Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by. Welcome to the American Express Q3 2019 earnings call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. Later, we will conduct a question and answer session. If you wish to ask a question, please press star then one on your touch tone phone. You will hear a tone indicating that you've been placed in queue. You may remove yourself from the queue at any time by pressing the pound key. If you're using a speakerphone, please pick up the handset before pressing the numbers. Should you require assistance during the call, please press star then zero. As a reminder, today's call is being recorded. I would now like to turn the conference over to our host, Head of Investor Relations, Ms. Vivian Zhou. Please go ahead.
Thank you, Alan, thank you all for joining today's call. As a reminder before we begin, today's discussion contains forward-looking statements about the company's future business and financial performance. These are based on management's current expectations and are subject to risks and uncertainties. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from these statements are included in today's slides and in our reports on file with the SEC. The discussion today also contains non-GAAP financial measures. The comparable GAAP financial measures are included in this quarter's earnings materials, as well as the earnings materials for the prior periods we discuss. All of these are posted on our website at ir.americanexpress.com. We'll begin today with Stephen Squeri, Chairman and CEO, who will start with some remarks about the company's progress and results. Then Jeffrey Campbell, CFO, will provide a more detailed review of our financial performance.
After that, we'll move to a Q&A session on the results with both Steve and Jeff. With that, let me turn it over to Steve.
Thanks, Rosie. Good morning, everyone, and thanks for joining us. As you saw in our release earlier today, our third quarter results are a continuation of the consistent steady performance we've been delivering over the last few years. We had strong FX-adjusted revenue growth of 9% in the quarter, and our EPS of $2.08 was 11% higher than last year. The consistently high levels of revenue growth we're delivering is the result of the focused approach we've taken in executing our strategy and the strength of our differentiated business model. This was the ninth straight quarter where FX-adjusted revenue growth was 8% or higher. I'm especially pleased that our revenue growth continues to be driven by a well-balanced mix of spend, loans, and fees. Card fee revenues were particularly strong, growing 19% and exceeding $1 billion this quarter for the first time.
Nearly 70% of the cards we've acquired this year are fee-based products, providing us recurring subscription-like revenues. The trends we saw in the business remain consistent with an economy that continues to expand, albeit at a more modest pace than last year. Our FX-adjusted proprietary billings grew 7%, led by strong growth in our U.S. and international consumer businesses. We continued to deliver healthy loan growth, and our credit performance remained at industry-leading levels, in fact, better than the expectations we had at the beginning of the year. As you can see, even with some uncertainty in the global economic and political environment, our strategy of investing in share, scale, and relevance is enabling us to deliver steady, solid results. With that in mind, I'd like to discuss our progress on the three company-wide initiatives I laid out at Investor Day.
As a reminder, these cut across all of our strategic imperatives. They are focusing on our customer as a platform for growth, expanding and leveraging our network of strategic partners, and prioritizing our investments in international to drive growth. Let's start with customers as a platform for growth. Our global diverse customer base has become a major source of growth for us. One of the ways we're deepening relationships with existing customers is through the disciplined strategic approach we've taken to continuously refresh our products. These refreshes are not just cosmetic changes. We're redefining membership by adding innovative, experiential, and rational value that our customers respond well to, and we're pricing for that additional value. In the third quarter, we continued the refresh of our Platinum Card portfolio across several international markets, and we're following a similar playbook with our Gold Cards. Now we're updating our iconic Green Card.
A few weeks ago, we introduced a new ocean plastic design. Later this month, we'll announce an array of changes to the product, including new benefits, broader payment flexibility, and a digital focus. Just yesterday, we announced a major refresh of our corporate card program, which includes a number of new features, including newer enhanced benefits with Uber, Hilton, and CLEAR, which is the biometric identification system that expedites the airport security process. As part of that announcement, we introduced an extension of our corporate card program designed to meet the needs of startups with features that include corporate liability and dynamic spending capacity. As I've said on prior occasions, we typically see a significant increase in spending when our customers add an additional Amex product to their wallets. Our corporate card members represent a great opportunity here.
For many of our customers, the corporate card is their first American Express product. To encourage them to add a personal card, we're creating ways to provide benefits for carrying both, such as a new program that offers an incentive for corporate card members to obtain one of our select consumer cards. These initiatives are proving to be a terrific platform for growth. We're seeing a lift in spending and engagement on our refreshed products. Over 60% of our total loan growth is coming from existing card members, and we're earning a steady stream of revenues as more customers move to fee-based products, which are priced for the additional value we're delivering. Our customers have also become one of the best and most efficient ways to bring new card members into the franchise. Through our Member Get Member referral program, we've acquired over 250,000 new customers this year so far.
In addition, successful referrals have increased 35% compared to last year's third quarter. Turning to partnerships. The third quarter continued to demonstrate the benefits of our powerful network of partners who help us deliver enhanced value across the enterprise. As I've said before, partnerships are essential to each of our strategic imperatives, and they take many forms. From the over 50 co-brand relationships we have around the world, to our recent digital partnerships, to expanding our merchant network. When we talk about partnerships, we have to start with Delta, our largest, deepest, and longest-running relationship. At the end of September, we announced seven refreshed Delta SkyMiles co-brand cards as part of our renewed 11-year agreement with the airline. The new cards, which will be available in January in the U.S., will feature a range of customized travel benefits for both consumers and small business card members.
Also in the third quarter, we launched a new small business credit card in the U.K. with British Airways and one in Singapore with Singapore Airlines. We announced refreshed consumer cards in Canada with Air Miles and Scotiabank. In addition to co-brands, we've been expanding our digital partnerships. Earlier this week, we announced two new offerings with PayPal and Venmo for U.S. consumer card members. First is the ability to pay for purchases made through PayPal with Membership Rewards points. We're also introducing Split the Bill functionality within the Amex mobile app. On the merchant side, with the help of our OptBlue partnerships, we remain on track to achieve virtual parity coverage in the U.S. by the end of the year. In international, our strategy of selectively increasing our investments to drive share scale and relevance through a country-by-country approach is delivering strong results.
Despite political and economic uncertainty in some regions, International remains the highest growth area of our business. third quarter results showed continued strong growth across both consumer and small business segments, driven by results in our top strategic countries where we've allocated incremental investments. Since the beginning of the year, we've launched 18 new or refreshed proprietary cards, three co-brand cards, and 30 network cards across International. As a result, we're taking share and generating strong billings growth in most of our proprietary countries. With overall FX-adjusted consumer proprietary billings up 14% in the quarter and FX-adjusted SME billings up 18%. Finally, we're making good progress on expanding merchant coverage, which is key to our overall International growth strategy. As you can see, we've made a lot of progress in each of our three priority areas since March, and there's more to come.
In summary, I feel very good about our performance in the quarter and year to date. We look ahead, I expect the consistent trends we've seen to continue into Q4, translating into revenue growth of 8%-10% in the quarter, and we're reaffirming our full year guidance of adjusted EPS between $7.85 and $8.35. Our performance reinforces my confidence in our ability in today's environment to sustain high levels of revenue growth and consistent double-digit EPS growth, which creates value for our shareholders. I'm excited about the opportunities that lie ahead and look forward to updating you on our progress. Let me turn it over to Jeff.
Well, thank you, Steve, and good morning, everyone. It is good to be here today to talk about yet another solid quarter of steady and consistent performance. Let us get right to our summary financials on slide three. Third quarter revenues of $11 billion grew 9% on an FX adjusted basis, with this growth driven, again, by a well-balanced mix of spend, lend, and fee revenues. You continue to see a spread between our reported revenue growth of 8% and FX adjusted revenue growth of 9%. Although the U.S. dollar has strengthened recently, the spread between our reported and FX adjusted revenue growth has lessened slightly relative to Q2. As you recall, the year-over-year strengthening of the U.S. dollar began in the third quarter of last year.
Assuming the dollar stays roughly where it is today, you should see reported and FX adjusted revenue growth levels more similar to each other in the fourth quarter of 2019. Our strong top-line revenue performance drove a net income of $1.8 billion, up 6% from a year ago, and earnings per share was $2.08, representing EPS growth of 11% in the third quarter. The EPS growth was supported by the 4% reduction in our share count, enabled by our continued prudent management of the capital-generating capabilities of our business model as we returned $5.5 billion in excess capital to shareholders through dividends and share repurchases in the last four quarters. Turning now to the details of our performance. I'll start with billed business, which you see several views of on slides four through six. Starting on slide four, our FX adjusted total billings growth for the third quarter was 6%.
We think it is important, though, to continue to break out the billings growth between our proprietary and network businesses due to the differing trends as we exit our network business in Europe and Australia. We expect to fully lap the billings impact from these exits in 2020. Our proprietary business, which makes up 86% of our total billings and drives most of our financial results, was up 7% in the third quarter on an FX adjusted basis. The remaining 14% of our overall billings, which comes from our network business, GNS, was down 2% in the third quarter on an FX adjusted basis. Turning to our proprietary bill business growth on slide five, the trends this quarter continue to be consistent with the economic tone. The U.S. consumer continues to show solid growth with even some modest acceleration as we have gone through 2019.
The international consumer shows even higher levels of growth, and our commercial customers are lapping a particularly strong 2018 with spending trends that have diverged a bit from the consumer segment. You see this as you turn to slide six. We first spoke last quarter about potential signs of caution in commercial spending trends relative to the strong and steady growth we see in consumer. Over the last few months, the headlines and macro data would suggest that these trends continue, particularly among the larger corporations within our customer base. We see these dynamics in our large and global corporate card trends, where we had a 1% decline in bill business on an FX-adjusted basis in the third quarter. Adjusting for the reduction in spending from just two large customers, where we saw some client-specific decreases, the growth rate would have been a bit above 1% this quarter.
In contrast, spending from our U.S. small and mid-sized enterprise card members, or SMEs, grew a solid 6% in the third quarter, with importantly, relatively stable growth throughout the 3 months of the quarter. We continue to feel great about the long-term opportunities with both of these customer types. As Steve highlighted a few minutes ago, we are making investments that leverage our strong leadership position and differentiated business model to take advantage of these opportunities. International SME remains our highest growing customer type, with 18% FX-adjusted billings growth in the third quarter. Given our focus on this segment and the low penetration we have in the top countries where we offer international small business products, we believe we have a long runway to sustain this strong growth. Moving to U.S. consumer, which made up 33% of the company's billings in the third quarter, billings were up 8%.
Taking the number out a decimal, actually a bit stronger than Q1 and Q2. This growth reflects continued strong acquisition performance and solid underlying spend growth from existing customers. These trends also highlight the continued strength of the consumer in the U.S. Moving to the right, international consumer growth remained in the teens at 14% on an FX-adjusted basis. As we mentioned earlier, we continue to have widespread growth in our proprietary business across key markets, despite the mixed macroeconomic and geopolitical environment. While growth in Australia and Mexico moderated to the high single digits this quarter, we continued to see strong growth of 19% in both the U.K. and Japan, as well as double-digit growth in our top markets across the EU, all on an FX-adjusted basis.
On the far right, as I mentioned earlier, Global Network Services was down 2% on an FX-adjusted basis, driven by the impacts of regulation in the European Union and Australia, where we are in the process of exiting our network business. Although network billings are down in these regions, if you were to exclude the European Union and Australia, the remaining portion of GNS was up 3% on an FX-adjusted basis. Overall, we continue to feel good about the breadth of our billings growth and the opportunities we see across the range of geographies and customer segments in which we operate. Turning next to loan performance. On slide seven, total loan growth was 9% in the third quarter, with over 60% of that growth again coming from our existing customers.
We feel good about our lending strategy, which is focused on taking advantage of the unique opportunity we have to deepen our share of our existing customers' borrowing. We believe we have a long runway to continue this strategy. Moving to the right-hand side of slide seven, net interest yield was 11.1% in the third quarter, up 30 basis points relative to the prior year, reflecting continued positive impacts from mix and pricing for risk. We remain focused on optimizing our lending capabilities and pricing constructs, and we have seen lower loan balances on promotional offers as we have shifted towards more premium products. The combination of loan growth and yield increases are contributing to the 12% growth in net interest income that we delivered this quarter. Slide eight then shows the credit implications of our strategy.
As you can see, the trends on both write-off rates and delinquencies continue to be stable and benign, reflecting in part the low unemployment rate and relatively stable economy. We see these trends across both our consumer and commercial segments. The GCP net loss ratio remains lower than last year. As you see in the tables that accompany our earnings release, both consumer and small business credit trends also remain steady. These trends lead to the same conclusion we have reached in each quarter so far this year. We do not see anything in our portfolio that would suggest a significant change in the credit environment, both on the consumer and commercial side. In fact, all of these portfolios are performing much better than we expected at the beginning of the year. This brings us to provision expense.
In the third quarter, provision expense growth was 8%, reflecting the greater stability in our credit trends that began in the second half of 2018. As we've gone through the year, credit performance for us, as well as for others in the industry, has been better than expected. That's what we saw again in the third quarter. As a result, we now expect full year provision growth of around 10%. While we are on the subject of provision, though, let me take a few minutes to talk about CECL. We are making good progress on our efforts to prepare for implementation on January 1st of 2020. Consistent with our comments last quarter, based on our work so far, we estimate that if we implemented CECL today, our current total reserves of $2.8 billion would increase by roughly 25%-40%.
This estimate includes a roughly 55%-70% increase in lending card reserves, somewhat offset by a significantly lower charge card reserve, given the extremely short life of a charge receivable. Stepping back, there are three important takeaways on CECL that I would like to leave you with. First, we believe that the capital impact of the one-time implementation increase in reserves will likely be very manageable given our strong balance sheet, 30%+ ROE, and spend-centric model. Second, it is important to keep in mind that CECL will have an impact on our provision expense going forward. Although the ultimate impact will be heavily dependent on many factors, we will likely have higher provision expense under CECL relative to the current accounting methodology as we continue to grow our loan book.
Since we are currently finalizing our CECL models and working on our 2020 plan, we'll provide more color on the expected 2020 impact from CECL on next quarter's call. CECL is merely an accounting-driven acceleration of estimated losses. There is no change to the underlying economics, our view of the risk profile, or the ultimate expected losses in our portfolios. Given this, as well as our strategy of investing for growth, we do not intend to change our investment plans because of the impact CECL will have on provision expense growth in 2020. Let's get back to our results and turn to the strong revenue growth of 9% on an FX adjusted basis that you see on slide 10.
The consistent execution of our strategies and our focus on investing in share, scale, and relevance has driven top line revenue growth of 8% or more for over two years. This consistent revenue performance has occurred in both the robust economic environment of 2018 and the somewhat slower growth environment of 2019. Despite the modest sequential deceleration in volume growth we saw this quarter, our revenue growth of 9.4% in the third quarter was relatively flat to the 9.6% growth we delivered last quarter. This revenue growth was again driven by broad-based growth across spend, lend, and fee revenues, as you can see on slide 11. Importantly, the portion of our revenue coming from spend and fee revenues remained at 80% in the third quarter, in line with both recent history and a much longer view of our history.
Discount revenue was up 6% on a reported basis and was up 7% on an FX adjusted basis, which I'll come back to on the next slide. Net card fee growth accelerated to 19% and, as Steve said, surpassed $1 billion in the third quarter for the first time. This is the financial outcome of the disciplined approach to product refreshment and our unique value propositions that Steve also talked about in his opening remarks. We are really pleased by the confidence that our customers place in our value propositions when they choose to pay these subscription-like fees. As Steve mentioned earlier, but I think it bears repeating, we continue to see that the majority of our new card members, around 70% so far this year, are choosing our fee-based products as well.
Going forward, we feel good about our ability to maintain strong growth in these membership revenues, given the breadth of products that are driving this momentum across geographies and across customer segments. Net interest income grew at 12% in the third quarter, driven by the growth in loans and net yield that I just mentioned a few moments ago. Let's come back now to the largest component of our revenue, discount revenue, on slide 12. On the right, you see that discount revenue grew at 7% on an FX adjusted basis, in line with the last two quarters, making this the eighth consecutive quarter with discount revenue growth above 6%. We see this as continued evidence that our strategy of focusing on driving discount revenue, not the average discount rate, is working. Moving on now to the things we are investing in to drive our strong revenue growth.
Let's start with our customer engagement costs, which you can see on slide 13 were $5 billion in the third quarter, up 11% versus last year. Starting at the bottom, marketing and business development costs were up 11% in the third quarter and were in line with Q2. Remember that this line has two components, our traditional marketing and promotion expenses, and then payments we make to certain partners, primarily corporate clients, GNS partner banks, and co-brand partners. Also remember that this is the second quarter where we are seeing the impact of our renewed agreement with Delta, which increased our marketing and business development cost by $200 million relative to our original outlook for the full year. Continuing on to rewards expense.
You can see that it was up 9% relative to the prior year, a bit higher than our billing trends given our evolving value propositions. Moving to the top of the slide, card member services costs were up 22% in the third quarter. We continue to expect this line to be our fastest-growing expense category, as it includes the cost of many components of our differentiated value propositions, such as airport lounge access and other travel benefits, which we believe are difficult for others to replicate and help support the strong acquisition and engagement we are seeing on our fee-based products. Moving on to operating expenses on slide 14. We saw a 5% increase in the third quarter, consistent with our long track record of getting operating expense leverage by growing OpEx more slowly than revenues. I would offer two comments here.
First, as I mentioned last quarter, some of the investments we are making to deliver continued strong revenue growth in sales force, premium servicing, digital capabilities, these will cause us for this year to see more growth in this line than we have seen in recent years. Second, as a reminder, through our Amex Ventures group, we have a strategic investment portfolio of over 40 investments. This quarter's OpEx included a net benefit of roughly $0.05 related to the impact of mark-to-market adjustments on our strategic investment portfolio, which is somewhat higher than the benefit we saw last year. Altogether, I would just sum up by saying that we are confident that we have a long runway to continue to grow our operating expenses more slowly than our revenues.
Turning to capital on slide 15, our CET1 ratio in the second quarter was 11%, at the top end of our 10%-11% target range, and we returned $1.8 billion of capital to our shareholders. As we've said, our primary focus is on maintaining our CET1 ratio within our 10%-11% target range as the governor of our capital distribution plan. We've historically been very focused on maintaining capital strength while aggressively returning excess capital to our shareholders, We will continue with that philosophy going forward. That brings us to our outlook, and then we'll open the call for your questions. With each quarter of this year, we've demonstrated consistent progress against our objectives of delivering high levels of revenue growth and double-digit EPS growth. Looking ahead, given today's economic environment, we see a long runway to sustain this performance.
In the near term, to give you a bit more color on the fourth quarter, we expect revenue growth to continue at the strong levels we have seen and to be within our 8%-10% guidance range for the quarter. If FX rates stay where they are, the headwind from the strong dollar should lessen in the fourth quarter. We expect the stability we have seen in our credit trends to continue with full-year provision growth of around 10%. Given the consistent operating performance trends we have seen throughout the first three quarters of the year, we expect our Q4 EPS results will be very much in line with our year-to-date results, excluding the $0.05 mark-to-market benefit to our investment portfolio that we saw in the third quarter, and of course, any other contingencies that may occur in the fourth quarter.
Which would bring us to reaffirm our adjusted earnings guidance of $7.85-$8.35 for the full year. In addition, we are working towards having a 2020 plan showing high revenue growth and double-digit EPS growth off of the middle part of our 2019 EPS guidance range. Of course, this assumes we do not see a material deterioration in the economic environment versus where we are today, and given my earlier comments around CECL, it does not factor in any potential impacts from CECL in 2020. To close, our year-to-date performance and expectations for the full year demonstrate consistent execution against our strategies, as well as the financial growth algorithm I shared with you at our last Investor Day. We remain focused on sustaining high levels of revenue growth and, in today's environment, double-digit EPS growth. With that, I'll turn the call back over to Vivian.
Thank you, Jeff. Before we open up the lines for Q&A, I'll ask those in the queue to please limit yourself to just one question. Thank you for your cooperation. With that, the operator will now open up the line for questions. Operator?
Ladies and gentlemen, as a reminder, if you wish to ask a question, please press star then one on your touch tone phone. You'll hear a tone indicating that you've been placed in queue. You may remove yourself from the queue at any time by pressing the pound key. If you're using a speakerphone, please pick up your handset before pressing the numbers. Our first question will come from the line of Craig Maurer from Autonomous Research. Go ahead, please.
Yeah, good morning. Thanks.
Craig.
I had a question on net card fees. Basically, what I'm trying to get at is you showed some acceleration in net card fee growth. Cards in the U.S., basic cards in force has been largely range-bound throughout the year. Can net card fees continue to accelerate if cards remain somewhat flattish? Should card growth in the U.S. accelerate again, or how should we think about that?
Craig, as you recall, we tend to discourage people a little bit from looking at that gross cards in force number. What's really important here is the quality of the cards you have and the quality of the cards you're bringing in. Both Stephen and I talked about the fact that 70% of the new card members we're bringing in are on fee-based products.
We've talked for a couple quarters now about bringing in generally a more premium-oriented mix of card members. That cards in force number is also influenced by our periodic efforts, frankly, to go back and cancel some inactive card members. We feel tremendously strong about the breadth of the products that are driving card fee growth and think there's a long runway to continue.
Yeah, just to add one other point, I think the other thing that's really important is the recent strategy of consistently refreshing our products is critically important to not only growing card fees, but it's also what we've seen is we see an uptick in spending even from existing cardholders. Again, I think the number's a little bit deceptive because you've got a clean-out and you also have a switch. You've got a lot of upgrades in there as well. We feel really confident about the strategy we're on.
We'll next go to the line of Robert Napoli from William Blair. Go ahead, please.
Thank you, and good morning. A question on your B2B payment strategy. You acquired Acompay during the quarter. It does automated AP. You have a lot of different partnerships there. It's an area that's a massive market TAM that could move the needle, I would think, for American Express. Can you update your thoughts on your investments in the B2B payment space and AP and AR automation and if that can move the needle materially for Amex over the long term?
Yeah. Look, Bob, I think, as we've said, and we said this at Investor Day as well, our belief, this is a long-term opportunity. Having said that, we've entered into partnerships with people like Bill.com at the real small end of the market. We've done MineralTree and WEX in sort of the mid space. We've done Tradeshift, we've done Ariba. We have now an investment in ACOM to help sort of automate those processes. One thing I will point out is while it is a long-term play, most of our spending in an SME segment today is B2B spending, and that continues to grow. We feel really confident about what we're doing. As I've said before, the integration into the procurement process, it's a tough integration, and it takes time.
That's why we do these partnerships, that's why we make these investments, and that's why we still believe it's a long-term play. We are seeing value just from a B2B perspective, especially in SME, where the majority of our spending is B2B, not T&E.
Our next question will go through to the line of Richard Shane with JPMorgan. Go ahead, please.
Hey, guys. Thanks for taking my question. I just want to sort of delve into the divergence between acceleration of bill business on an account basis at the consumer level and a deceleration on the commercial business. Historically, has that provided any signal that we should be paying attention to?
No, not necessarily. I think if you look at the last recession, you would've seen sort of the reverse. You would've seen consumer coming down first and then commercial. I don't think that is a signal at all. As Jeff pointed out, our consumer business has grown slightly in the U.S. quarter-over-quarter, really strong across all segments as it relates to international, whether it's SME or whether it's consumer, mid-teen double-digit growth. Let me comment on where you may be seeing some softness as we look at the numbers. You're seeing a 1% decline as it relates to global. A couple of adjustments in there with maybe some jet fuel or things like that. You also have to realize we're coming off a high. It was almost 10% growth in the third quarter of last year. To me, that's almost stable.
When I think about large and global, having been involved with this for a real long time, I'm pretty comfortable about that. When you look at SME in the U.S. and we're about 6% up year-over-year, again, off a double-digit high, you got to delve into it. When we look at it, we look at sort of three components of that billing. We look at are we continuing to acquire? That has been steady for us. Are we losing accounts either from a competitive perspective or from the perspective of losses, accounts that just go out of business? That has been steady. Where we're seeing sort of a softening a little bit is in the organic spend. If you think about it from a retail perspective, you would think of same-store sales.
Even that, again, we came off a high in the third quarter of last year, and that's still a positive trend. What would concern me is if that same account spending had gone down. It is not. It is still in positive territory, albeit not in the same sort of significant growth that we saw. To be honest, that was growth that we had not seen before. The sustainability of that was questionable in our minds anyway. We feel pretty good about it. Again, as Jeff mentioned, the credit quality's still pristine.
We'll next go to the line of Bill Carcache with Nomura Instinet. Go ahead, please.
Thank you. Good morning. I had a follow-up question on your fee-based products. Some innovative fintech players like Square are enjoying some success in targeting the unbanked and underbanked customer segment, for example, with their Cash App and goal of getting customers to use it as their primary bank account through direct deposit. You guys were well ahead of this trend years ago when you identified an opportunity to generate fee-based income in the segment with products like Bluebird and Serve. Can you give us some general color on how you guys are thinking about those products today? Do you still see the growth opportunity there as attractive? How focused are you on growing those products? Is continued innovation and enhancement of the underlying app something that you guys are investing in? Just in general, are you seeing some customers use Bluebird and Serve for direct deposit? Thanks.
We're not focused on it at all. In fact, we sold that last year to InComm. That's not a segment that we see as an opportunity for us. We took a run at it. The theory of the case was that you would be able to upgrade those customers into our traditional product set. The reality is that was a bridge too far to cross. We sold off that portfolio of Bluebird, of Serve, and the gift cards to InComm last year. I think InComm's really happy with that transaction, and we are really happy with that transaction. We do not see that as a growth opportunity for us at all.
Our next question will be from the line of Moshe Orenbuch with Credit Suisse. Go ahead.
Great. Thanks. Recognizing that credit, no sign of deterioration, in fact, actually has probably improved over the course of the year. Any sense as to how to think about just the impact of CECL on ongoing provisions relative to that kind of 50-ish % increase on the credit piece as we think about the growth of provisions into next year?
Yeah. Obviously, Moshe, that's a very fair question that we're still not ready to quantify. I do think the range we've given for the one-time impact, you can sort of do some back of the envelope math off of that. There are so many complex pieces to CECL. Obviously, CECL will also require us to incorporate into our accounting provision forward-looking economic forecasts amongst the over 100 other variables that will be part of the 150-plus customer segments and models that drive this. Directionally, I am very comfortable saying there is some, given our levels of growth, some higher provision expense you would expect in a normal economic environment under CECL. I am just not ready to give an exact number.
I really want to emphasize, though, what I said in my earlier remarks, which are that from our perspective, this is pure accounting-driven acceleration of losses that ultimately would've run through our financial statements anyway. It has zero impact on real economics. It has zero impact on our view of risk. That is why as we think about 2020, we think we are going to make a series of decisions about what we're willing and what we think is prudent to invest in continuing to drive the business for the long term. Then we'll let the CECL changes to the division fall where they will.
We'll go now to the line of Betsy Graseck with Morgan Stanley. Go ahead, please.
Hey, thanks. Good morning.
Morning. Hi, Betsy.
Okay. I just wanted to dig in a little bit, Steve, to the comment that you were making earlier around the opportunity to penetrate your corporate card customers with personal card. The reason I ask the question is I would've thought this was something that was well done and already was maxed out, but your comments suggest it's not. I wanted to understand, is the go-to-market strategy different? What kind of opportunity set you could get? Then Jeff, if you could just reiterate the mark-to-market benefit that you had and where we're supposed to strip that out. I'm getting a couple of questions in on exactly where we're supposed to strip that $0.05 out of. Thanks.
Yeah. The reality is we really have not focused on penetrating our corporate card base with our personal cards for pretty much forever. We did some tests last year. Part of it was a reluctance with our corporate card customers for us to access the base. The tide has changed. The tide has changed. We've had companies come to us and ask us as they look to bring more value to their employees, can we do that? This is a welcome opportunity for us. I would say it is absolutely new territory for us. It's not been maxed out at all. That's not to say that our corporate cardholders do not have personal cards, but it is to say that we've never utilized our corporate card distribution opportunities within the companies that have our corporate card.
We're excited about the opportunity and think that it's going to provide another opportunity to lift our overall cards.
On the mark-to-market, Betsy, I'd make two points. Just to remind everyone, beginning last January, all companies began to have to mark to market various investments. For us, that really means the 40 or so investments we have through our Amex Ventures fund. In general, those marks have not been material. This quarter, they were a little bit more material. They netted to about $0.05 positive. We see that as an ongoing part of our business. My only reference to the $0.05 in terms of, to use your phrase, Betsy, not mine, stripping out, was that when I talked about Q4, I made the observation that we feel really good about the consistent operating performance of the company. We expect Q4 to look very similar to the first three quarters. As you think about the pure operating performance of the company in the first three quarters.
In Q1, I take the merchant litigation charge out, so that puts you at $2 a share. In Q2, it's $2.07 a share. Again, going back to this operating performance concept in Q3, that takes you to the about $2.03 level. That's the only context in which I was trying to bring up the $0.05. Thank you for the question.
We'll move on to the line of Mark DeVries with Barclays. Go ahead.
Yeah, thanks. I don't imagine you've gotten this question in a while, just given how strong your revenue growth has been, and it sounds like you're pretty confident in the outlook for 2020 as well around revenue growth. I have been getting some questions from investors asking, how much room you guys have to control and slow the growth of OpEx should revenue grow. Steve, I guess, is the guy who was responsible for getting those OpEx under control when revenue was weak. I'd be interested in hearing your commentary on thoughts there.
I think if you look at how we've controlled OpEx over the last eight years, I think it was an aggregate growth of probably about 6% or so. As we look at it and as we've sort of changed philosophy a little bit to look at high revenue growth, it made sense to not walk away from some of these OpEx opportunities that we had. As Jeff said, I don't think this is a consistent playbook that we're going to run. I have all the confidence in the world in our ability to control OpEx. We're still providing operating leverage when you think about sort of nine to five here, which is what we've done. The problem is when you're growing revenue at four and you're growing revenue at five, if you want that leverage, you got to grow OpEx at about one.
The Delta is relatively similar to what we've been doing, and we're going to look at good investment opportunities. You're right. I was known as the OpEx guy here for a lot of years, and still am. I still drive people crazy about it, and I will continue to do that. We're not going to make any foolish decisions, and I believe that we still have operating leverage opportunities as it relates to OpEx and revenue.
We have a question from the line of David Togut with Evercore ISI. Go ahead.
David, you there? David?
Please check your mute feature on your phone.
All right.
We'll move on to the line of Chris Donat with Sandler O'Neill.
Hi, good morning. I had a question about marketing spend, because as I think about this year and even last year, you had some elevated marketing spend with the brand refresh in 2018 that spilled into 2019. You had the Delta agreement, which also led to the $200 million of elevated spending. You got all these product refreshes. I'm just wondering, as we think about 2020, do you come up against some easier comps on spending, or are there things in the pipeline that will likely absorb marketing spending in 2020? Just thinking about how to compare 2020 to 2019.
In many ways, Chris, I think the examples you cite are a wonderful illustration of why a few years ago, we began to encourage people to focus on broadly what we call our customer engagement costs, right? We pull different levers at different times in the rewards category, or to your point, in the traditional marketing category around brand spending, or in spending we do in the payments partner area with Delta. At other times, we choose to put resources into card member services. The trends in any one of those lines may vary a little bit from year to year or from quarter to quarter.
The broad group of all of them, however, is what we're using to drive high levels of revenue growth, and we've been very consistent for some years now, Chris, in saying we do expect that collectively, those costs are going to grow a little faster than revenue, but that's what's going to enable us to drive in today's environment, 8%-10% revenue growth. It's why the OpEx leverage Steve just talked about is so important to help mitigate that margin compression you get from customer engagement, because OpEx will grow more slowly than our revenues. You combine that with our strong balance sheet, and that's how we have a model that is consistently producing double-digit EPS.
Our next question will be from the line of Dominick Gabriele with Oppenheimer. Go ahead, please.
Hey, thanks so much for taking my question. Look, the diversity of the revenue growth is really strong for sure. I think one thing that is taking some investors by surprise is not only the fee for card or the NIM expanding this quarter, but to some extent, but really the discount rate has been on quite a nice trajectory. I know that you talk about not managing to the discount rate, but your strategy has shown at least over the last number of quarters that the discount rate is moving up as well, and that's a nice benefit as well. Can you just talk about what you've lapped and what's going into the discount rate expanding, just as a natural piece of the puzzle here? Thanks so much.
Yeah. As you know, and I always say this, I really don't focus on the discount rate all that much. Yeah, it's been consistent. It's a little bit up. I think you got a couple things going on. There's some strategic renegotiations that we lapped.
There was activity in Europe, there was activity in Australia. In any given quarter, there's a mix of business. So all those things contribute. What I really focused in on is the consistent discount revenue growth. If you want to project this out, the reality is that as you expand into B2B, you're not going to have the same kind of discount rate in B2B, but again, there, what I like to focus on is what the margin is, right? If you look at a lower discount rate, you'll also look at lower rewards cost and things like that. Ultimately what we really focused in is the margin between the discount rate and the cost that go along with those billings. We're really pleased with the way discount revenue has gone.
When all the numbers come in, the discount rate is flattish to up. That's okay too.
We'll go to the line of James Friedman with Susquehanna for your question. Go ahead, please.
Hi, yeah, congrats on the numbers, guys. I just wanted to ask Jeff, with regard to the GNS slide six up 3% adjusted. I think in your prepared remarks, you said that we were lapping that in 2020, this might be over, meaning like the tough compares. Is 3% what we should be thinking about as kind of the new norm when we get back to business?
Yeah. A couple of questions or a couple of comments, James. First, remember, in many ways, the most important aspect of our GNS network these days, is driving coverage in 170 or so countries around the globe. We rely on a network of great partners to do that for us in many countries, and that's priority 1. Second thing is that not all GNS billings are the same. In general, as you know, the financial contribution from GNS itself is more modest than its billing contribution. That contribution also varies a lot from country to country. We have a few large countries that drive a whole lot of billings, much more modest economics, and those billings can be a little bit volatile quarter to quarter. I wouldn't take the 3% as a mark of what you will consistently see once we finish lapping Europe and Australia.
I think you'll see it probably trend back up a little bit from there. The most important thing to keep in mind is the GNS network around the globe is really about coverage.
We have a question in queue from the line of Jason Kupferberg with Bank of America. Go ahead, please.
Hey, good morning, guys. Jeff, just wanted to put a finer point on your EPS math there because I know you didn't formally narrow the full year EPS range, but it sounds like you're pointing us to around $2.03 or so for Q4, which I think would get us to around $8.19 or so for the full year. I just wanted to clarify that. Then do you think that we've troughed in terms of large enterprise volume growth, just the down one this quarter? I know there were some moving parts there.
Well, let me make a few comments on guidance, maybe including philosophy, Jason, and then Steve, you can comment on the large and global customers. Look, our philosophy, which we have tried to be true to this year, is we come out at the beginning of the year, and we tell you, here's our expectation for the full year, and we give you some color around that. Our expectation is as we report our results each quarter, we're going to tell you if something has happened so dramatically that it takes us out of that original range. Beyond that, we're just going to give you some color about how things are going. We also really want to emphasize that we are running the company for the long term.
We're certainly not running it to produce quarter-by-quarter results. We will be true to our annual kinds of earnings commitments. That's just, I think, important background. As to the specific math, look, I think, Jason, you did your math. I'm not going to confirm or not confirm your specific math. I think I was trying to be very clear that our operating performance has been really consistent across the first three quarters. You can measure that at $2 a share, $2.07 a share, probably $2.03 for this quarter. We'd expect the fourth quarter to look something like that.
Yeah. As far as global and large accounts. Global and large accounts in 2018 had a really terrific year. Going into this year, our expectations weren't the same expectations as they were last year. As we think about sort of planning forward, I would think about sort of the 0% range for the fourth quarter for global and large accounts. Then I think it gets back to historical levels for us, which is anywhere between 1% and 4%. It's just because a lot of that is T&E. As we start to penetrate more into the B2B space, then I think you'll see that go up. As I've said traditionally, as I've met with CFOs and so forth, they're not driving to move their T&E spend up. What they're looking for us to do is actually to help them manage their T&E spend down.
It's a very interesting business in that our value proposition is we help you manage your cost down. We do that through benchmarking, we do that through helping them negotiate, and we do that by providing insights. It's an interesting business where to retain accounts, you actually help them shrink a little bit. You need to go get some more accounts. We're very comfortable with sort of the traditional levels. I think what you saw last year was just people getting out a lot more, including ourselves, actually, and just spending a little bit more on T&E. I think it's fair to think about this in sort of the 0%-3% range going forward.
We'll go next to the line of Donald Fandetti with Wells Fargo. Go ahead, please.
Yes, good morning. Wanted to dig in a little bit on the small business year-over-year spend growth rate. There's a couple factors. Obviously, you've got potentially weaker or more caution on the core business front. I assume you're still getting that secular penetration. I wanted to know if that's still happening at the same rate. Your position in small business is remarkably higher than your peers. Is there any change in competition? Are you holding share? Is this all just sort of normal caution and tougher comps? Lastly, around that same thing, when does B2B kick in as these small businesses automate accounts payable, accounts receivable? I think you had said you get a 42% uplift in spend as that happens. Is it just so early in that process? Will we see it in 2020, 2021? Thank you.
Don, the last question first. I think it's still early in the process. Automating that spend and what you do with someone like ACOM or what you do with some of the other providers, these are interfaces to whatever sort of accounts receivable, procurement systems that they have. It's not always their priority to do that. That takes a little bit of time. You'll see a little bit uptick in 2020, 2021, so forth and so on. Look, let's just talk about sort of secular penetration. I think we are still acquiring accounts, and we don't look at so much at accounts as we look at acquired billed business. We're acquiring billed business at pretty much the same rate we've been acquiring it.
As I mentioned before, we're not losing accounts at any higher level or lower level than we've had probably for the last eight quarters. We're pretty consistent on that. As far as our overall position in the market, I think it's really consistent and hasn't really changed. I think I'll point you back to what I said before. I think the downturn that we've seen in our growth rate here is really around what we would call organic. Not that it's not growing, it's just not growing fast enough, or it's not growing at the same rate it did last year when it had a lot of momentum, especially from the Tax Act.
There is more competition in this space than we've seen in a long time because much like banks found after sort of the Great Recession that the consumer credit card business was an attractive area, banks have now found that this area is attractive as well. If you added the next five largest issuers up in this small business space, I'll have the same refrain that I've had for the last two years. We're bigger than them all put together. We're really comfortable where we are. We don't see anything from a competitive perspective that is any different other than it keeps the step up to competition. We continue to add to our array of products, whether it's working capital terms, whether it's merchant financing, cross-border and obviously the continued enhancements to our small business products.
We still feel really good about where we are from a small business perspective.
Our final question will come from the line of Sanjay Sakhrani with KBW. Go ahead, please.
Thanks. Just to follow up with some of the lines of questioning previously. When you guys think about your comfort in delivering the high levels of revenue growth next year, which I assume is within the range of what we saw in 2019, how possible is it to hit those numbers with some more moderation in billed business volumes? Is your level of comfort because you feel like some of the investments you've made will sustain that type of billed business growth, or do you expect the high levels of fee income growth will persist given the Delta fees come on in 2020? Any color would be helpful. Thanks.
Yes. Here's the issue. Many investments that you make this year don't pay off this year. They pay off as it goes next year. You've hit the nail on the head. When you think about sort of what we've done from a delta perspective, when you think about the cards that we've acquired, when you think about some of the investments that we've made in some of the digital properties, when you think about sort of the consistent high discount revenue that we've had, yeah, even with a tick down in billings, that still will be positive. Yet our fee revenue due to our continued maniacal focus on card refreshes. The other thing I would point out is that this is a growth story globally. This is not a growth story just in the United States.
When you think about 14% billings growth in consumer internationally, 18% SME growth, even a tick or two down there is not really gonna hurt you all that much. We've been pretty consistent from an SME and consumer perspective. I think when you think about the three-legged stool that we have from a revenue perspective of fees, interest income and discount revenue, we feel really comfortable. That's why as Jeff said in his sort of at the end of his remarks, in this same economic environment, we feel good about eight to 10. Look, the billings this year weren't exactly what we had projected, and look where we are from a revenue perspective. Yes, our comfort level is there.
With that, we'll bring the call to an end. Thank you, Steve. Thank you, Jeff. Thank you again for joining today's call, and thank you for your continued interest in American Express. The IR team will be available for any follow-up questions. Operator, back to you.
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