren will also, I'm sure, add in here. So, I'll start with this, just the overall challenges in the environment. If you take a step back and you look at what, you know, we're building. We're building a business here that in mortgage will weather a number of different market environments with an eye towards an 8%-10% growth over the long haul. Why are we confident in our ability to do that is the reasons are, one, we have absolutely mission-critical software for these clients that we're providing. We have long-term contracts with our clients, four to five years with a high amount of retention in them.
We are heavily focused, as you've seen in our results, on shifting the revenue to more and more towards recurring. We did again this quarter on the backdrop of a 40% down market in terms of volumes with 18% year-over-year recurring revenue growth in the business. I think the other proof point you've seen in terms of being able to weather various market environments is our Data and Analytics line item, with that being up 36% last quarter alone. One of the key inputs and drivers to that is our AIQ and analyzer solutions. We're seeing, you know, tremendous uptake in that. We're seeing clients now more than ever just looking to adopt automation to automate as much of the workflow as possible to lower their costs.
The other, you know, proof point I'd put out there was a comment Warren made in his prepared remarks, in that if you look at Q2 of 2019, very similar volume environment to what we saw in this past quarter. We generated more than $100 million of revenue on a pro forma basis. That's, you know, what enables us to do that? What enables us to do that is we do time studies with our clients, and clients that adopt our full automation suite, we see are saving anywhere from $500-$1,400 per loan that they're manufacturing when they adopt our solutions. Our ability to, you know, capture some benefit from that, from the efficiencies that we're providing to the industry, has been tremendous.
In terms of the algorithm of growth on recurring revenue, it's really a mix that we've described before. It's a mix of there is some pricing in there. There is some sales to new clients. I mentioned, you know, we had a good start of the year for sales on Encompass. We've had a good sales for the year on our AIQ business. Then also the other input is that shift as customers are renewing, that shift of even if we have to forego some transaction revenue of moving more to subscription, we're continuing to do that and have a lot of success. We're still early days. We're really in the first year of a codified program to do that. With contracts with clients going four to five years in the future, we have a long runway to go.
Alex Kramm, this is Warren Gardiner. Just, you asked about the guidance. Yeah, you're correct. There's no change to the guidance that we gave at the start of the year. We did assume, as we said back then, that there would be some headwinds from people potentially going out of business or maybe not as many new market participants. I'll say I'm highly confident that, you know, to the extent that starts to play out, that's gonna be a cyclical trend, not a secular one, because I think if you think about the process for, and this is reiterating what Ben Jackson's just said, if you think about the process of getting a mortgage, it continues to be very costly for the consumer.
It's very inefficient. We have the tools and are building the tools that are really solving those problems. I know that probably doesn't help, you know, solve for 2022 ETS or 2023 ETS, but it should really factor into kind of the multiple people are thinking about when you're valuing the overall enterprise at the end of the day. Yeah.
You haven't seen a lot of impact from cancellations at this point, just to clarify.
Hey, Alex. It's Ben again. We have seen a small number of lenders that have had some challenges and potentially going out of business, but it's a very small number that we've seen so far.
Very good. Thank you.
Perfect. Thank you for your question. Our next question comes from Kyle Voigt at KBW. Please go ahead.
Hi, good morning. Last quarter, you spoke about energy traders moving away from using futures and towards options, at least for oil specifically. Just given the decline in oil's futures open interest throughout 2Q, it seemed like that trend may have continued. Just wondering if you could talk about what you're seeing from commodity trading firms right now trying to manage risk in an extremely volatile environment. Because I guess given the volatility we've seen in the market, it's a bit surprising to see energy volumes only up 3% or in the second quarter and now seemingly kind of trending lower year-on-year into the third quarter. Thank you.
Hey, Kyle Voigt, it's Ben. We have a confluence of issues that are going on around the world that they're really unprecedented. You know, against that backdrop, we're pleased that our overall futures business is up both year-over-year in terms of open interest and since the end of the year, and our energy business is up in open interest since the end of the year given all of these events. You know, what are we looking at? We're looking at an inflationary environment. We're looking at a recession. You've got, in particular in Europe, governments in Europe have to figure out the balance between sanctions against Russia, the impact of those sanctions against their civilians in terms of near-term price impact on energy, and moves towards cleaner energy.
You've got that whole mix, and then you also have in China, continued COVID lockdowns that are happening and obviously geopolitical tensions happening with China. Given all those issues, we believe that our marketplace has been set up as best as can be in the world to help clients navigate through all of these events, and they're utilizing us to do that. I'll give a few examples. First, we have one of the most deep and liquid markets across that energy spectrum. Think of oil, gas, LNG, power, and environmentals. As clients are looking to move and switch between fuels, looking towards moving towards a cleaner environment, we are the exchange and clearing businesses that they're going to do that.
Second, in managing global supply shocks, we have deep liquid global markets in each of those respective asset classes that I mentioned with oil, gas, LNG, power, and environmentals. Enable customers because we have all these deep liquid points at the points of production and consumption, as clients need to hedge their risks using different risk management tools, we're very well positioned to do that. A perfect example is right now with Russia stifling gas supplies going into Europe, we are seeing U.S. step in, and the U.S. providing natural gas via LNG cargoes going into Northern Europe. Given that we are the home to the vast majority of commercial traders that trade our U.S. gas products, both Henry Hub and our basis markets, we're seeing clients use that to hedge those cargoes.
It's one of the inputs that's led to what I mentioned in my prepared remarks of the record we've seen in market share from a Henry Hub perspective as well as a North American gas, and you know, at a high as well in the global gas complex. The third thing I'd point out is that we're engaged as much as ever with clients and governments around the world around these sanctions and as they're taking shape. There's no question it had some impact as there was uncertainty as to how issues would play out in products like gas oil, where Russian fuel oil is an input into that historically.
As governments have made it clear that as of February of 2023, Russian fuel oil will no longer be provided and no longer be consumed in Europe, we've changed the specification on our gas oil contract, and now we started to see open interest and volume starting to build again in gas oil calendar 2023 and beyond. You pointed out, you know, our deep liquid options market. Options is, you know, clearly one of the most efficient ways to hedge geopolitical tail risk because it helps you hedge a number of different scenarios that could play out. In Brent, our volume in open interest or volume in Brent options year-over-year is up 25%. When you expand your lens and look at the overall energy complex, we feel really good about how we're positioned.
Thank you so much.
Thank you for your question. Our next question comes from Craig Siegenthaler at Bank of America. Please go ahead. Your line is open.
Hey, good morning, everyone.
Morning.
My question is on mortgage tech. Origination revenues were down, not that surprising. Can you help us with some perspective on incremental downside from current levels? Also in terms of timing, you know, when should we think these revenues will stabilize? Any perspective on that relative to what rates are doing would be helpful too.
Hey, Craig, it's Ben. I'll start. I'll basically reiterate some of the things that I said before. When you widen out what our strategy is within the mortgage and mortgage technology business, our strategy here has been to move more and more of the revenue towards recurring to take some of that cyclicality out of the business. We continue to do that, and we've been successfully doing that. In terms of you know predicting the rate environment and how that's gonna play out, I mean, just look at how the rate environment's played out over the last weeks. It's been extraordinarily hard to see and be able to predict when you know this volume environment stuff will settle down.
Despite that, we're gonna continue to make investments in the innovation that we're providing to our clients. As we mentioned, a lot of the investments that we made is what fueled that $100 million growth that we saw, over the last three years in a similar environment to what we had in 2019. You know, those investments are in and around everything that we've been doing in the closing side. Our Simplifile business continues to gain market share and do very well. Then all of the innovation that we've been introducing on the data and analytics side with our AIQ platform, as well as the automation of the underwriting platform. You know, we see that those are all tailwinds that, regardless of the rate environment and the volume environment, that are growth drivers for us.
This is Jeff. Let me just mention that a lot of our mortgage strategy is driven by the fact that we're trying to really position the company to be an all-weather name, that in all interest rate and macroeconomic environments, that I can continue to end my prepared remarks on the same page that shows a graph of compounding earnings growth for shareholders. Having a U.S. mortgage strategy gives us exposure. You know, we own LIBOR, which is the London Interbank Offered Rate. You know, we trade U.K. and EU. interest rate futures. We have a credit default swap business that is completely global, that includes Russian sovereign hedging and companies across the globe. We have a fixed income business that is truly global.
We provide pricing data in almost every single country that has a bond issuance. We were relatively thin on having exposure to U.S. interest rates. Moving into mortgage gives us that. I also think, you know, when we step back and look at the mortgage complex, the U.S. mortgage complex and the way we're building the business is that there is a demographic of millennials that is huge, that are underserved by homeownership. There's been supply chain issues during COVID to meet housing. We generally believe that any house that gets built will be sold, and that there will be a mortgage on it, and that the supply chain issues are getting better and that the underperformance of building is increasing.
We also have seen from our limited ownership of having mortgage assets that cash-out refinancings happen when the value of homes go up and which is an inflationary input. The one that I think a lot of people and maybe is at the root of your question focus on is the absolute interest rate, which leads to people refinancing in a declining interest rate market. Long story short is there are a number of inputs into the housing market. We wanna have exposure to the U.S. interest rate environment. It's gonna help us build an all-weather name. Even with a downturn in the number of U.S. mortgages, we've had the best second quarter in our company's history.
Great. Thanks for taking my question.
Thank you for your question. Our next question comes from Brian Bedell at Deutsche Bank. Please go ahead.
Great. Thanks. Good morning, folks. Thanks for taking my question. Just a two-parter on the environmental initiative. Maybe, Ben, if you could just comment on within the energy complex, obviously we're seeing very good strength in nat gas. We did see a couple quarters now of sequential declines in the environmental. The question there is, are customers substituting nat gas for some of the environmentals, or is there something else driving that on the environmental side short term?
The second part of the question is if you could comment, I don't know if this is maybe Lynn, but on the acquisition of Urgentem, and the overall climate data strategy, whether you're you know, seeking to get you know, more you know, to grow substantially in that business, linking that into the data more heavily into the environmental trading side.
Got it. Thanks, Brian. I'll start and then I'll hand to Lynn for the second part of that. As I mentioned before, there's this confluence of issues going on in particular in Europe and where we have seen some impact. The balance between Russia and sanctions and the impact on the civilians and the move to cleaner energy in Europe, and specifically, we have seen some time and attention from traders that would trade things like our EUA markets, our European Union allowances, moving and shifting more towards just the acute energy issues that everyone's faced with right now. We have seen some headwinds in that part. The flip side of it is, in North America, we've had a very strong business continuing to do very well.
North America is doing well in our Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, our California Carbon Allowances, our renewable fuels, our REC markets, each of these are doing very, very well. We're continuing to invest. You know, we recently launched biofuel contracts. They're doing well. We recently launched a global carbon index future as well, and we're getting more and more. On the index itself, we're getting more ETFs to license it, and on futures we're starting to develop there. We recently launched Texas wind and solar contracts. We recently launched nature-based offset contracts for the voluntary markets. We see a lot of tailwinds incoming in the foreseeable future.
You also have some other developments like State of Pennsylvania likely to join RGGI and Washington State likely to put in there a cap and trade program for the first time. We have a lot of good tailwinds there in North America, and I think what you're seeing in the overall complex is just a wait a little bit on the EUA market in Europe.
Thanks, Brian, for the follow-up question. Given the strength in our fixed income data, we're uniquely positioned to add transparency around ESG, really focused on the climate risk. Given our ability to tie alternative datasets into datasets that the market knows, you've seen us further position this offering. In Q4, we announced the acquisition of risQ and Level Eleven, which enabled us to execute on the opportunity to turn physical climate data into actionable insights, starting with our muni bond service, but more recently expanding into the MBS securities market.
Now we have the ability to offer parcel-level information measured by geographic coordinates in the U.S., and we have plans to expand that globally. Finally, as you know, we recently announced the purchase of Urgentem, which really expands our climate risk offering to include corporate transition risk, given its coverage of 30,000 public and private companies, which was an attractive dataset to us to add to the climate offering.
That's good. That's great color. Thank you.
Thank you for your question. Our next question comes from Michael Cyprys at Morgan Stanley. Please go ahead.
Great. Thanks so much. Wanted to ask about the commodities franchise. Just curious how you guys are thinking about the longer term growth drivers there. What factors ultimately drive volumes higher in your commodities franchise? Is it production of the underlying commodities, for example, so more oil and gas rigs producing more oil and gas are gonna drive volumes higher over the long term? Just curious how you think about those growth drivers and the algorithm, and how is that evolving? Thank you.
Thanks, Michael. This is Ben. The way we think about it is we need to have, as I described earlier, that breadth of offerings, of global offerings across, you know, each of the inputs into producing, you know, energy as you know, the statistics that are out there point to energy consumption doubling between now and 2050. It's just what are the inputs into the production of that energy are gonna change and will change over time. We believe with the breadth of offerings that we have across oil, gas, LNG, power, and then the, you know, significant early start that we had in thinking about the environmental markets with the acquisition of the Climate Exchange over a decade ago, we're very well-positioned to help clients navigate through that. That's, you know, one input into it.
You do have, you know, a global focus on the reduction of carbon emissions around the world, and as I said before, with our environmental markets, we are very well-positioned to help clients navigate through that. Those are two. I think the third is that even though we, you know, have had some near-term headwinds in some of the products in Europe, in particular, the ones that have been at the center of this Ukraine-Russia situation, we continue to see user growth.
We continue to see more and more users taking data subscriptions and coming onto the platform to get visibility into what's happening into those markets, how those markets correlate or decorrelate at times to others around the world. You know, when we look at the underlying health of the market, looking at user growth, looking at open interest and looking at the global breadth of the offerings that we provide to our clients, you know, those are all inputs into our growth outlook.
Great. Thank you.
Thank you for your question. Our final question is a follow-up from Rich Repetto at Piper Sandler. Please go ahead.
Thanks for taking the question. Just one last question on mortgage, and this I think is more for Jeff. In the prepared remarks, it was mentioned about efficiency and automation and how the downturn is maybe emphasizing that more in the mortgage segment. I guess the question, Jeff, is, I think people are really looking for, you know, the connection between mortgage and how that can automate over time, you know, as you've done, you know, done so in other markets. The question is, how's it comparing, you know, given that mortgage has a longer workflow process, but what you're seeing so far in regards to the automation of the market, you know, longer term versus the other asset classes you've dealt with?
Sure. That's a great question, Rich. You know, because I'm a company founder, I get asked to speak to entrepreneurs from time to time, and I always tell them the best time to start a business is when there's a downturn. Not that, you know, you wish a downturn on anybody, but it's very, very hard to get people in finance. I say this broadly, whether it's trading, clearing, data, acquisition. It's very, very hard to get people in finance to change their behavior when they're making a lot of money and when things are going well. The best time to get people to think about making a change is when their businesses are under pressure.
You know, Ben alluded to that a number of times in you know why our subscription revenues are doing well in the mortgage space. Broadly speaking, you know. Again, I appreciate the question. I know you've followed our company for many years and, you know, you see us putting data and analytic tools into the mortgage market. You know, the mortgage market that we're talking a lot about is the cash market. You've seen us and I mentioned in my prepared remarks, launch our first derivative product against a new index that we created. You know, I think this space has a lot of inefficiencies throughout the entire, not just the manufacturing of the mortgage, but the way mortgages are financed and traded and retraded in the secondary market.
Very poor data available due to the paper-based nature of the contract. Difficult to regulate for regulators. Regulators, you know, think that there may be biases in the market, but without the right data, it's very hard to know. It's very hard to correct for the participants in the market. Very expensive for consumers. Banks that spend a lot of money to court a consumer tend to lose them when there's a refinancing or a change in that client's behavior. The market is not very thoughtful about keeping, you know, connectivity between those that lend and those that borrow. All of that, I think, you know, is fertile ground for us and, you know, may go, you know, for decades, honestly, as we build out the infrastructure.
At the core, we need a foundation of data and information that borrowers, lenders and regulators can all look at and use to make it easier. I think I may have mentioned to you even that it's odd to me that you can buy a completely consumable good. You can buy toothpaste on an online platform, and when you go to checkout, it'll ask you if you wanna buy now and pay later, knowing that an algorithm underwrote your credit against no collateral.
It takes almost two months for somebody to refinance a mortgage in a house that they live in, that has a foundation that's in the ground, that has an address that you can see from space, that is part of the Maslow's hierarchy of need of safety and security, and will be abandoned by that person, the last thing to do. An existing mortgage, talking to their bank takes two months. Something is wrong in those equations. We could argue that buy now, pay later lending may be too generous, but certainly 60 days to do work with an existing client in an existing home just feels too long. That is the challenge that I think we will tackle successfully and put the entire industry on a better footing.
Got it. Thank you. That, that's helpful.
Thank you for your question. We have received a follow-up from Kyle Voigt at KBW. Please go ahead.
Thanks for taking my follow-up. A question on the OTC and other revenue line in the exchange segment. It was quite strong in the quarter. I just wanna confirm that the increase that we saw there was really driven by collateral fees at ICE's clearinghouse, or if there's something else that was driving that. Can you remind us if those collateral fees are entirely fixed basis point fees, or if there is or will be any benefit from rate hikes we've seen in the U.S. and EU?
Sorry, Kyle, it's Warren. In terms of the OTC and other, yeah, you're correct. The performance there has been collateral driven. That's largely from net interest income we're earning at ICE Futures for ICE Clear U.S. and ICE Clear Europe. As collateral balances move around, and you've seen that over the course of this year, that's obviously gonna benefit that particular line item. In terms of rates moving higher, we do have a benefit from that. That's gonna show up, though.
Well, it will show up on the CDS clearing side, because we do park some collateral and funds there at the Fed. We do get a benefit as collateral moves up, but then also as Fed fund rates move up there. That's part of the strong performance you've seen in CDS there. Not in that OTC and other line, but in the spirit of your question, yes, that there's a benefit from you know, Fed rate hikes coming through over time.
Understood. Thanks.
Thank you for your question, Kyle. This concludes our Q&A session. Now I'd like to pass over to Chair and CEO Jeff Sprecher for any final remarks.
Well, thank you, Victoria, and thank you all for joining us this morning. Let me again thank my colleagues for delivering yet another record quarter. We very much appreciate and wanna say thank you to our customers for putting your faith in us during the quarter. We'll look forward to updating you again soon as we continue to execute on these exciting growth opportunities that we mentioned on the call. With that, I hope you'll have a great day.
Thank you everyone for joining today's call. You may now disconnect.